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PubMed1992

Analysis of oral health information in the Spanish mass media.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate oral health information delivered by the Spanish mass media. The study was composed of two parts. In a quantitative study three media were selected: press, radio, and television. The study was carried out between December 1987 and March 1988, and the media with largest numbers and audience were selected. Information variables were: politics/economy-labor/culture-education/interviews-events-reports/sport s/ leisure/publicity/health/oral health/miscellaneous. The mass media studied dedicated a very small percentage of their space/time to health information, with a clear predominance of other themes such as publicity, politics, and sports (17/1). In relation to oral health, results were even more significant because the space/time dedicated to health in relation to oral health was 180/1 (P less than 0.01). Most of the oral health time was given via promotional or politico-professional issues (P less than 0.05). In a qualitative study all available information relating in any way with oral health was selected from a survey of all written news by the non-specialized Spanish press that appeared during 1 yr (Jan 1987-Jan 1988). Reports dedicated to education were only 170 (31.48%) of the total (540) oral health reports. From 170 reports dedicated to oral health, 33 (19.41%) presented some sort of error and 137 (80.59) had an adequate educative content. Caries was the topic more frequently covered, 77.06% of the data, in contrast to periodontal disease, dealt with by only 33.53%. The qualitative level of data using a Score Level Index (SLI) was 42.73% of the highest possible level. Implications for public health dentistry are discussed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2000

Recruiting participants for community-based research: the Diabetic Retinopathy Awareness Program.

PURPOSE: Recruiting participants is a major challenge for population studies. We present the recruitment methods followed by the Diabetic Retinopathy Awareness Program (DRAP), a community-based, randomized, masked, controlled trial to meet and exceed its sample size goals. METHODS: A county-wide multi-media promotional campaign to recruit and enroll participants in the trial was planned and executed from October 1993 through April 1994, with the assistance of the local news media and community and professional groups. A toll-free 800 number recruitment line was established, and postage-paid recruitment postcards distributed. The trial was designed to examine whether a mailed educational intervention could increase compliance with vision care guidelines among persons with diabetes in the community. RESULTS: A total of 2308 persons with diabetes were interviewed for eligibility and 813 enrolled in the intervention trial, exceeding the original recruitment goals of 1800 and 600, respectively. Those who completed the enrollment interview reflected county demographics. During recruitment, newspaper, television and radio stories featured the study; pharmacies and physician offices displayed study materials; public service announcements appeared in local print and broadcast media. The largest single recruitment response was a local television news report, followed by a newspaper story. CONCLUSIONS: These experiences substantiate the need for a comprehensive coordinated approach, using planned multiple sources, to achieve recruitment success. By engaging the lay and professional communities along with the media, recruitment costs can be kept to a minimum. Participant costs can be minimized by employing a toll-free number and eliminating study participant travel, thus allowing for inclusion of traditionally underserved populations. This approach is applicable to other studies, where community-based participation is desired.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Information needs assessment for HIV/AIDS and STIs in the Eastern Mediterranean Region.

We assessed information needs about HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections (STI) in the Eastern Mediterranean Region by surveying a sample of people considered knowledgeable about the subject. Respondents felt that information on certain areas of HIV/AIDS/STIs was much needed. Health care workers were perceived to see a high need for information and services generally. Religious and community leaders were perceived to see less need for some information and services (such as condom promotion, sex education for young people). All groups were perceived to see a need for education and services for people living with AIDS and drug users. Television and radio were considered the best channels for health education while training was seen as the most effective method for information exchange.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1990

A validity problem in measuring exposure to mass media campaigns.

Recognition of radio and television messages included in three mass media campaigns designed to keep adolescents from starting to smoke cigarettes was measured in six treatment and four control cities (Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas) in the southeastern United States. The telephone survey of 574 randomly selected adolescents found high recognition of campaign messages even in the areas where the campaigns had not been broadcast. Campaign messages that differed significantly from other anti-smoking messages were less likely to be falsely recognized. These results reinforce the need to include true control groups in mass media evaluations and to construct distinctive messages if exposure is an important aspect of campaign evaluation.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A discussion of potential exposure metrics for use in epidemiological studies on human exposure to radiowaves from mobile phone base stations.

There is currently a high level of concern in many countries that exposure to radiowaves from mobile phone base stations may be hazardous to health. When investigating such suggested risks, epidemiologists need to define an exposure metric that can reliably discriminate between exposed and unexposed groups of people. We conducted a feasibility study to investigate if either short-term measurements of electric field strength, calculations of electric field strength, or distance from nearby mobile phone base stations could be used to develop a metric reflecting an individual's exposure to radiowaves. With electric field strengths in the range of 0.012-0.343 V/m, radiowaves from mobile phone base stations were found to give a material contribution to total exposure; however, stronger signals were frequently measured from other sources such as broadcast radio and television transmitters. Theoretical considerations and the measurements made during this work demonstrated that studies at the population level on suggested adverse effects of radiowaves from mobile phone base stations are not feasible since no valid metric for estimating historical exposures is currently available. The pace of radio infrastructure development is also such that today's measurements are unlikely to be good proxies for either past or future exposures. The complex propagation characteristics affecting the beams from base station antennas include shielding effects and multiple reflections from house walls and other buildings. These factors, combined with the presence of other environmental sources of radiowaves, cause distance from a base station to be a poor proxy for exposure to radiowaves indoors. It may be possible to adapt computer models developed by network providers to predict network coverage for epidemiological purposes; however, this has yet to be investigated. Furthermore, there is little evidence that presently justifies epidemiological studies being restricted to adverse effects of radiowaves from mobile phone base stations while neglecting radiowaves at other frequencies produced by different transmitters.

Electromagnetic Fields↗
PubMed2002

Mass media as a population-level intervention tool for Chlamydia trachomatis screening: report of a pilot study.

PURPOSE: To determine the feasibility and affect of mass media use in a population-level intervention for chlamydia screening promotion. METHODS: A population-level chlamydia intervention protocol was field tested. The intervention, targeting 15-25-year-old individuals, was designed to: (a) increase awareness of personal risk for chlamydial infection; (b) facilitate dissemination of chlamydia knowledge by use of a telephone hot line; and (c) promote care-seeking behavior (report for a chlamydia screening program). The intervention activities included: (a) mail outreach, (b) a television and radio campaign, (c) a prerecorded Check-It-Out chlamydia hot line, (d) a staffed chlamydia Options information line, and (e) a free confidential urine ligase chain reaction (LCR) test for chlamydia. Mass mailings were scheduled at intervals, starting two-weeks before the beginning of the television advertisement. The 30-second television advertisement was aired on local television stations 130 times in a 6-week period. The outcome measures were quantity and characteristics of incoming calls to the automated hot line and staffed chlamydia information phone line in response to the chlamydia campaign, and response to the urine screening program. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were used to evaluate the outcomes. RESULTS: The hot line was called 642 times during the monitoring period (November 1, 1999 to March 8, 2000), the majority (92%) during the 6 weeks of television advertisement, with an average of 99 calls per week, compared with an average of 9 calls per week after the commercial ended. Each bulk mailing was accompanied by a boost in the incoming hot line calls. The research staff triaged 133 calls to the "Options" phone line, 81% in the 6 weeks of the TV ad. The mean age of the 133 callers was 23.9 +/- 7.7 years (range 14-49 years). A majority called for screening information; 67% of callers were females and 84% of female callers were under age 26 years. Five percent of callers identified themselves as a parent of a teenager. The majority credited the TV ad as their source of the hot line number. Thirty-one individuals reported for a confidential chlamydia screening, 27 of 31 (87%) during the 6 weeks of TV advertising. No negative responses regarding the chlamydia campaign were encountered. CONCLUSION: This report describes strategies used to implement and measure the effectiveness of a mass media campaign and demonstrates evidence that mass media is effective in delivering STD intervention messages to young people.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Health education and television: history of a case of partnership].

This article analyzes the relationships among the various parties involved in the development of a heart health educational initiative based on a series of video spots and a leader's manual entitled "Vive la Vie". These educational materials are the product of a partnership effort, coordinated by the Community Health Department of The Montreal General Hospital, between the Quebec Ministry of Health and Social Services, Radio-Québec and a private production company. At the beginning of the project, there was no history of collaboration between these parties, and their interests and working methods were different. This article explores the difficulties inherent in forming such a partnership as well as the evolution of the project over time.

Community Health Centers↗
PubMed1987

An elective seminar to teach first-year students the social and medical aspects of AIDS.

First-year students at a midwestern medical school are introduced to a comprehensive approach to the biological, psychological, and social aspects of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). In a seven-week elective seminar (approximately 12 hours in length), the students view a television movie and a documentary film about persons with AIDS and their families and friends, and they participate in roundtable discussions with AIDS patients, volunteers who coordinate support and advocacy for persons with AIDS, and health care professionals involved in the care of AIDS patients. They receive reading materials and lectures on the pathology, epidemiology, and history of AIDS, and they monitor and discuss radio and television reporting on AIDS. In wrap-up sessions and evaluation questionnaires, the students have reported the seminar to be valuable in helping them overcome their fear of the disease, develop empathy for patients with catastrophic diseases, and understand a comprehensive approach to a complex disease.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1998

What promotes skin self-examination?

The American Academy of Dermatology's national program of Melanoma/Skin Cancer Detection and Prevention, developed in response to the rising incidence of invasive melanoma in the United States, has annually produced extensive print, radio, and television coverage about performing skin self-examination (SSE). This study was conducted to determine factors that motivate people to perform SSE. A 1996 telephone survey evaluated performance of SSE for skin cancer and used questions to identify self-perceived. The performance of SSE was directly correlated with the self-perceived risk of the development of melanoma or skin cancer and discussions with physicians or nurses. People were motivated to perform SSE based on their perceived risk and discussions with doctors. Because patients most easily have access to primary care physicians, these physicians must be educated to identify those who are at risk for the development of melanoma. Primary care physicians and nurses should be encouraged to counsel patients about risk levels, the utility of SSE in limiting their risk, and how to perform SSE. To facilitate this process, risk levels for the development of melanoma (defined on the basis of simple and readily ascertained characteristics that help to educate physicians, nurses, and patients) are provided.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Marketing the cosmetic practice via television.

Everyone is marketing their dental practice whether they know it or not. It is far better to design the desired effect than to send mixed messages to your clients. All marketing must be carried out with a plan or mission that is internalized by the doctor and by each member of the staff. The mission coupled with creative talent becomes the proprietary personality of your office and the focus of your marketing efforts. Internal marketing is perhaps the most economical and effective--and most used--method of creating positive results for the practice. External marketing takes your office out to the public most often in print via newsletters, direct mailings, and the yellow pages. Getting the message out through newspapers, radio, and television has and will become increasingly important. This article takes you through the steps we used to identify and market to our cosmetic clients. The results of our demographic and psychographic studies afford unique insight into the type of person attracted by our services. Marketing to this group has to do with diversity in appeal, "the boomers," and experiential motivation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Summary of measured radiofrequency electric and magnetic fields (10 kHz to 30 GHz) in the general and work environment.

We have plotted data from a number of studies on the range of radiofrequency (RF) field levels associated with a variety of environmental and occupational sources. Field intensity is shown in units of volts/meter (V/m) for electric field strength and amps/meter (A/m) for magnetic field strength. Duty factors, modulation frequencies, and modulation indices are also reported for some sources. This paper is organized into seven sections, each cataloging sources into appropriate RF frequency bands from very-low frequency (VLF) to super-high frequency (SHF), and covers frequencies from 10 kHz to 30 GHz. Sources included in this summary are the following: Coast Guard navigational transmitters, a Navy VLF transmitter, computer visual display terminals (VDTs), induction stoves or range tops, industrial induction and dielectric heaters, radio and television broadcast transmitters, amateur and citizens band (CB) transmitters, medical diathermy and electrosurgical units, mobile and handheld transmitters, cordless and cellular telephones, microwave ovens, microwave terrestrial relay and satellite uplinks, and police, air traffic, and aircraft onboard radars. For the sources included in this summary, the strongest fields are found near industrial induction and dielectric heaters, and close to the radiating elements or transmitter leads of high power antenna systems. Handheld transmitters can produce near fields of about 500 V/m at the antenna. Fields in the general urban environment are principally associated with radio and TV broadcast services and measure about 0.1 V/m root-mean-square (rms). Peak fields from air traffic radars sampled in one urban environment were about 10 V/m, 300 times greater than the rms value of 0.03 V/m when the duty factor associated with antenna rotation and pulsing are factored in.

Electromagnetic Fields↗
PubMed1998

Perception and practice regarding pulse polio immunisation in an urban community of Calcutta.

A survey was conducted at an Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme project in North Calcutta among 656 mothers having children less than 3 years of age to assess their perception and practice regarding pulse polio immunisation (PPI). It was revealed that 91.8% of under 3-year children received PPI on 9-12-1995 and 94.4% on 20-1-1996. Major reasons for not accepting the services on those two days included 'mothers unaware' (22%), 'child too small' (30.5%), etc. Major source of first information was television (TV)/radio (57.2%) followed by anganwadi workers (AWWs) (33.8%). However, majority of the mothers were finally motivated for PPI by AWWs (58.8%) followed by the role of TV/radio (34.1%). Although 70.7% mothers knew the name of the vaccine correctly, only 3.5% mothers could tell the exact purpose of its administration. Most mothers (73%) opined that 2 drops of oral polio vaccine (OPV) was administered to their children and only 14.6% hoped that such programmes will be conducted by the Government in future. The average waiting time of mothers at immunisation centres was found to be 7.2 minutes.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

A critical review of epidemiologic studies of radiofrequency exposure and human cancers.

This paper reviews studies that have assessed associations between likely exposure to radiofrequency (RF) transmissions and various types of human cancer. These studies include three cluster investigations and five studies relating to general populations; all of these studies consider place of residence at the time of cancer diagnosis in regard to proximity to radio or television transmitters. There are also five relevant occupational cohort studies and several case-control studies of particular types of cancer. These studies assessed a large number of possible associations. Several positive associations suggesting an increased risk of some types of cancer in those who may have had greater exposure to RF emissions have been reported. However, the results are inconsistent: there is no type of cancer that has been consistently associated with RF exposures. The epidemiologic evidence falls short of the strength and consistency of evidence that is required to come to a reasonable conclusion that RF emissions are a likely cause of one or more types of human cancer. The evidence is weak in regard to its inconsistency, the design of the studies, the lack of detail on actual exposures, and the limitations of the studies in their ability to deal with other likely relevant factors. In some studies there may be biases in the data used

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2004

Epidemiology of health effects of radiofrequency exposure.

We have undertaken a comprehensive review of epidemiologic studies about the effects of radiofrequency fields (RFs) on human health in order to summarize the current state of knowledge, explain the methodologic issues that are involved, and aid in the planning of future studies. There have been a large number of occupational studies over several decades, particularly on cancer, cardiovascular disease, adverse reproductive outcome, and cataract, in relation to RF exposure. More recently, there have been studies of residential exposure, mainly from radio and television transmitters, and especially focusing on leukemia. There have also been studies of mobile telephone users, particularly on brain tumors and less often on other cancers and on symptoms. Results of these studies to date give no consistent or convincing evidence of a causal relation between RF exposure and any adverse health effect. On the other hand, the studies have too many deficiencies to rule out an association. A key concern across all studies is the quality of assessment of RF exposure. Despite the ubiquity of new technologies using RFs, little is known about population exposure from RF sources and even less about the relative importance of different sources. Other cautions are that mobile phone studies to date have been able to address only relatively short lag periods, that almost no data are available on the consequences of childhood exposure, and that published data largely concentrate on a small number of outcomes, especially brain tumor and leukemia.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Religion, spirituality, and acute care hospitalization and long-term care use by older patients.

BACKGROUND: The impact of religion and spirituality on acute care hospitalization (ACH) and long-term care (LTC) in older patients before, during, and after ACH is not well known. METHODS: Patients 50 years or older consecutively admitted to the general medical service at Duke University Medical Center were interviewed shortly after admission (N = 811). Measures of religiosity were organized religious activity (ORA), nonorganizational religious activity (NORA), religiosity through religious radio and/or television (RTV), intrinsic religiosity, and self-rated religiousness. Measures of spirituality included self-rated spirituality and daily spiritual experiences (DSE). Primary outcome was number of ACH days during an average 21-month observation period. Secondary outcomes were times hospitalized and number of days spent in a nursing home or rehabilitation setting (collectively, long-term care: LTC). Race and sex interactions were examined. RESULTS: In the cross-sectional analysis, ORA was the only religious variable related to fewer ACH days and fewer hospitalizations, an effect that is fully explained by physical health status and that disappeared when examined prospectively. The number of LTC days was inversely related to NORA, RTV, and DSE, effects that were partially explained by social support but not by severity of medical illness. Interactions with race and sex were notable but reached statistical significance only among African Americans and women. In those groups, religious and/or spiritual characteristics also predicted future LTC use independent of physical health and baseline LTC status. CONCLUSIONS: Relationships with ACH were weak, were confined to ORA only, and disappeared in prospective analyses. However, robust and persistent effects were documented for religiousness and/or spirituality in the use of LTC among African Americans and women.

Black or African American↗