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At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

A new quantitative method using glucose for analysis of endodontic leakage.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to introduce a new method for quantitative testing of endodontic leakage. STUDY DESIGN: Eighty straight maxillary anterior teeth were divided randomly into 3 experimental groups of 20 samples each and 2 control groups. The experimental groups were prepared using the modified double-flared technique and obturated by lateral compaction of cold gutta-percha with Pulp Canal Sealer EWT, Sealapex, or AH Plus sealer. With the leakage test device, coronal 1 mol/L glucose solution was forced under a hydrostatic pressure of 1.5 kPa toward the apical part of the root. Leakage was measured by the concentration of leaked glucose in apical reservoir at 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 15, 20, and 30 days with the enzymatic glucose oxidase method. RESULTS: No significant difference of sealing ability was found among 3 test groups at 1, 2, 4, and 7 days. From the tenth day, Pulp Canal Sealer EWT showed the highest leakage, and the leakage was not significantly different between Sealapex and AH Plus. CONCLUSIONS: The quantitative method is sensitive, nondestructive, and clinically relevant. Pulp Canal Sealer EWT showed more leakage than Sealapex and AH Plus in most observation time.

Calcium Hydroxide↗
PubMed2004

Ultrasonic condensation of gutta-percha: the effect of power setting and activation time on temperature rise at the root surface - an in vitro study.

AIM: To determine the effect of power setting and duration of activation on the temperature rise at the root surface during root canal obturation by ultrasonic condensation of gutta-percha. METHODOLOGY: A human maxillary canine was used in an in vitro split tooth model to allow repeated obturation of the root canal system using an ultrasonic device to thermocompact gutta-percha. Combinations of power settings (1, 3 and 5) and durations of activation (4, 10 and 15 s) were used to test their effect on temperature rise at the root surface using eight K-type thermocouples at the mid-root and apical levels. At the end of each obturation, the tooth was disassembled to remove the gutta-percha in preparation for the next obturation (n = 10 for each combination). Multiple linear regression models were used to investigate the effects of power setting, duration of activation and thermocouple location on the maximum temperature rise recorded. RESULTS: Only one combination of power setting (5) and duration of activation (15 s) resulted in temperature rise in excess of 10 degrees C. The maximum temperature rise at the mid-root level was significantly (P < 0.001) greater than that recorded apically. It is also significantly affected by the combination of power setting and duration of activation. CONCLUSIONS: Temperature rises at the root surface during ultrasonic condensation of gutta-percha in excess of 10 degrees C were evident in only one combination of power (5) and time (15 s) settings at the mid-root level.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed2006

Sealing ability of three materials in the orifice of root canal systems obturated with gutta-percha.

There were 130 single roots randomly assigned to one of 12 experimental or two control groups. Forty specimens each were sealed with 1, 2, 3, or 4 mm of Cavit, ProRoot MTA, or Tetric. After creation of a uniform orifice diameter, the smear layer was removed and the canal systems obturated using warm lateral compaction of gutta-percha (GP). GP was removed to the experimental depth, experimental materials placed in the orifice, and roots submerged in India ink in a vacuum flask. Specimens were demineralized and leakage measured using a 10x stereomicroscope and graded for depth of leakage by one calibrated, blinded rater. There was no significant interaction (p > 0.05) between test materials and orifice depths, nor main effect of orifice depth (p > 0.05). However, there was a statistically significant main effect of test materials with Tetric demonstrating a significantly better seal than Pro Root or Cavit (p < 0.0001) irrespective of orifice depth.

Aluminum Compounds↗
PubMed1994

Apical enlargement: influence on overextensions during in vitro vertical compaction.

This study evaluated the apical movement of gutta-percha master cones under in vitro vertical compaction. A split natural tooth model was used. The gutta-percha cones were first fitted at 0.5 and 1.0 mm short of the apical end of a canal instrumented up to a size 25 file and then condensed. Then the canal was cleaned of gutta-percha and reshaped up to a size 40 file, other cones fitted and obturated. Photographs were taken before and after compaction and measurements were made. The canals instrumented to a size 40 file had significantly more overextensions than those instrumented to a size 25 file.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

The influence of smear layer on coronal leakage of Roth 801 and AH26 root canal sealers.

The aim of this in vitro study was to examine the effect of removal of smear layer on the coronal seal of two commonly used root canal sealers: Roth 801, a zinc oxide-eugenol-based sealer and AH26, an epoxy resin-based sealer. Ninety-six single-rooted human teeth were used. The teeth were instrumented and assigned to four experimental groups of 20 teeth each, with 10 teeth as controls and the remaining six teeth examined under a scanning electron microscope. The teeth in the experimental groups (80 teeth) were divided into four sub-groups and were obturated by laterally condensed gutta-percha with the two sealer cements as follows: Group A1: smear layer left intact and AH26 cement used as sealer; Group A2: smear layer left intact and Roth 801 cement used as sealer; Group B1: smear layer removed and AH26 cement used as sealer; and Group B2: smear layer removed and Roth 801 cement used as sealer. Coronal microleakage was evaluated by measuring the distance of dye penetration. The data was statistically evaluated using a two-way ANOVA test. The results showed that removal of the smear layer resulted in a statistically significant reduction of microleakage values in the groups obturated with AH26 compared with the groups obturated with Roth 801 sealer. It was concluded that the removal of smear layer has a significant influence on the degree of microleakage in obturated root canals.

Adhesiveness↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Apexification. Apexogenesis].

With the use of calcium hydroxide, apexification and apexogenesis will result in the formation of an apical barrier (osteo-cementum or similar hard tissue) or in the apical closure of the traumatised tooth, in order to realise later on, a hermetic and permanent root canal obturation.

Calcium Hydroxide↗
PubMed2000

Frequency of second mesiobuccal canals in maxillary molars as determined by use of an operating microscope: a clinical study.

Operating microscopes have recently been introduced to facilitate treatment of surgical and nonsurgical endodontic cases. The aim of this study was to determine in an in vivo clinical study if the use of an operating microscope would increase the number of second mesiobuccal canals located and obturated in maxillary first and second molars. Two hundred maxillary first and second molars treated with the aid of a microscope were evaluated. The number of second mesiobuccal canals that could be negotiated and obturated within 4 mm of the apex was recorded. Thirty percent of all maxillary molars had a negotiable second mesiobuccal canal. Evaluated separately, 33.1% of the maxillary first molars and 24.3% of the second molars had a negotiable second mesiobuccal canal. Results indicated that use of a surgical microscope did not increase the number of second mesiobuccal canals located, compared with those reports where access preparations were modified and the microscope was not used.

Dental Pulp Cavity↗
PubMed2004

Pulpectomies in primary incisors using three delivery systems: an in vitro study.

This in vitro study assessed the quality of pulpectomies in primary incisors using three filling systems: syringe with plastic needle syringe with metal needle, and lentulo spiral. Preoperative radiographs of sixty extracted primary incisors were taken, canals were prepared and obturated Postoperative radiographs taken in two directions were evaluated by two independent evaluators blinded to the technique used. Filling quality was determined by analyzing radiopacity, presence of voids and amount of material in the canal After statistical analysis, this study showed that NaviTip system offered a more desirable filling quality than lentulo and Vitapex syringe techniques

Alloys↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Thermoplasticized gutta percha obturation techniques.

Gutta percha is the most widely used material in root canal obturation because of its relative inertness, lack of toxicity and biocompatibility. The most common method of obturation using gutta percha is lateral condensation, which has several disadvantages. The use of thermoplasticized gutta percha obviates many of the problems of this technique, but is still not commonly used. This article assesses the systems available for obturating root canals using thermoplasticized gutta percha.

Gutta-Percha↗
PubMed2006

Endodontic update 2006.

The past 10 years have witnessed more significant changes in the art and science of endodontics than the previous 100 years. This observation is no surprise, given that change is our only constant. The rate of change, however, has been anything but constant. The rate has accelerated so fast that all clinicians in the field of dentistry need a reliable source to guide us in what works. What works today in endodontics is the theme of this update. The discoveries and advancements in endodontic technology, instruments, and materials enable practitioners to achieve treatment outcomes that were previously considered unattainable. For example, in nonsurgical endodontic treatment, nickel titanium technology consistently can produce predictable radicular preparations that can be easily obturated. In nonsurgical re-treatment, the previous endodontic obturation attempt frequently can be removed and successfully re-treated largely because of enhanced vision and coaxial lighting from the operating microscope. Importantly, careful nonsurgical re-treatment usually can be accomplished without disruption to the existing restorations and without risk to ferrule integrity. In endodontic surgery underfilled foramina, and the isthmi between them, predictably can be connected and obturated with state-of-the-art miniature instruments. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This article reviews the clinical endodontic breakthroughs encountered during the last decade and focuses on three primary topics: (1) finding canals; (2) following canals; and (3) finishing canals. Every day, dentists are faced with the interdisciplinary treatment planning question of to "save or not to save a tooth?" Dentists must routinely make the decision of whether to remove or restore the tooth based on biology, structure, function, esthetics, and value.(1) Occasionally, the endodontically treated tooth can be the weakest link in the restorative and esthetic sequence. This article examines the current state of endodontic technology, as well as the fundamentals of endodontic mechanics needed to achieve the most predictable endodontic outcome with the highest degree of success.

Dental Equipment↗
PubMed2005

An in vitro assessment of iodoform gutta-percha.

The purpose of this study was to test the ability of a commercially available iodoform gutta-percha, to delay infiltration of Enterococcus faecalis using a microleakage model. Seventy extracted single-rooted teeth were decoronated and biomechanically prepared using hand and rotary instruments. Thirty roots were obturated laterally with iodoform gutta-percha and another 30 with regular gutta-percha. Both groups were suspended in sterile BHI broth. An inoculum of E. faecalis suspension was placed at the coronal end of each root, incubated and replenished daily. The apical broth was observed for turbidity, indicating bacterial microleakage. Samples were observed for 32 days, and data was analyzed to compare microleakage between the two groups. The results showed no significant difference between the iodoform and regular gutta-percha samples in delaying microleakage of E. faecalis (p > 0.05).

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed2005

Clinical evaluation of antibiotic prophylaxis before endodontic treatment of necrotic teeth.

AIM: The efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis before endodontic treatment of necrotic teeth in the prevention of post-treatment flare-up pain and swelling was evaluated. METHODS: A total of 47 teeth with diagnosis of pulpal necrosis were selected in 39 patients, independently from the pre-operative symptomatology (painful or asymptomatic). Teeth were randomly divided into 2 groups. The first group (n=23) was given an antibiotic prophylaxis with 2 g amoxicillin 1 h before every appointment; the second group (n=24) did not receive any treatment (control group). The endodontic therapy was performed by shaping canals using the crown-down technique with hand devices, 5% sodium hypochlorite irrigations and 2 intermediate medications with Ca(OH)(2). Obturation was performed using randomly the vertical obturation technique or the no-stop wave technique. At the end of each appointment a questionnaire was given to each patient. The patient had to indicate if pain (absent, light, mild, severe) or swelling were present at 4, 8, 12, 24 h after every appointment. Data were statistically analysed with the Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon and chi2 test. RESULTS: Only a case of flare-up pain and swelling was found in a patient of the study group. The statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: An accurate endodontic treatment of necrotic canals is sufficient to guarantee an adequate control of post-treatment pain, with no need of antibiotic prophylaxis.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

A spectrophotometric analysis of dentinal leakage in the resected root.

The purpose of this study was to compare dye leakage in the dentin of resected and nonresected roots. Fifty-four single rooted extracted teeth were used. The two groups were subdivided into young, middle age, and old age samples. Each sample was biomechanically prepared in a standard fashion and obturated using lateral condensation with sealer and gutta-percha. All root surfaces were sealed with nail polish, leaving the apical portion exposed. The apical portion of the roots were placed in 2% methylene blue dye for 72 h, rinsed, and placed in 15 ml of 35% HNO3 for 72 h. The supernatant was analyzed at 640 nm using a visible light spectrophotometer. The amount of leakage was extrapolated from a standard linear regression curve constructed from the stock 2% methylene blue dye solution. The percentage of concentration leakage in all samples ranged from less than 0.0600 to 0.1658. It was concluded that there is a greater amount of leakage in resected versus nonresected extracted teeth. The data also suggest that older teeth exhibit less leakage than younger teeth.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Threaded endodontic dowels: effect of post design on incidence of root fracture.

The use of threaded endodontic dowels is a controversial issue. The purpose of this study was to compare the potential for root fracture resulting from the cementation of nine threaded and three nonthreaded endodontic dowel systems. The clinical crowns of 140 extracted premolars were removed at the cementoenamel junction. The teeth were randomly assigned to the following treatment groups of 10 teeth each: Group 1, endodontically instrumented but not obturated; group 2, instrumented and obturated; group 3, instrumented, obturated, and restored with custom-cast gold dowel and cores; groups 4 and 5, instrumented, obturated, and restored with prefabricated, nonthreaded dowels; and groups 6 through 14, instrumented, obturated, and restored with one of nine prefabricated, threaded dowels. All dowels were inserted according to manufacturer's directions, removed, and cemented with vinyl polysiloxane impression material. Each specimen was demineralized and cleared. Photographs at 1:1 magnification were taken to assess dowel fractures. Fisher's test and chi square analysis were performed to evaluate the differences between post types, and between posted and nonposted controls (p less than 0.05). The results indicate no statistically significant differences between dowel types when compared with each other, regardless of dowel shape, taper, or presence or absence of threads, or when compared to instrumented, nonobturated controls. The amount of remaining dentin and existing root morphology may be a determining factor for endodontically treated teeth to resist fracture during dowel placement.

Cementation↗
PubMed2000

Effects of ultrasonic root-end preparation on microcrack formation and leakage.

Root-end preparations made with conventional ultrasonic (CUS) tips, diamond-coated ultrasonic (DUS) tips, and high-speed stainless-steel burs (HSB) were compared for the incidence of microcracks and dye leakage. One hundred twenty incisors were instrumented, obturated, and had 3 mm resected from their apices. Sixty teeth were used for microcrack evaluation before and after root-end preparation with CUS, DUS, or HSB. Three types of microcracks were observed: intracanal, extracanal, and communicating. Four of the five cracks observed after root resection (before root-end preparation) were of the extracanal or intracanal type. After root-end preparation, 19 of the 41 new microcracks that developed were the communicating type. There was no significant difference among CUS, DUS, or HSB for the number or type of cracks. Of the remaining 60 resected teeth, 25 were prepared with DUS, 25 with CUS, and 10 served as controls. All of the DUS and CUS teeth were filled with Super-EBA. Dye penetration was measured after immersion in Pelikan ink for 5 days. The dye penetration difference between DUS and CUS was not significant.

Apicoectomy↗
PubMed1993

Thermafil retreatment with and without chloroform solvent.

A previous study reported that retreatment of Thermafil-obturated canals resulted in significantly more remaining gutta-percha than retreatment of those obturated with laterally condensed gutta-percha. The purpose of this study was to evaluate two retreatment methods in Thermafil-obturated canals. Thirty canals were cleaned and shaped. They were obturated with Thermafil and sealer. One-half were retreated using chloroform to aid in gutta-percha removal (group 1). The others were retreated without chloroform (group 2). The ease or difficulty of removing the metal carrier was assessed during each retreatment. The teeth were split longitudinally; the canal area and remaining gutta-percha area were measured in the coronal, middle, and apical thirds. The results were analyzed by analysis of variance. In each group, seven Thermafil devices were easy to remove and eight were difficult. No significant differences were found in comparing the two groups. However, when the factor of ease of removal was added there were significant differences. Group 2 had significantly less gutta-percha in the apical third (5.9%) when the device was easily removed than when it was hard to remove (54.2%). Group 2 canals were significantly cleaner in the apical third than group 1 canals whether the device was difficult (38.3%) or easy to remove (42.5%). Adequacy of Thermafil retreatment may be related more to the ability to easily remove the carrier than to the technique of gutta-percha removal.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

Penetration depth of nickel titanium and stainless steel finger spreaders in curved root canals.

OBJECTIVE: To compare, radiographically, the differences in the penetration depths of nickel titanium and stainless steel finger spreaders in curved root canals. DESIGN: A comparative study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: The study was carried out at Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from September 2001 to June 2002. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty patients with curved mesial canals of their mandibular first molars were randomly selected for the study. The angle of curvature for each root canal was radiographically determined before instrumentation. Canals were prepared by K flexo file using the step back preparation technique. The apical preparation was done upto no. 30 and cervical flaring upto no. 45. Gates Glidden drills nos. 2-4 were used in the cervical 2-3 mms of the canal.A no. 20 stainless steel and a fine medium nickel titanium finger spreader were inserted alternately into the same prepared canal and radiographed using the paralleling technique. The distance from the tip of the spreader to the apex of the root was measured radiographically by vernier calliper. RESULTS: Penetration of nickel-titanium finger spreader was significantly (p<0.05) deeper than the stainless steel spreader of comparable size. The ease of stainless steel penetration decreased with increasing angle of curvature of the canal. CONCLUSION: Nickel-titanium spreaders may give better results for lateral condensation in curved canals because of their deeper penetration.

Adolescent↗