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PubMed2004

[Tolerability of Icelandic moss lozenges in upper respiratory tract diseases - multicentric drug monitoring study with 3,143 children].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Icelandic moss is a medical herb with therapeutic efficacy in inflammatory airway diseases. Although preparations based on the extract of this lichen have been marketed since the 19th century, their tolerability has not yet been investigated systematically. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The tolerability of Isla-Moos and Isla-Mint lozenges and the changes of clinical symptoms during treatment were investigated in a post-marketing surveillance study performed in 300 predominantly pediatric practices in Germany. The preparations contained 80 and 100 mg, respectively, of an aqueous Icelandic moss extract. 3,143 children between 4 and 12 years of age who suffered from upper respiratory tract diseases received Isla-Moos (n = 1,848) or Isla-Mint (n = 1,295) over a period of 1-2 weeks; 61% of the children received 4-6 lozenges per day. Tolerability was evaluated by assessing adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Treatment success was assessed globally by the investigators and the patients' parents. The parents were also asked to rate their children's symptoms before and after treatment. RESULTS: During the period of observation, 73 adverse events, most of which were related to the basic disease, were reported in 57 children (1.8%). In 6 children (0.2%) and 7 events (2x itching, 2x nausea, 1x abdominal pain, 1x heartburn, 1x burning in the mouth) a causal relationship with Icelandic moss extract could not be excluded, so that they were evaluated as ADRs. All ADRs subsided spontaneously during the period of observation. The incidence of ADRs was 1 event in 3,008 (95% confidence interval: 1,504-7,019) treatment days. As regards clinical symptoms, 39% of the children were fully recovered and another 55% were improved by the end of the period of observation. CONCLUSIONS: During treatment of 4- to 12-year-old children with Isla-Moos and Isla-Mint lozenges only isolated, trivial, and transient adverse drug reactions were observed. The results thus confirm the good tolerability of both drugs and support a favorable risk-benefit assessment.

Bryophyta↗
PubMed1998

Monitoring and detection of acute viral respiratory tract disease in horses.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a system to monitor and detect acute infections of the upper respiratory tract (i.e., nares, nasopharynx, and pharynx) in horses and to assess the association among specific viral infections, risk factors, and clinical signs of disease. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 151 horses with clinical signs of acute infectious upper respiratory tract disease (IURD) from 56 premises in Colorado. PROCEDURE: Health management data, blood samples, and nasal or nasopharyngeal swab samples were obtained for 151 horses with clinical signs of acute IURD. Of these horses, 112 had an additional blood sample obtained during convalescence and were considered to have complete sample sets. Samples were tested for evidence of respiratory tract infection by use of ELISA, virus isolation, and serologic testing of paired serum samples. RESULTS: Viral infections were identified in 65 horses with complete sample sets; influenza virus infection was identified in 43 horses, equine herpesvirus (EHV) infection in 18, and mixed influenza virus and EHV infections in 4. On 14 premises, samples were obtained from more than 1 affected horse. Viral infections were identified in horses on 11 of 14 premises. Equine herpesviruses were isolated from 10 horses. A relationship was not found between vaccination history and identification of EHV or influenza virus infections. An infection with EHV was less likely to be identified in horses with initial (acute) antibody titers > 1:16 to EHV. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Influenza virus (specifically, A/equine/2) was the most common virus associated with acute IURD. Use of multiple diagnostic tests and obtaining samples from more than 1 horse in an outbreak may improve detection of viral infections.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2006

Evaluating the efficacy of serum haptoglobin concentration as an indicator of respiratory-tract disease in dairy calves.

The serum concentration of haptoglobin (S-Hp) was measured in 833 group-housed dairy calves from nine herds in south-west Sweden once at 24-56 days of age to evaluate the potential of S-Hp as an indicator of clinical respiratory-tract disease (CRD). Presence of disease (treated and non-treated) was assessed clinically by farmers and by a project veterinarian visiting the farms every third week. The median S-Hp of healthy calves was 0.06g/L (80% central range: 0.04-0.23), of calves with diarrhoea within the 10 days before sampling 0.07g/L (80% central range: 0.04-0.63), and of calves with CRD within the 14 days before sampling 0.09g/L (80% central range: 0.04-0.69). Eight different cut-off values were used to define a positive S-Hp analysis result: >0.05, >0.06, >0.07, >0.08, >0.09, >0.10, >0.15 and >0.20g/L. A rectal temperature >39.5 degrees C was denoted as fever. A positive result of five different diagnostic tests for CRD was defined as: (1) a positive S-Hp with fever absent, (2) a positive S-Hp with fever present, (3) either a positive S-Hp or fever, (4) both a positive S-Hp and fever, and (5) fever (regardless of S-Hp). The sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of each test were calculated from regression coefficients of generalized linear mixed models of the binary test results, applying a logit link. Apart from CRD status (within the 14 days before sampling; no or yes), the models included sex (bull or heifer), and for the test based on S-Hp alone, also rectal temperature (fever, no or yes). Confidence intervals (CI) of Se and Sp were estimated by simulation. Based on Se, Sp, and areas under Receiver Operating Characteristics curves, test 3 was considered the best. At optimal performance, giving equal importance to type I and II errors, i.e. at a S-Hp cut-off of 0.15g/L in heifer calves, Se was 0.64 (95% CI 0.50-0.77) and Sp 0.71 (95% CI 0.60-0.80), and at a S-Hp cut-off of 0.08g/L in bulls, Se was 0.52 (95% CI 0.40-0.64) and Sp 0.80 (95% CI 0.74-0.85). The other tests were judged as unsatisfactory indicators of CRD. In heifers, the proportion of CRD-positive calves in the herd was strongly associated with the proportion of test positives (S-Hp or fever; S-HP and fever), suggesting potential as a herd-level indicator.

Animals↗