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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Pilot-related factors in aircraft crashes: a review of epidemiologic studies.

The epidemiologic studies of pilot-related factors in aircraft crashes are reviewed with regard to: 1) study design and methods; 2) major findings; and 3) data and methodological issues. In the last 60 years, numerous studies have been conducted to examine the relationships of pilot characteristics to the risk of aircraft crashes. Much attention has been paid to pilots' medical condition, age, flight experience, and alcohol use. Most studies were based on crash analysis, using case reports and case series. Few studies have applied a formal, rigorous epidemiologic design. Planned case-control and cohort studies are extremely rare. In some cases, the deficiencies in study design and data analysis have resulted in controversial findings. More epidemiologic studies using state-of-the-art methodology are needed to identify various risk factors of aircraft crashes, to better understand the interrelationships among pilot, aircraft, and environment, and to develop and assess safety policies and other intervention programs.

Accidents, Aviation↗
PubMed1994

Suicide by use of aircraft in the United States, 1979-1989.

Intentional aircraft crashes are a dramatic cause of death. The entire set of fatalities due to this cause of death in the United States has not been described. Mortality data from aircraft crashes determined as being due to suicide were obtained from National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) data sources. The NCHS reported that, between 1979 and 1989, ten persons committed suicide by aircraft crashes. Twenty aircraft crash fatalities were also reported during the period in which the intent of death could not be determined as either suicide, homicide, or accidental. White middle-aged males accounted for the majority of deaths. The NTSB reported, for the years 1979-89, that nine fatal aircraft accidents were suicide. All fatalities were male pilots operating small fixed wing aircraft. NTSB investigations identified evidence for important adverse psychologic factors in most pilots.

Accidents, Aviation↗
PubMed1994

An analysis of the value of forensic odontology in ten mass disasters.

The results of dental identification in ten mass disasters, in which British forensic odontologists undertook the dental identification procedures, are reported. These ten disasters indicate the difficulties associated with this method and draw attention to the need for national dental associations to deal with the problem of inadequate dental records and unmarked dentures. It is suggested that, through the FDI World Dental Federation, each member country should appoint dentists, responsible for providing advice and assistance, to forensic odontologists in other countries, when nationals of the country are victims of an international disaster.

Accidents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Clinico-radiometric studies of the eye in radioactive contamination].

The aim of the study was assessment of local and remote effects of radioactive substances on ocular media and development of measures to remove radionuclides from the eye. Radioactive substances getting into the eye in the form of aerosols, dust, or gaseous mixtures are unevenly distributed in it. The highest radioactivity was found on the skin of the eyelids and orbit, particularly so on the eyelashes and eyebrows, the least one on the cornea and in the conjunctival cavity. A follow-up of 8 to 17 years showed that timely removal of radionuclides from ocular surface prevented the development of specific symptoms and trophic changes of ocular media, of radiation cataracts among other things. The suggested method for washing the skin of the eyelids and orbital area from radioactive contaminants did not induce skin irritation, maceration, sense of discomfort, and is recommended for practice.

Accidents, Aviation↗
PubMed1993

Crashes of commuter aircraft and air taxis. What determines pilot survival?

Pilots have been recognized as an occupational group having very high work-related death rates. Commuter aircraft and air taxis are far more likely to be involved in fatal crashes than are larger airplanes. To examine the factors related to pilot survival in commuter aircraft and air taxi crashes, we analyzed National Transportation Safety Board data for the years 1983 to 1988. Case fatality rates were calculated for the pilots-in-command and odds ratios were estimated from a multivariate logistic regression model for variables related to pilots, aircraft, and circumstances. During the 6-year period, 536 people were killed and 744 injured in 888 commuter aircraft and air taxi crashes. The pilot case fatality rate was 20%. The most important determinants of pilot fatality were postcrash fire (odds ratio [OR] 8.2), off-airport location (OR 8.1), bad weather (OR 4.3), and nonuse of shoulder restraints (OR 3.7); all were significant at P < .01. Crash survival could be enhanced by more crashworthy fuel systems, aircraft seats, and use of restraint systems in commuter aircraft and air taxis. The value of shoulder restraints for pilots in these aircraft is confirmed and their use should be vigorously promoted.

Accidents, Aviation↗
PubMed1995

[Increased association of cardiac and thoracic vascular lesions after closed trauma of the thorax].

The association of a cardiac and a thoracic vascular lesion following blunt trauma seems real based on our experience and other published reports. Over the last 4 years, we have operated upon 3 patients with this association. The cardiac lesions included severe myocardial contusion (documented by electrocardiographic and enzymatic changes), a tear of the aortic valve, and occlusion of a coronary artery. The vascular lesions consisted in rupture of the aortic isthmus in 2 patients and traumatic pseudoaneurysm of the innominate artery. This association justifies a detailed cardiovascular evaluation in any case of severe cardiac or thoracic vascular lesion.

Accidents↗
PubMed1996

Population-based description of aircraft accident mortality, U.S. military, 1980-90.

BACKGROUND: Aircraft crashes are an important cause of premature and preventable mortality. The nature and missions of the U.S. military services place active duty members at risk for aircraft accidents. METHODS: Mortality data on Department of Defense active duty service members were obtained from the Worldwide Casualty System (WCS), an automated data base of active duty military personnel casualty information. Military service population data were obtained from the Defense Manpower Data Center. Aggregate and service-, sex-, rank-, and race-specific mortality rates were calculated. RESULTS: Between 1980-90, the U.S. military services reported 22,753 deaths (98.2 deaths/100,000 active duty service members) due to all causes combined, 14,100 deaths (60.9 deaths/100,000) due to accident causes, and 2,258 (9.8 deaths/100,000) due to aircraft accident causes. The Marine Corps had the highest service-specific mortality rate, 16.3 deaths/100,000, while the Navy had the lowest, 7.5 deaths/100,000. The male to female mortality rate ratio was 6.6:1. Aircraft crash mortality rate for officers, 39.7 deaths/100,000, was higher than that for enlisted persons, 4.8 deaths/100,000. The Navy had the highest officer-to-enlisted mortality rate ratio, 17:1, while the Army had the lowest, 3.9:1. CONCLUSIONS: Aircraft crashes are an important cause of mortality among the military services. There are differences in mortality rates between the services with an overall trend of mortality decline.

Accidents, Aviation↗
PubMed1977

Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: I. Fatal aircraft accidents.

The Department of Aviation Pathology was established at RAF Halton in 1955, and is now 21 years old; the early history of aviation pathology and the establishment of the department following the Comet disaster in 1954 are briefly recounted. The past work of the department and possible future trends are discussed, including the importance of helicopter accidents, the value of periodical medical examination, the problems in large passenger aircraft crashes and the subsequent medico-legal difficulties.

Accidents, Aviation↗
PubMed1968

Aviation pathology.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Accidents, Aviation↗
PubMed1977

Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: IV. Crew behavior in accident causation.

The behavioral intercrew dynamics were investigated in three fatal air carrier accidents. This is apparently the original research done on this vital safety area and certain important factors have been identified for use in the prevention of future accidents. It is seen that a pilot in a flying situation is, in reality, a processor of information encompassing a system of behavior patterns. A failure in the information processing modes may be contributory to accident causation. The processing system contains four interrelated phases: 1) sensing the incoming information (Perception); 2) analyzing and understanding the processed information (Comprehension); 3) making a decision based on the understanding (Decision); and 4) performing or not performing some physical act based on the decision (Action). The dynamic factors of selective inattention, ego function, and level of awareness are present in all crew behavior. If any one of these dynamic factors affects the performance of the flight task, the behavior may lead to inappropriate performance. This may result in a fatal accident. Conclusions concerning accident prevention are drawn from this study.

Accidents, Aviation↗