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At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Single-parent segregant pools for allocation of markers to a specified chromosomal region in outcrossing species.

Bulked co-segregant analysis is a method of rapidly allocating unmapped genetic markers to a specific chromosomal region. Although originally developed for utilization in populations derived from crosses between fully inbred lines, it has been proposed that co-segregant pools could also serve the same purpose in outbreeding populations, if individuals from only a single large family are pooled. Large, fully mapped, single-sire backcross and half-sib families are presently available as part of the international chicken and bovine reference family panels respectively. In this study, power and tests of significance for single-parent co-segregant analysis are derived for full-sib, single-parent back-cross and single-parent half-sib families, as a function of proportion of recombination between index marker and linked marker, pro-portion of single-parent alleles among the mates, number of individuals in each segregant pool and technical error variance. Power was found to be greater than 0.80 for many reasonable parameter combinations. The method is illustrated using microsatellite markers and a large single-sire bovine family, part of the international bovine reference family panel.

Alleles↗
PubMed1996

Linkage mapping of microdissected clones from distal mouse chromosome 16.

A total of 38 unique segments generated by microdissection of mouse chromosome 16 (MMU16), sequence independent amplification (SIA) and cloning were sequentially mapped on the distal portion of the chromosome with two mouse backcross panels. Some reference markers from other sources were retyped in the panels and results integrated with those for our microdissected DNA segments. The clone map is most highly refined in its distal portion, which stretches from reference marker D16Mit71 to D16Mit5, and the highest density of clones is in the region defined by markers D16Mit5 and D16Mit141. This map on distal mouse chromosome 16 should be a useful tool for the mouse genome project and for studies of genes in the region.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Detection of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae with commercially available broth microdilution panels.

We compared penicillin MICs obtained with three different commercially available broth microdilution panels (MicroScan, Sensititre, and Pasco) with MICs obtained with reference microdilution panels for 20 well-characterized pneumococci with decreased susceptibilities to penicillin (7 resistant and 13 intermediate). All panels were supplemented with 2 to 5% lysed horse blood (LHB) prepared in-house. Additional supplements included fastidious inoculum broth (FIB) for MicroScan panels and commercially prepared LHB (Difco) for Pasco panels. The percentages of penicillin-resistant strains (MIC 2 micrograms/ml) detected by the different methods follow: MicroScan-FIB, 0; MicroScan-LHB 0; Pasco in-house LHB, 71; and Sensititre-LHB, 100. The percentages of intermediate strains (MIC = 0.1 to 1.0 micrograms/ml) detected by the different methods follow: MicroScan-FIB, 31; MicroScan-LHB 23; Pasco in-house LHB, 46; and Sensititre-LHB, 85. Difco LHB supplement failed to support the growth of 86% of the strains in the Pasco panels. Of the commercially available panels evaluated, only Sensititre, supplemented with LHB prepared in-house could reliably detect penicillin-resistant pneumococci.

Culture Media↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Expressed sequence tags for the chicken genome from a normalized 10-day-old White Leghorn whole embryo cDNA library: 1. DNA sequence characterization and linkage analysis.

Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) provide a rapid and reliable method for gene discovery as well as a resource for the large-scale analysis of gene expression of known and unknown genes. Here we describe a normalized cDNA library developed from a 10-day-old White Leghorn chicken whole embryo. The utility of the library was evaluated by partial sequencing of 99 randomly selected insert-containing clones and the analysis of EST-targeted genomic regions for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the East Lansing chicken reference DNA mapping panel. Using stringent match criteria of percent identity of 80 or higher across a length of 50 or more bases, 46 ESTs matched database sequences including previously reported Gallus gallus genes. Thirty-seven of the 50 primer pairs developed from 50 unique ESTs amplified a single fragment. The size of the 37 amplicons ranged from 276 to 693 bp for a total of 17,508 and an average of 473. About 70% of the SNPs detected were either G-->A or C-->T transition. The number of SNPs detected within the amplicons from EST-targeted genomic regions ranged from 0 to 4 for a total of 65 and a frequency of about 1 every 470 bases. About 35% of the amplicons contained only 1 SNP, while 19% had 4 SNPs. Using the SNPs that were informative in the East Lansing reference panel, 17 ESTs were mapped on the East Lansing chicken genetic map. The ESTs described, as well as the nucleotide variants identified within the EST-targeted genomic regions, represent significant resources for genome analysis in the chicken.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The European Sero-Epidemiology Network: standardizing the enzyme immunoassay results for measles, mumps and rubella.

The ESEN (European Sero-Epidemiology Network) project was established to harmonize the seroepidemiology of five vaccine preventable infections including measles, mumps and rubella in eight European countries. This involved achieving comparability both in the assay results from testing in different centres and also sampling methodology. Standardization of enzyme immunoassay results was achieved through the development of common panels of sera by designated reference centres. The panels were tested at the reference laboratory and then distributed to each participating laboratory for testing using their routine methods. Standardization equations were calculated by regressing the quantitative results against those of the reference laboratory. Our study found large differences in unitage between participants, despite all using an EIA method standardized against an international or local standard. Moreover, our methodology adjusted for this difference. These standardization equations will be used to convert the results of main serosurvey testing into the reference country unitage to ensure inter-country comparability.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1986

Evaluation of the MicroScan antimicrobial susceptibility system with the autoSCAN-4 automated reader.

The American MicroScan (American MicroScan, Mahwah, N.J.) identification and antimicrobial susceptibility system consists in part of an automated reading system (autoSCAN-4) with data management capabilities. We evaluated the system with 404 gram-negative and 170 gram-positive facultative anaerobic and aerobic bacteria. We compared MicroScan results read automatically and visually with each other and with the results obtained by the reference method (read visually). The overall agreement within +/- 1 log2 dilution was 94.3% when the MicroScan system (read automatically) was compared with the reference method (read visually), 96.4% when MicroScan panels (read visually) were compared with reference panels, and 97.4% when the autoSCAN-4 automated reading was compared with the visual reading of the MicroScan panels. Total discrepancies (susceptibility interpretation category changes) for the MicroScan system compared with the reference method were 7%, with 6.2% considered a minor discrepancy. The autoSCAN-4 and the complete MicroScan system yielded accurate results compared with the reference method.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2003

Cell line DNA typing in forensic genetics--the necessity of reliable standards.

The incorporation of reference DNA is crucial to the validation of any DNA typing protocol. This paper aims to provide a panel of reference DNAs for actual forensic profiling strategies, i.e. autosomal and gonosomal STR typing as well as mtDNA sequencing. We have characterised three human lymphoid cell lines, GM9947, GM9948 and GM3657, and considered 58 autosomal and gonosomal microsatellites as well as the mitochondrial control region sequence. Well-established markers and STRs recently developed for forensic use were involved. K562 DNA samples which we purchased from two different suppliers were also analysed. They revealed conflicting results with regard to the ChrX STR marker genotype. Hence, we suggest that K562 is no longer used for the calibration of profiling techniques. Our investigation establishes a panel of one female and two male DNA samples as an STR allelic ladder calibration tool and offers information on six alleles of each autosome (AS) marker, three alleles of each X chromosome (ChrX) marker and two alleles of each ChrY marker. In addition, sequences of the mitochondrial control region of the three DNAs are communicated in order to provide sequencing quality control.

Cell Line, Tumor↗
PubMed1983

Clinical acceptance of a multi-test reference region for biochemical-panel results.

Results of a panel of six biochemical tests on a patient's specimen were mathematically combined into a "six-test signal strength" (STSS) value. This value indicated the overall extent of change from physiological results, and it was calculated in a way that ensured that a STSS value less than or equal to 1 occurred in 95% of apparently healthy people. STSS was reported with the test results for hospital inpatients during a four-month trial period. Doctors requested a repeat of the panel less often when a low STSS was reported, even if some test results were outside their separate reference intervals. Clinicians expressed differing opinions about its usefulness, some finding that a high STSS value had saved them from overlooking abnormal results, others not finding the value to be any practical advantage. Using a multi-test normal region resolves a statistical dilemma, while compounding the problem of knowing what results really mean.

Autoanalysis↗
PubMed2004

Clinical evaluation of a dried commercially prepared microdilution panel for antifungal susceptibility testing of five antifungal agents against Candida spp. and Cryptococcus neoformans.

A commercially prepared dried-broth microdilution panel (Sensititre, TREK Diagnostic Systems, Cleveland, OH) was compared with a reference frozen-broth microdilution panel for antifungal susceptibility testing of 728 clinical isolates of Candida spp. and 98 clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans. The antifungal agents tested were amphotericin B, fluconazole, 5-fluorocytosine (5FC), itraconazole, and voriconazole. Microdilution testing was performed according to NCCLS recommendations. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) endpoints were read visually after 48 hours of incubation (72 hours for C. neoformans) and were assessed independently for each microdilution panel. Discrepancies among MIC endpoints of no more than 2 log(2) dilutions were used to calculate the percentage of agreement. Overall levels of agreement between the study and reference panels were 98% for Candida spp. and 93% for C. neoformans. The agreement for each antifungal agent ranged from 96.6% for voriconazole to 99.4% for amphotericin B. The TREK dried microdilution panel appears to be a viable alternative to frozen-broth microdilution panels for testing of Candida spp. and C. neoformans.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1997

Guidelines for pharmacoeconomic studies. Recommendations from the panel on cost effectiveness in health and medicine. Panel on cost Effectiveness in Health and Medicine.

This article reports the recommendations of the Panel on Cost Effectiveness in Health and Medicine, sponsored by the US Public Health Service, on standardised methods for conducting cost-effectiveness analyses. Although not expressly directed at analyses of pharmaceutical agents, the Panel's recommendations are relevant to pharmacoeconomic studies. The Panel outlines a 'Reference Case' set of methodological practices to improve quality and comparability of analyses. Designed for studies that inform resource-allocation decisions, the Reference Case includes recommendations for study framing and scope, components of the numerator and denominator of cost-effectiveness ratios, discounting, handling uncertainty and reporting. The Reference Case analysis is conducted from the societal perspective, and includes all effects of interventions on resource use and health. Resource use includes 'time' resources, such as for caregiving or undergoing an intervention. The quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) is the common measure of health effect across Reference Case studies. Although the Panel does not endorse a measure for obtaining quality-of-life weights, several recommendations address the QALY. The Panel recommends a 3% discount rate for costs and health effects. Pharmacoeconomic studies have burgeoned in recent years. The Reference Case analysis will improve study quality and usability, and permit comparison of pharmaceuticals with other health interventions.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1996

Sequence analysis and genetic mapping of porcine chromosome 11 centromeric S0048 marker.

We report the existence of a new family of swine centromeric satellite DNA composed of a 51-bp repeat unit, most specifically found on pig chromosome 11 centromere and with less specificity at the centromeric region of other meta- and submetacentric chromosomes. This satellite DNA family, which has no homologies with the Mc1 and Ac2 families published previously, was named Mc2. We designed a specific primer set for PCR amplification of this centromeric satellite DNA. Specificity of amplification was checked by using a porcine somatic cell hybrid panel and by FISH. Furthermore, the development of a PCR-RFLP marker of Mc2 repetition allowed its genetic mapping on the PiGMaP reference families panel. The centromere of chromosome 11 was thus integrated to the genetic map previously published.

Animals↗