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PubMed1989

[The role of swimming pools in the spread of intestinal infections].

A kindergarten swimming bath was experimentally infested with M-17 Bacillus coli. It was found that after bathing 10% of children showed Escherichia M-17 in the feces. It is concluded that presence of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms in the water of swimming baths may be considered a qualitative and quantitative criterion of epidemic risk during bathing in infected basins in case hygienic norms are not observed per person.

Child↗
PubMed1995

Rats with fimbria-fornix lesions display a place response in a swimming pool: a dissociation between getting there and knowing where.

Some theories of hippocampal formation function postulate that it is involved in using the relationships between distal cues for spatial navigation. That rats with damage to the hippocampal formation are impaired in learning place responses of escaping to a platform hidden just below the surface of the water of a swimming pool, supports this view. Using rats with fimbria-fornix (FF) lesions, we examined whether their impairment is related to an inability to learn how to reach the platform as opposed to learning its location. In a first experiment, the FF rats were impaired in learning to swim to a hidden platform but could swim to a visible platform. In a second experiment, after being pretrained to swim to a visible platform, the FF rats swam to, paused, and searched the vicinity of the platform's previous location when it was removed. This finding showed that the FF rats expected to find the platform at that location. Additional tests confirmed that they had learned a place response. Despite having acquired a place response, they still could not acquire new place responses when only the hidden platform training procedure was used. Thus, these results in dissociating the processes of "getting there" and "knowing where" suggest that the FF rats' impairment may be in some process of motoric control, such as path integration, rather than in learning the location of the platform in relation to ambient cues. The results are discussed in relation to relevant theories of hippocampal function.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Differences between two psychogenetically selected lines of rats in a swimming pool matching-to-place task: long-term effects of infantile stimulation.

The present study explored the effects of infantile stimulation (i.e., neonatal handling or NH) on the performance of 18-month-old Roman high-avoidance (RHA/Verh) and low-avoidance (RLA/Verh) rats in a swimming pool matching-to-place (SPMP) test. This test (also called repeated acquisition and place learning-set paradigm) consists of administering pairs of consecutive trials in the Morris water maze. The difference between each "odd" and the consecutive "even" trial of a trial pair is considered to be a measure of working memory. The same rats were first tested for exploration and novelty-seeking in a hole-board test in the presence of novel objects, which showed that RHA/Verh rats were more explorative than their RLA/Verh counterparts, and that NH treatment augmented exploration in RLA/Verh rats, generally eliminating the genetically-based differences between the lines. RHA/Verh rats performed less efficiently than RLA/Verh rats in the SPMP test, and NH facilitated acquisition in the early stages of training in both rat lines, an effect that was presumably due to an improvement in the acquisition of spatial reference information. Performance during training also indicated that RHA/Verh rats showed less differentiated behavior between odd and even trials, indicating a relative working memory deficit at advanced ages in that rat line.

Animals↗