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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Blink reflex and auditory speech perception in prelingually cochlear-implanted children.

CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that R- prelingually cochlear-implanted children are not optimal candidates for cochlear implantation. However, if this group are implanted, other rehabilitation methods should be incorporated into their rehabilitation program in order to achieve better results and maximize the efficacy of their prosthesis. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate that the blink reflex or auropalpebral reflex evaluation can be used as a prognostic factor for the assessment of auditory and speech perception levels in prelingually cochlear-implanted children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In an observational, analytical, prospective study conducted at a single cochlear implant rehabilitation center in 85 prelingually cochlear-implanted children, the presence or absence of the blink reflex (BR) was evaluated and the results of auditory and speech perception tests were compared between reflex-positive (R+) and reflex-negative (R-) patients. To obtain the BR, four electrodes were applied in both the Nucleus and MED-EL systems and then stimulated by means of current levels higher than the previously detected most comfortable level of the patient until the reflex appeared. Auditory and speech perception levels were measured using the vowels-confusion test and the categorization of auditory perception scale. RESULTS: The mean results of auditory and speech perception tests were significantly higher in R+ compared to R- patients.

Auditory Threshold↗
PubMed2005

Cross-modal activation of visual cortex during depth perception using auditory substitution of vision.

Previous neuroimaging studies identified multimodal brain areas in the visual cortex that are specialized for processing specific information, such as visual-haptic object recognition. Here, we test whether visual brain areas are involved in depth perception when auditory substitution of vision is used. Nine sighted volunteers were trained blindfolded to use a prosthesis substituting vision with audition both to recognize two-dimensional figures and to estimate distance of an object in a real three-dimensional environment. Using positron emission tomography, regional cerebral blood flow was assessed while the prosthesis was used to explore virtual 3D images; subjects focused either on 2D features (target search) or on depth (target distance comparison). Activation foci were found in visual association areas during both the target search task, which recruited the occipito-parietal cortex, and the depth perception task, which recruited occipito-parietal and occipito-temporal areas. This indicates that some brain areas of the visual cortex are relatively multimodal and may be recruited for depth processing via a sense other than vision.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2003

CNS somatosensory-auditory interactions elicit or modulate tinnitus.

Evidence has accumulated linking clinical tinnitus to the somatosensory system. Most clinical tinnitus patients can change the psychoacoustic attributes of their tinnitus with forceful head and neck contractions. The significance of such somatic modulation of tinnitus was assessed by testing non-clinical subjects. Like clinical tinnitus patients, about 80% of non-clinical subjects who had ongoing tinnitus at the time of testing (whether or not they had been previously aware of it) could modulate their tinnitus with head and neck contractions. Almost 60% of those with no tinnitus at the time of testing could elicit a tinnitus-like auditory percept with head and neck contractions. Because similar results were found in the profoundly deaf, we conclude that somatosensory-auditory interactions within the central nervous system account for most, if not all, somatic modulation of tinnitus as well as the development of auditory percepts with somatic testing. Other observations implicate the muscle spindle as initiating the neural activation that ultimately modulates the central auditory pathway, including the dorsal cochlear nucleus. Somatic influences upon auditory perception are not limited to tinnitus subjects but are a fundamental property of the auditory system.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Age-related changes in auditory temporal perception.

The discrimination of signal and silence duration was evaluated in 6-month-old infants, 5 1/2-year-old children, and adults. Listeners were tested with a conditioned-discrimination procedure in which they were presented a sequence of 18 white-noise bursts and trained to discriminate a change in duration of the middle 6 signal or silence elements. There were no differential effects on performance for changes in signal compared to silence duration. At each age, performance varied only as a function of magnitude of duration change. Infants discriminated duration changes of 20 ms or greater, children discriminated 15 ms, and adults discriminated changes as small as 10 ms. These findings are consistent with other research in revealing age-related improvements in auditory temporal perception.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ocular tracking as a measure of auditory motion perception.

Motion is a potent sub-modality of vision. Motion cues alone can be used to segment images into figure and ground and break camouflage. Specific patterns of motion support vivid percepts of form, guide locomotion by specifying directional heading and the passage of objects, and in case of an impending collision, the time to impact. Visual motion also drives smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEMs) that serve to stabilize the retinal image of objects in motion. In contrast, the auditory system does not appear to be particularly sensitive to motion. We review the ambiguous status of auditory motion processing from the psychophysical and electrophysiological perspectives. We then report the results of two experiments that use ocular tracking performance as an objective measure of the perception of auditory motion in humans. We examine ocular tracking of auditory motion, visual motion, combined auditory + visual motion and imagined motion in both the frontal plane and in depth. The results demonstrate that ocular tracking of auditory motion is no better than ocular tracking of imagined motion. These results are consistent with the suggestion that, unlike the visual system, the human auditory system is not endowed with low-level motion sensitive elements. We hypothesize however, that auditory information may gain access to a recently described high-level motion processing system that is heavily dependent on 'top-down' influences, including attention.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2003

Auditory agnosia in children after herpes encephalitis.

Four pediatric patients whose bilateral auditory cortices were damaged by herpes encephalitis at an early age were studied. Their brain CT and MRI scans demonstrated common bilateral lesions of the auditory cortices. Their auditory perception was investigated by means of behavioral and objective hearing tests and auditory perception tests. All four patients showed mild or moderate hearing loss in the behavioral hearing test and normal auditory brainstem responses but did not manifest total deafness. Moreover, perception tests involving speech, environmental sounds and music demonstrated that most auditory perception ability had been lost in all patients. On reaching school age, the patients were enrolled in schools for the deaf or special schools for handicapped children.

Agnosia↗
PubMed1985

Auditory-visual perception of changing distance by human infants.

2 studies examined 5-month-old infants' sensitivity to auditory-visual specification of distance and direction of movement. In 1 experiment, infants were presented successively with 2 filmed events--1 of an automobile approaching, and the other of the same automobile driving away. A soundtrack that increased or decreased in amplitude was played along with each film, either in a match or mismatch condition. Infants did not show differential looking patterns related to the match or mismatch of auditory and visual information. In a second experiment, infants were tested using a paired preference technique. The films were shown side-by-side along with a single soundtrack appropriate to 1 of them. Looking time was monitored as before. These infants demonstrated visual preferences for the sound-matched films, evidently detecting the relationship between auditory and visual information when this procedure was used.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed2003

Comparison between two perception tests in patients with severe and profoundly severe prelingual sensori-neural deafness.

Patients with severe and profoundly severe bilateral sensorineural prelingual deafness constitute a group of particular interest in the organization of the National Health Service; every patient must, in fact, follow a prosthetic-rehabilitative-educational programme lasting many years and organized under different areas to compensate for his/her communicative difficulties, especially with regard to the speech canal. No reliable data providing details of the efficacy and efficiency of any of these points is available. A critical point in the rehabilitation process is that of auditory perception training. Of the few auditory perception tests presently available in Italian, the following were examined: namely, EARS (Evaluation of Auditory Responses to Speech) battery, on the one hand, and the Italian version of the ESP (Early Speech Perception), GASP (Glendonald Auditory Screening Procedure). NU-CHIPS (Northwestern University Children's Perception of Speech) and WIPI (Word Intelligibility by Picture Identification) tests on the other. A group of 10 patients presenting severe and profoundly severe bilateral sensori-neural prelingual deafness received the two tests at the beginning and after six months of auditory perception rehabilitation. The findings emerging from the two different test sessions were analysed and compared. The EARS battery was seen to have enabled even very early and highly developed stages of auditory perception to be detected in comparison with the other battery, which, however, was more accurate in evaluating the ability to discriminate and identify words on the basis of their spectral characteristics. The Authors propose the combined use of the two test batteries to evaluate the efficacy and efficiency of auditory perception training in patients with severe and profoundly severe bilateral sensori-neural prelingual deafness.

Auditory Threshold↗
PubMed2004

[Significance of auditory processing deficits for the pathogenesis of reading and spelling disorders].

OBJECTIVE: It has been claimed that children with dyslexia show auditory processing deficits and a training of auditory perception is recommended as a therapy. this study addresses the question whether a causal connection between auditory perception and dyslexia can be proven empirically. METHOD: 27 dyslexic children with average intelligence and normal hearing and 31 controls were examined. The auditory perception ability was judged with non-linguistic (pitch, tone duration, sound discrimination tasks) and verbal (speech in noise, compressed speech) tasks. In addition auditory short-term memory, nonverbal IQ, spelling and language ability were assessed. RESULTS: Group differences were found in tone processing tasks, but not in sound discrimination or auditory verbal tasks. Despite significant main effects in tone processing tasks the individual values of the dyslexic children lay predominantly in the range of the controls. In addition, there was no correlation between tone processing and spelling ability. CONCLUSION: Dyslexic children do not show remarkable deficits in verbal auditory processing. Auditory low level deficits can only be observed within a small subgroup. There is no evidence for central auditory dysfunction as a cause of dyslexia. The relevance of auditory processing training for treatment programmes for dyslexia should be questioned.

Agraphia↗
PubMed1986

Attention within auditory word perception: insights from the phonemic restoration illusion.

Phonemic restoration is a powerful auditory illusion that arises when a phoneme is removed from a word and replaced with noise, resulting in a percept that sounds like the intact word with a spurious bit of noise. It is hypothesized that the configurational properties of the word impair attention to the individual phonemes and thereby induce perceptual restoration of the missing phoneme. If so, this impairment might be unlearned if listeners can process individual phonemes within a word selectively. Subjects received training with the potentially restorable stimuli (972 trials with feedback); in addition, the presence or absence of an attentional cue, contained in a visual prime preceding each trial, was varied between groups of subjects. Cuing the identity and location of the critical phoneme of each test word allowed subjects to attend to the critical phoneme, thereby inhibiting the illusion, but only when the prime also identified the test word itself. When the prime provided only the identity or location of the critical phoneme, or only the identity of the word, subjects performed identically to those subjects for whom the prime contained no information at all about the test word. Furthermore, training did not produce any generalized learning about the types of stimuli used. A limited interactive model of auditory word perception is discussed in which attention operates through the lexical level.

Attention↗
PubMed1979

Auditory texture perception.

A set of three studies was designed to investigate the role of touch-produced sounds in the perception of surface texture. Subjects were capable of judging roughness on the basis of sounds alone. Auditory judgments were similar, but not identical to corresponding haptic touch judgments. When both sources of information were available, subjects tended to use the tactile cues. The nature of the auditory stimulus for roughness is considered.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1984

Developmental changes in auditory temporal perception.

Infants, preschoolers, and adults were tested to determine the shortest time interval at which they would respond to the precedence effect--an auditory phenomenon produced by presenting the same sound through 2 loudspeakers with the input to 1 loudspeaker delayed relative to the other. The delayed sound is not localized at its source until time delays between onsets are lengthened beyond a critical limit, or threshold. Thresholds for the precedence effect were defined as the delay interval below which listeners respond only to the leading loudspeaker and above which they respond to both loudspeakers. Threshold estimates were determined for adults and preschoolers with an ascending and descending series, followed by a method of constant stimuli series. Infants were trained to respond to the delayed sound using a visually reinforced headturning procedure. For clicks, preschoolers' and adults' thresholds were around 12 msec, while 6-month-olds stopped responding to the delayed sound around 25 msec. A similar developmental difference in threshold was expressed between preschoolers and adults for a more complex sound, with younger subjects hearing the precedence effect over a longer time delay.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1997

Recovery of hearing and vocal behavior after hair-cell regeneration.

Postmitotic hair-cell regeneration in the inner ear of birds provides an opportunity to study the effect of renewed auditory input on auditory perception, vocal production, and vocal learning in a vertebrate. We used behavioral conditioning to test both perception and vocal production in a small Australian parrot, the budgerigar. Results show that both auditory perception and vocal production are disrupted when hair cells are damaged or lost but that these behaviors return to near normal over time. Precision in vocal production completely recovers well before recovery of full auditory function. These results may have particular relevance for understanding the relation between hearing loss and human speech production especially where there is consideration of an auditory prosthetic device. The present results show, at least for a bird, that even limited recovery of auditory input soon after deafening can support full recovery of vocal precision.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Speech perception and auditory P300 potentials after section of the posterior half of the truncus of the corpus callosum.

A 47 year old woman who underwent surgical section of the posterior half of the corpus callosum because of meningioma in the right lateral ventricle was studied from the aspects of speech perception and auditory evoked potentials. The pure tone audiometry showed normal hearing levels for both ears. The monosyllable perception test disclosed that the left ear had lower correct percent than the right ear. The dichotic listening test demonstrated remarkable extinction in response to verbal stimuli in the left ear. Auditory brainstem, middle latency and slow vertex responses were normal for both ears, without right and left difference. P300 event related potentials were recorded by three different pairs of stimuli: pure tone (1 KHz vs. 2 KHz), words (Aka vs. Kuro), and monosyllable (PA vs. BA). Both P300 for pure tone and word stimuli to each ear showed large positive potentials within 200-500 msec but P300 for monosyllable stimuli to each ear did not show obvious potentials within 200-500 msec. These results suggest that the posterior half of the truncus of the corpus callosum can be related to transfer of speech information between right and left hemispheres.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2000

Consequences of neural asynchrony: a case of auditory neuropathy.

The neural representation of sensory events depends upon neural synchrony. Auditory neuropathy, a disorder of stimulus-timing-related neural synchrony, provides a model for studying the role of synchrony in auditory perception. This article presents electrophysiological and behavioral data from a rare case of auditory neuropathy in a woman with normal hearing thresholds, making it possible to separate audibility from neuropathy. The experimental results, which encompass a wide range of auditory perceptual abilities and neurophysiologic responses to sound, provide new information linking neural synchrony with auditory perception. Findings illustrate that optimal eighth nerve and auditory brainstem synchrony do not appear to be essential for understanding speech in quiet listening situations. However, synchrony is critical for understanding speech in the presence of noise.

Auditory Cortex↗