[Inhibiting action of lipid extracts of thymus gland on Ehrlich's carcinoma].
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Animals↗
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Role of L-alanine in the response of human lymphocytes to PHA and Con A.
The response of umbilical cord blood lymphocytes (UCBL) to PHA and Con A is strongly dependent upon the presence of dialyzable plasma components. The impaired response of human cells in the presence of dialyzed human plasma was restored by calf thymus extract. In the present experiments we have further purified calf thymus extract by means of paper electrophoresis and chromatography on thin-layer cellulose plates. We reached the conclusion that the active material in this model is a single amino acid, alanine. When the different isomeric forms of alanine were tested, we found that L-alanine is the only biologically active material. In addition, we have observed here that the allogeneic response of UCBL is also dependent upon the presence of dialyzable plasma components. This impaired allogeneic response of UCBL in the presence of DHP was restored by addition of L-alanine. The present findings suggest that, under in vitro conditions, for human cells to respond to mitogenic or allogeneic stimulation L-alanine is essential.
Alanine↗
[Comparison of oral administration and intramuscular injection of thymus preparations on the leukopoiesis test in rats and some of the preventive possibilities emerging from the results].
Considering the fact that all immunologic processes consume energy, we have been attempting for more than a decade to combine immunostimulating measures with such for increasing the energetic state. This basic resulted in designing several modern variants of the Oxygen Multistep Immunostimulation. In order to make this method broadly applicable to public health care, its protocol had to be simplified in such a way that it can easily be applied also to outpatients at a reasonable expenditure of time. Such a program is described here among other variants. Its concept is based on measurements of leukopoiesis in rats after administration of thymus extract. The test system used revealed that oral administration of the thymus extract taken from specified dragées was of at least the same effect as intramuscular injection. The simplified variant of the Oxygen Multistep Immunostimulation which can be practised ambulantly within a short time, consists of the administration of thymus dragées and the 15-min-oxygen multistep quick procedure of the Oxygen Multistep Therapy. It is demonstrated by comparison of photographs of a case report the precancerous skin lesions can be unprimed by this simple treatment within 10 months. The finding indicates that along these lines a permanently effective cancer prevention might become practicable. Furthermore, it is supposed that the simple treatment schedule described should be of benefit in preventive medicine and gerontology as well, in order to fight illness in general and to reduce the disposition to diseases having a bad prognosis particularly in old age.
Administration, Oral↗
Hormone control of autoantibodies to calf thymus nuclear extract (CTE) and DNA in MRL-lpr and MRL-+/+ mice.
Because hormonal influences on autoimmune disease in MRL-lpr and MRL-+/+ mice have not been defined completely, we examined animals which had been castrated and implanted with the opposite sex hormone. Antibodies directed at non-DNA antigens in a calf thymus nuclear extract (designated CTE) and specific anti-DNA antibodies were increased in estrogen-treated males, testosterone-treated females, and sham-operated female controls compared to sham-operated males. Analysis by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation revealed that gonadal hormones exerted marked differences in the distribution and nature of circulating IgM anti-CTE antibodies. Although 19 S IgM was the predominant form of anti-CTE antibodies in experimental groups showing elevated anti-CTE responses, estrogen-treated male MRL-lpr mice expressed a large additional population of anti-CTE IgM antibody released by acid dissociation of apparently cryptic complexes. An unexpected additional finding was the presence of cryptic anti-CTE IgG (7 S) in all groups of MRL-lpr and MRL-+/+ mice, revealed only in sucrose gradient analysis under acid conditions. It is suggested that sex-related factors may account, in part, for apparent differences in levels of circulating autoantibodies observed in MRL mice by influencing the degree to which autoantibody populations exist in circulating complexes.
Animals↗
The neuroendocrine thymus: coexistence of oxytocin and neurophysin in the human thymus.
Immunoreactive oxytocin and neurophysin were identified and measured by radioimmunoassay in human thymus extracts. Serial dilutions of extracts paralleled the appropriate standard curves. Thymus-extracted oxytocin and neurophysin eluted in the same positions as reference preparations on Sephadex G-75. Authenticity of oxytocin was confirmed by biological assay and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. In most instances, thymus contents of oxytocin and neurophysin were far greater than those expected from known circulating concentrations and declined with increasing age. The molar ratio of oxytocin to neurophysin in thymus was similar to that found in the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system, which strongly suggested with the other data a local synthesis of oxytocin. These findings indicate the presence of neurohypophyseal peptides in the human thymus and further support the concept of a neuroendocrine function integrated in an immune structure.
Adult↗
[Effect of thymus gland extract on the activity of acid phosphatase of neutrophils (author's transl)].
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Acid Phosphatase↗
Stimulatory effect on DNA synthesis of thymus and spleen extract from leukemic AKR mice.
A 30,000-50,000 molecular weight (MW) extract of thymus and spleen from 11 age groups of untreated AKR mice, 1-210 days old, was tested for in vitro effect on thymidine incorporation into normal AKR lymph node cells, normal spleen cells, and leukemic thymocytes. Extracts from mice up to 5 months of age mostly had slightly inhibitory effect but concomitant with emergence of thymus leukemia in the 6-month-old mice, the extract acquired a strongly mitogenic effect on normal lymph node cells. Seven-month-old, non-leukemic animals again yielded extracts with inhibitory effect.
Animals↗
A recombinant 70K protein ELISA. Screening for antibodies against U1snRNP proteins in human sera.
Antibodies to uridylic acid rich small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (UsnRNP) are mainly detected in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). Particularly those directed against epitopes of the 70K protein of U1snRNP serve as important markers for the diagnosis of MCTD. To establish an ELISA for determination of anti-70K protein antibodies in patients' sera a 1239 bp long cDNA insert coding for the epitopes of the 70K protein was ligated into a fusion expression vector. The bacterially expressed fusion protein was purified by chromatography on DEAE cellulose. Microtiter plates were coated with the fusion protein as well as with partially purified calf thymus extract (CTE) containing all natural UsnRNP antigens and RNase digested calf thymus extract (CTERNase) in which the natural 70K antigen was destroyed by the nuclease treatment. 10,888 sera of patients with suspected or overt rheumatic disease were analyzed for antibodies against these antigens simultaneously. Antibodies against CTE or CTERNase were not detected in 9123 sera, none of these showed reactivity with the 70K protein indicating a high degree of specificity of the assay. Positive results in each the 70K protein, CTE as well as the CTERNase ELISAs were obtained with 474 sera. 319 sera were only positive with CTE and 70K protein. Of these 793 anti-70K protein ELISA positive sera, 79% could be confirmed by immunoblot. Of 967 sera reacting with CTE and CTERNase but not with the recombinant 70K protein, 31% contained antibodies against various other UsnRNP proteins as shown by immunoblotting. 2.4% of these sera revealed also antibodies against the 70K protein. The use of the recombinant 70K protein as antigen meets the criterion for a simple and specific assay to detect anti-U1snRNP antibodies. Nevertheless, the sole use of this recombinant protein for anti-U1snRNP antibody screening may not be appropriate, because antibodies against other frequently occurring U1snRNP proteins (A, C) cannot be detected with this test. Therefore it should be used together with a natural UsnRNP antigen until further studies in patients with well established diagnoses will show whether natural antigens may be omitted.
Antibody Specificity↗
Enrichment of in vitro and in vivo immunologic activity of purified fractions of calf thymic hormone.
Thymus humoral factor (THF), a thymus hormone which participates in the processes leading to acquisition of immunocompetence of lymphoid cells has been isolated in our laboratory by a stepwise gel filtration through various Sephadex columns. THF so isolated appears to be a polypeptide of 3,000 mol wt which contains approximately 30 amino acid residues. Here we have tested the biological activity of THF fractions of successive degrees of purity upon lymphoid cells from both intact and neonatally thymectomized mice. The lymphoid cell populations were treated with the various THF fractions by in vitro incubation for a short time and by repeated injection in vivo. The treated cells evidenced increased ability to react in the graft-versus-host assay in vivo and in mixed lymphocyte cultures in vitro concomitantly with the rise of intracellular cAMP. On the other hand no activity whatsoever was shown by any of the control materials tested. These bioassays permitted isolation of fractions progressively more active than the original crude dialyzate of thymus extract tested. Thus the active peptide component of THF eluted from DEAE Sephadex A-25 column was estimated to be 2 X 10(4)-fold more active than the crude dialyzate of thymus extract which served as a starting material.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
[Effect of thymus gland extract on malignant tumors, with special reference to clinical effectiveness on malignant tumors in otorhinolaryngology].
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Biological Products↗
In vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oils and various extracts of Thymus eigii M. Zohary et P.H. Davis.
This study was designed to examine the in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil and various extracts obtained from aerial parts of Thymus eigii. The essential oil was particularly found to possess stronger antimicrobial activity, whereas other nonpolar extracts and subfractions showed moderate activity and polar extracts remained almost inactive. GC-MS analysis of the oil resulted in the identification of 39 compounds, representing 93.7% of the oil; thymol (30.6%), carvacrol (26.1%), and p-cymene (13.0%) were the main components. The samples were also subjected to a screening for their possible antioxidant activity by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and beta-carotene-linoleic acid assays. In the former case, the polar subfraction of the methanol extract was found to be superior to all extracts tested, only 16.8 microg/mL of which provided 50% inhibition, whereas all extracts, particularly the polar ones, seem to inhibit the oxidation of linoleic acid in the latter case. These data were further supported by total phenolics analysis, indicating that the antioxidative potential of the extracts was closely related to their phenolic constituents.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
[Restoration and acceleration of the development of the capacity for antibody synthesis by the humoral factor of the thymus].
A fraction stimulating the antibody synthesis to sheep erythrocytes in administration during the neonatal period to mice and partially restoring the antibodygenesis in neonatally thymectomized rats was isolated from a calf thymus extract. Morpho-histochemical studies demonstrated a marked plasmocytic reaction in the spleen of neonatally thymectomized rats under the effect of the thymus extract fraction in response to immunization with sheep erythrocytes; however, there occurred no normalization of morphotopographic peculiarities of the splenic tissue, including the thymus-dependent regions. Administration of the extract was also not accompanied by any weight gain of the lymphoid organs, or increase in lymphocyte count in the peripheral blood and the count of splenic cells transforming into blasts under the effect of phytohemagglutinin.
Animals↗
Urinary tract infections in the aged: improvement with thymostimulin.
30 aged patients, with chronic urinary tract infections, were treated with a thymus extract (thymostimulin, TP-1 Serono), in combination with antibiotic therapy, according to the antibiogram data, or with antibiotic therapy alone. When thymus extracts were added to the treatment, an improvement of the clinical course of the disease was observed and the severity and duration of the subjective symptoms such as strangury, dysuria, and pollakiuria, were reduced. The two groups of patients presented no modifications of the febrile patterns, nor persistence in or recovery from infection after 30 days of treatment, but especially after 90 days, the frequency of reinfections or the persistence of infections were markedly reduced. During treatment with thymostimulin, there was an evident increase in the cellular immunity tests (T-lymphocytes, rosettes, PHA) as compared with the immunodepression found before treatment.
Aged↗
The influence of thymus factor X (TFX) and its fraction V on the haemodynamic and haemopoietic functions.
The activity of crude thymus extract (TFX) and its immunologically most active fraction V were assessed comparatively. It was observed that the circulatory activity occurred only when crude thymus extract was applied and that fraction V was almost completely devoid of this activity. On the other hand, the affinity to hemopoietic stem cells is exhibited by the crude TFX and its fraction V. An assumption is put forward that the haemopoietic activity of TFX may be present also in its fractions considered to be immunologically less active.
Animals↗
[Low-molecular homogeneous thymus fraction stimulating immunogenesis].
The influence of purified acetic acid thymus extract (thymarin) and its three fractions isolated by ion-exchange chromatography upon immune response to SRBC in mice was studied. Each fraction was identified as homogeneous individual material of polypeptide nature. Crude thymus extract and one of its fractions with an approximate molecular weight of 5000 exerted a strong stimulating effect on the thymus-dependent response: formation of IgM- and IgG-antibody producing cells and on the circulating antibody level.
Animals↗
A thymus factor influences the in vitro testosterone secretion of Leydig cells in the rat.
Thymus extracts obtained from 15-day-old rats were fractionated through molecular sieve chromatography, and the fractions assayed in vitro by changes produced in the testosterone secretion of Leydig cells obtained from adult rat testes. Fractions corresponding to 27-28000 mol wt of the thymus extract diminish the testosterone secretion of Leydig cells stimulated with hCG. No changes in the basal testosterone secretion were produced by the presence of the thymus fractions. The inhibitory effect is dose related and persists during 180 min of incubation. Fractions of the same mol wt obtained from liver, heart and spleen do not modify the testosterone secretion of Leydig cells. The inhibitory activity of the thymus factor disappears after heat or trypsin treatment. Further fractioning in preparative flat bed electrofocusing makes manifest that the inhibitory activity is focused at pH 4.7. The data demonstrate the existence in rat thymus of a factor, probably of protein nature, which modifies the in vitro hCG response of a testis cell suspension.
Animals↗
[Effect of mouse thymus gland extract on DNA synthesis in thymocytes].
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Animals↗
Microgel immunoblotting of thymus and nuclear extracts by unidirectional diffusion.
A variant immunoblotting procedure is presented, starting from sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing ultra-thin microgels. The use of these gels allows efficient transfer of proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose, by simple uni-directional diffusion, without loss of resolution. To this end an assembly was developed, keeping the microgel and the immobilizing matrix in continuous contact. To standardize the technique, two protein extracts (a classical rabbit thymus extract and an original autologous nuclear extract) were used, together with reference antinuclear antisera. The method is fast, easy to perform, and perfectly reproducible. For these reasons, the technique is very suitable for screening a patient's sera on a large scale.
Alkaline Phosphatase↗