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At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Mutations in the Drosophila glycoprotein hormone receptor, rickets, eliminate neuropeptide-induced tanning and selectively block a stereotyped behavioral program.

Adult insects achieve their final form shortly after adult eclosion by the combined effects of specialized behaviors that generate increased blood pressure, which causes cuticular expansion, and hormones, which plasticize and then tan the cuticle. We examined the molecular mechanisms contributing to these processes in Drosophila by analyzing mutants for the rickets gene. These flies fail to initiate the behavioral and tanning processes that normally follow ecdysis. Sequencing of rickets mutants and STS mapping of deficiencies confirmed that rickets encodes the glycoprotein hormone receptor DLGR2. Although rickets mutants produce and release the insect-tanning hormone bursicon, they do not melanize when injected with extracts containing bursicon. In contrast, mutants do melanize in response to injection of an analog of cyclic AMP, the second messenger for bursicon. Hence, rickets appears to encode a component of the bursicon response pathway, probably the bursicon receptor itself. Mutants also have a behavioral deficit in that they fail to initiate the behavioral program for wing expansion. A set of decapitation experiments utilizing rickets mutants and flies that lack cells containing the neuropeptide eclosion hormone, reveals a multicomponent control to the activation of this behavioral program.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Analyzing the stimulus properties of objects used in stereotyped behavior.

Ten severely retarded children who engaged in object stereotypies were observed during 10, 1-hour sessions in various contexts of their living and school environments. The percentage of object stereotypies performed and the nature of the objects manipulated were described. For the children as a group, context did not affect the level of object stereotypies, but other stereotypies were performed most often during music sessions. In Study 2 the objects manipulated in a stereotyped manner were presented to six people who were asked to describe the physical dimensions of the object when it was moved. Judges found that most children appeared to respond to flexibility, whereas some children appeared to respond to other feedback. Study 3 was designed to validate the dimensions selected by the judges. Each dimension agreed on by five of the judges in Study 2 was used to construct sets of five objects that varied with respect to that dimension. The children were presented with the set of objects and differential manipulation along the dimension was assessed. The judges' selections were partially validated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Perinatal bromopride treatment: effects on motor activity and stereotyped behavior of offspring.

Effects of different perinatal treatments with bromopride (BRO), a dopaminergic blocking agent, on open-field behavior and apomorphine (APO)-induced stereotypy were examined just after weaning and in adult Wistar rats. Weanling rats of mothers treated with BRO during lactation had greater general activity (24-48 hours after weaning) and higher stereotypy scores (96 hours after weaning) than pups from vehicle-treated control mothers. These results were not observed in rats of mothers treated with BRO only during pregnancy (BV group), nor was it as evident in animals of mothers treated during pregnancy and lactation (BB group). When adults, females had normal estrous cycles and the characteristic higher ambulation than males. However, males from groups BV and BB had lower ambulation frequencies than control males (VV group). The possibility that BRO interacts with the development of dopamine mechanisms in the brain at different sensitive developmental periods, and thereby influences later behavior, is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

In vivo electrochemical evidence for an enkephalinergic modulation underlying stereotyped behavior: reversibility by naloxone.

The effect of the enkephalin pentapeptide analog (WY 42,896) on amphetamine-induced stereotypy was studied in male, albino rats. WY 42,896 significantly inhibited amphetamine-induced stereotypy. The inhibition of the head-bobbing and sniffing components was significantly reversed by naloxone. Disinhibition of the rearing components by naloxone reached borderline significance. In vivo electrochemical measurements in rat caudate showed that WY 42,896 inhibited both basal and amphetamine-induced dopamine release. This inhibition was prevented by naloxone. These data show an enkephalinergic-dopaminergic interaction in rat striatum, both behaviorally and biochemically, and suggest a presynaptic site of action of the enkephalin on dopamine neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Effect of no synthesis inhibition on striatal dopamine release and stereotyped behavior induced by a single administration of methamphetamine.

1. The authors performed both microdialysis and behavioral measurement in each of rats, in order to examine effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (LNAME;30 mg/kg,i.p.) on striatal dopamine (DA) release and stereotypy induced by a single administration of methamphetamine (MA)(4 mg/kg,s.c.), simultaneously. 2. LNAME administered prior to MA significantly decreased level of locomotion-stereotypy rating scores induced by MA. 3. In the same animals, LNAME had no effect on MA-induced striatal DA release. 4. The results suggest that NO synthesis inhibition attenuated MA-induced stereotypy by modulating neuronal process subsequent to activation of postsynaptic DA receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Cats develop tolerance to d-amphetamine's effects upon locomotion and stereotyped behaviors.

Administration of d-amphetamine sulfate (7.5 mg/kg i.p.) twice daily to cats produces an initial large increase in both locomotion and behavioral stereotypy. As this regimen continues beyond three days, however, both measures show large significant decreases. We hypothesize that this tolerance to the behavioral effects of amphetamine is attributable to the concomitant decrease (approx. 70%) in presynaptic stores of dopamine and norepinephrine.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Enhanced stereotypic behavior by chronic treatment with bromocriptine accompanies increase of D-1 receptor binding.

Different effects of chronic treatment with bromocriptine (BRO) on D-1 and D-2 receptors in the rat were studied through behavioral observation and DA receptor binding assays. Chronic BRO led to enhancement of stereotypy to apomorphine (APO), at the same time it increased the density of D-1 receptor binding by 43% and decreased that of D-2 receptor binding by 21%. Our data suggest that BRO has different effects on D-1 and D-2 receptors and the behavioral hypersensitivity caused by BRO may be relevant to the proliferation of D-1 receptor.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Patterns of locomotor and stereotypic behavior during continuous amphetamine administration in rats.

The present study examined the behavioral effects of continuous subcutaneous infusion of amphetamine (AMPH) to rats. Saline and 3 AMPH doses were infused for 96 hr (0.2 mg/kg/hr, 0.55 mg/kg/hr, 0.9 mg/kg/hr; n = 12). Locomotor behavior, grooming, gnawing and licking, sniffing, and head-bobbing were recorded for each animal for 1 hr in the light cycle and 1 hr in the dark cycle. The low dose AMPH animals exhibited increased locomotor activity. The medium and high dose groups developed similar behavioral patterns consisting of increased grooming and sniffing and changes in circadian rhythms of activity. Although most behaviors exhibited were similar to those discussed in previous literature describing the effects of chronic amphetamine, the pattern of the behaviors was not. Furthermore, continuous administration of AMPH seems to reliably increase the frequency of behaviors which are rarely observed after acute or chronic amphetamine. This finding has important implications since administration of AMPH to rats has been suggested to be an animal model of schizophrenia.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1997

Stereotyped behavior: effects of d-amphetamine and methylphenidate in the young rat.

The proclivity of d-amphetamine and methylphenidate to induce perseverative motoric and vocal side effects detracts from the clinical efficacy of these stimulants in the treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In an attempt to develop a model for these deleterious treatment effects, this study explored the behavioral influences exerted by d-amphetamine and methylphenidate in the young laboratory rat. This experiment revealed that doses of these stimulants that typically induce stereotypy provoke diverging behavioral profiles: while animals given 5 mg/kg d-amphetamine exhibited repetitive sniffing activity, rats treated with 30 mg/kg methyl-phenidate displayed perseverative gnawing behaviors. Although pretreatment with the serotonin synthesis inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) significantly attenuated both stimulant-induced stereotypies, the effect of PCPA on d-amphetamine-induced sniffing was more profound than on methylphenidate-induced gnawing. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of monoamine levels in the striatum, frontal cortex, and thalamus indicated that PCPA induced an overall 89% depletion of serotonin across all conditions. These findings shed some light on the neurochemical mechanisms that underlie the differential effects of d-amphetamine and methylphenidate on stereotyped motor activity in the rat, and suggest future experiments for understanding the role of serotonin in such effects. Further, these results have implications for the differential side effects observed from each of these stimulants when used clinically in children with ADHD.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

The application of sensory change to reduce stereotyped behavior.

A combined reversal and multiple baseline design was utilized to assess reduction of repetitive hand movements for three severely mentally retarded children. Stereotypy was assessed during baseline (reinforcement for on task behavior) and sensory change (rings and reinforcement, rings, and faded rings) conditions. The results indicated sensory change effectively reduced the target responses. These results were durable up to 4 hours. We conclude that the procedure used in this study is a non-intrusive intervention that is an extension of the current literature pertaining to sensory extinction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Stereotyped behavior affected by peripheral and intracerebroventricular apomorphine administration in pigeons.

In pigeons, peripheral injection of apomorphine HCl (1.5 mg) produced a rapid pecking response while intracerebroventricular administration of the drug (60 micrograms) was ineffective in this respect. Both peripheral and to a larger extent central treatment with apomorphine stimulated another activity, that is headshaking. The frequency of other behavioral patterns was either decreased (preening) or unaffected (yawning, stretching) following both treatments. Together with previous studies, these data suggest that (a) apomorphine stimulates pecking in pigeons by activating dopaminergic mechanisms lying in brain areas situated away from the ventricles; (b) dopaminergic mechanisms situated in periventricular regions may take part in the control of some patterns, e.g. headshaking, and (c) other activities do not appear to depend directly on these mechanisms.

Animals↗