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Results for “Behavior change”

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PubMed1977

Behavior change following self-confrontation: a test of the value-mediation hypothesis.

This study presents a reanalysis of data from Rokeach's self-confrontation experiments using path analytic techniques. Contrary to Rokeach's interpretations, findings indicate that behavior changes following self-confrontation are not primarily mediated through changes in value priorities. Rather, the available data suggest that the self-confrontation process involves the resolution of inconsistencies between behaviors and self-conceptions that are revelaed during the treatment session. The authors interpret these findings within the framework of Rokeach's general theory of self-disatisfaction and cognitive-behavioral change. Suggestions for future directions in self-confrontation research are offered.

Attitude↗

PubMed1994

Effect of NO synthase inhibition on behavioral changes induced by a single administration of methamphetamine.

The present study examined the effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 10, 30, 60 mg/kg, i.p.) on behavioral changes induced by a single administration of methamphetamine (MA) (3.22 and 0.805 mg free base/kg, s.c.). MA increased locomotion-stereotypy rating scores and motor activity counts measured by an infrared sensor. L-NAME administered prior to MA significantly decreased the level of locomotion stereotypy rating and motor activity induced by MA. An inactive optical isomer, N omega-nitro-D-arginine methyl ester (D-NAME) had no effects on MA-induced behavioral changes. The results suggest that NO synthesis is involved in the full expression of behavioral effects of MA.

Amino Acid Oxidoreductases↗

PubMed2000

Promoting the maintenance of health behavior change: recommendations for the next generation of research and practice.

This article highlights several broad themes that emerged from the series of papers presented at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute conference, "Maintenance of Behavior Change in Cardiorespiratory Risk Reduction," with a view to generating recommendations for the next generation of research and practice. Major recommendations center around the need for (a) new models of population health behavior change and maintenance that integrate individual-level with broader environmental and macro-level policy influences; (b) a fuller model of the maintenance process, which views maintenance more as a journey than as a destination; and (c) more theory-based and interdisciplinary research on the maintenance process and on strategies for assisting special populations and addressing more than one behavioral risk at a time.

Behavior Therapy↗

PubMed2002

The maintenance of behavior change as an indicator of social validity.

This article reviews research pertaining to use of social validity and presents a rationale for expanding the conceptualization and use of this construct. It is proposed that the degree to which obtained treatment gains maintain across time within natural contexts be considered as a primary indicator of social validity. Traditional forms of social validation--subjective evaluation and normative comparison--are presented as measures that, when used within the framework of maintaining behavior change, form an iterative and heuristic process in which behavior change goals, procedures, and outcomes are altered to increase and/or sustain their social value. Procedural guidelines for research using maintenance as the benchmark of social validity are discussed.

Behavior Therapy↗

PubMed2001

Cerebrospinal fluid and behavioral changes after methyltestosterone administration: preliminary findings.

BACKGROUND: Anabolic androgen steroid abuse is associated with multiple psychiatric symptoms and is a significant public health problem. The biological mechanisms underlying behavioral symptom development are poorly understood. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We examined levels of monoamine metabolites, neurohormones, and neuropeptides in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 17 healthy men, at baseline and following 6 days of methyltestosterone (MT) administration (3 days of 40 mg/d, then 3 days of 240 mg/d). Subjects received MT or placebo in a fixed sequence, with neither subjects nor raters aware of the order. Potential relationships were examined between CSF measures, CSF MT levels, and behavioral changes measured on a visual analog scale. RESULTS: Following MT administration, levels of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) were significantly lower (mean +/- SD, 103.8 +/- 47 vs 122.0 +/- 50.7 pmol/mL; P<.01), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels were significantly higher (mean +/- SD, 104.7 +/- 31.3 vs 86.9 +/- 23.6 pmol/mL; P<.01). No significant MT-related changes were observed in CSF levels of corticotropin, norepinephrine, cortisol, arginine vasopressin, prolactin, corticotropin-releasing hormone, beta-endorphin, and somatotropin release-inhibiting factor. Changes in CSF 5-HIAA significantly correlated with increases in "activation" symptoms (energy, sexual arousal, and diminished sleep) (r = 0.55; P =.02). No significant correlation was observed between changes in CSF and plasma MT, CSF MHPG, and behavioral symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term anabolic androgenic steroid use affects brain neurochemistry, increasing CSF 5-HIAA and decreasing MHPG. Changes in 5-HIAA levels caused by anabolic androgenic steroids are related to the behavioral changes we observed. In this small sample, we did not observe a significant relationship between behavioral measures and either dose of MT or CSF and plasma levels of MT.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Behavior change at the worksite: does social support make a difference?

PURPOSE: This study examines whether social support for behavior change at work is associated with changes in employee heart disease risk factors. DESIGN: A prospective correlational design was used with data sets collected 12 months apart. SETTING: Twenty-five small to medium worksites in Oregon. SUBJECTS. Participants were 689 men and 421 women volunteers who participated in two health assessments at the worksite on company time. MEASURES: Demographic characteristics, gender, social support, smoking behavior, dietary fat intake, and total blood cholesterol. RESULTS: Employees reporting strong social support at work for not smoking and for limiting dietary fat were less likely to smoke (r = -.11, odds ratio [OR] = .86) and to consume fat in their diets (r = -.10) at baseline. Employees who reported the most change in social support over a 12-month period were most likely to have stopped smoking (r = .15, OR = 1.31). Social support at baseline, however, was unrelated to change in smoking, dietary fat, or total blood cholesterol in a prospective design. Although women reported more social support at work than did men, no differential gender effects of social support were reported on heart disease risk status or change in risk status. CONCLUSION: Baseline social support at work did not predict future behavior change. The observed association between social support and lifestyle may be better explained as cognitive rationalization than by the impact of social support on behavior.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Enrollment in a drug-free detention program: the prediction of successful behavior change of drug-using inmates.

Factors predicting the behavior change of drug-using detainees were investigated in detainees in two penitentiaries in The Netherlands. Subjects attended either a standard program or a Drug-Free Detention Program (DFDP) and were assessed at the beginning of detention, at release/transfer, and at 2 years after the end of detention. Predictors of postprogram contact with treatment agencies and changes in criminal recidivism, substance abuse, and psychosocial functioning were investigated using regression analysis. Detainees who started drug use early, without previous DFDP detention, and who frequently expressed self-esteem and who had many family problems realized meetings with drug treatment agencies more often. Those with a legal source of income showed decreases in addiction severity and in the number of days in which hard drugs were used. Comparison of the normal program and the DFDP showed that only for the normal wing could changes in substance use and psychosocial functioning be predicted. Results show the value of multiple-outcome criteria in criminal recidivism research and call for more studies investigating change processes.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Can the theory of planned behavior explain patterns of health behavior change?

This article tested the ability of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to predict patterns of behavior change associated with health screening. Attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intentions were used to predict objective measures of attendance 1 month and 13 months later among participants who had never previously been screened (N = 389). Findings showed that the TPB predicted attendance on each occasion and also predicted frequency of attendance. However, the model was unable to reliably distinguish among consistent attendees, participants who delayed attending, and participants who initially attended but relapsed. Thus, the TPB needs to be extended to understand behaviors that must be performed promptly and repeatedly for health benefits to accrue.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Comparative behavioral changes in postpubertal rats after neonatal excitotoxic lesions of the ventral hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex.

The neonatal ventral hippocampal (nVH) and the neonatal prefrontal cortex (nPFC) lesions in rats have been used as models to test the hypothesis that early neurodevelopmental abnormalities lead to behavioral changes putatively linked to schizophrenia. We investigated the role of the nVH and the nPFC lesions on behavioral characteristics related to locomotor behaviors, social interaction, and grooming. Bilateral ibotenic acid lesions of the VH, the PFC, or both were made in neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats (postnatal day 7, P7) and their behaviors studied at P35 and P60. No significant differences in any of the behaviors were observed between sham animals and rats with ibotenic acid lesions at P35. Postpubertally (at P60), the spontaneous locomotor activity of nVH-lesioned rats was significantly enhanced compared to the sham controls; however, this hyperactivity was reversed by nVH and nPFC double lesions. Neonatal PFC lesion alone did not alter spontaneous activity, although a trend of increased activity was observed. The duration of grooming was significantly decreased in rats with neonatal lesions of the VH. Similar to the data on locomotion, nVH plus nPFC lesion normalized the grooming behavior. Lesion of the PFC alone was without any significant effect on grooming behavior. Neonatal VH-lesioned animals spent less time in active social interaction, and this effect persisted even in nVH plus nPFC-lesioned animals. By itself, nPFC lesion did not alter social behavior. These data suggest that subtle developmental aberrations within PFC caused by nVH lesions, rather than the lesion of PFC itself, may contribute to some of the behavioral changes seen in the nVH-lesioned rats.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Electroencephalogram and behavioral changes induced by histamine application into the nasal cavity and the effects of some H(1)-receptor antagonists.

The present study was performed to measure the olfactory bulb with an electroencephalogram (EEG) to investigate the relationship between the EEG and behavioral changes of rats induced by the topical application of histamine into the nasal cavity. The effects of some H(1)-receptor antagonists on the EEG and behavioral changes induced by histamine were also studied. The topical application of histamine into the nasal cavity resulted in a significant and dose-dependent increase in the incidence of sneezing and nasal rubbing. The EEG spike at the olfactory bulb was also observed to be in parallel with the sneezing. In addition, there was an intimate relationship between the EEG spike and sneezing; however, no correlation was observed between the EEG spike and nasal rubbing. All the H(1)-receptor antagonists used in the present study caused an inhibition not only of sneezing but also of the EEG spike at the same dose level. These results suggested that the EEG spike observed in the olfactory bulb is an objective and reliable indication of sneezing induced by allergic rhinitis.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1979

Social isolation and other behavioral changes in groups of adult vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) produced by low, nonchronic doses of d-amphetamine.

Doses (0.1--0.7 mg/kg body weight) d-amphetamine were administered to three independent groups of green vervet monkeys (Cerecopithecus aethiops). Each group formed a triad with one male and two females. Amphetamine changed both the individual and the social behavior patterns significantly. Stereotypy and social isolation (withdrawal) were characteristic features of the amphetaminized animals. Also stereotyped social grooming was observed. The results are discussed in relation to behavior changes seen in amphetamine psychoses and in naturally occurring endogenous psychoses. It is emphasized that the study of patterns of behavior is an important object of research and relevant line in future investigations on psychopathology.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

The effects of FK506, a specific calcineurin inhibitor, on methamphetamine-induced behavioral change and its sensitization in rats.

RATIONALE: FK506 inhibits calcineurin activity, resulting in the inhibition of calcium-dependent intracellular processes. Recent studies have suggested that intracellular calcium is likely to be involved in methamphetamine (MAP)-induced locomotor activity and stereotyped behavior, and in the development of sensitization to MAP. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the effects of FK506 on MAP-induced behavioral changes and the development of sensitization in rats. METHODS: In experiment 1, animals were administered IP 2 mg/kg FK506 or vehicle followed 10 min later by MAP (1, 2, 4 and 8 mg/kg, IP). Another set of animals were administered FK506 (0.1, 2, 5 and 10 mg/kg) followed by 2 mg/kg MAP. Locomotor activity and stereotyped behavior were assessed. In experiment 2, animals received repeated IP injections of 2 mg/kg MAP pretreated with 2 mg/kg FK506 or vehicle for 5 consecutive days. One week later, rats were challenged with 1 mg/kg MAP. RESULTS: Pretreatment with 2 mg/kg FK506 caused a rightward shift of the inverted U-shaped response curve of the locomotor activity induced by 1-8 mg/kg MAP. The same pretreatment significantly attenuated augmentation of the MAP-induced stereotyped behavior. FK506 at doses of 0.1-10 mg/kg dose-dependently inhibited the behavioral response induced by 2 mg/kg MAP. Coadministration of 2 mg/kg FK506 with 2 mg/kg MAP for 5 consecutive days resulted in significant suppression of the behavioral response to challenge with 1 mg/kg MAP. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that calcineurin plays an important role in MAP-induced behavioral changes and sensitization, especially the latter.

Animals↗

PubMed2007

Creating lasting attitude and behavior change in fraternity members and male student athletes: the qualitative impact of an empathy-based rape prevention program.

Fraternity members and male student athletes responded to open-ended questions assessing the impact of an empathy-based rape prevention program. All participants reported either lasting attitude or behavior changes; most reported both. Participants reported increased understanding of how rape might feel and attributed this change to seeing a videotape describing a male-on-male rape situation. Participants refrained from telling jokes about rape and reported feeling more effective when helping survivors seeking assistance. These behavior changes were attributed to the videotape and to a section of the program encouraging participants to confront rape jokes and challenge sexist behaviors.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMed2004

Behavior change evaluation of a culturally consistent reproductive health program for young Kenyans.

CONTEXT: Few rigorous evaluations have been conducted of locally designed, culturally consistent adolescent reproductive health programs. METHODS: A quasi-experimental research design was used to measure behavioral changes associated with a culturally consistent reproductive health program for young people in Kenya. Baseline and endline surveys were conducted in 1997 and 2001, respectively, in the project and control areas. Multivariate analysis was used to assess whether the project was associated with changes in young people's sexual initiation, safer-sex behavior and discussion of reproductive health issues with adults. RESULTS: The 36-month project was associated with considerable changes in young people's sexual and reproductive health-related behavior, but behavior change differed by gender. Females in the project site were significantly more likely than those in the control site to adopt secondary abstinence (odds ratio, 3.3) and less likely to have had three or more sex partners (0.1). Males in the project site were more likely to use condoms than those in the control site (3.7). Both males and females in the project site were more likely to discuss sexual and reproductive health issues with a nonparent adult than were young people in the control site (1.9 and 5.5, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Interventions that adapt to indigenous traditions can be both acceptable to communities and associated with significant changes in young people's behavior.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Behavioral changes produced in rats by developmental exposure to flumazenil, a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist.

1. Prolonged administration of a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, such as flumazenil (given to the mother at a dose of 3 mg/kg s.c. from day 14 to day 20 of gestation), produced subtle behavioral changes in rat pups. 2. Flumazenil treatment decreased the rate of ultrasonic vocalization in 15-day old male pups removed from their nest. 3. No significant changes in the locomotor activity of the flumazenil-treated group with respect to controls was found at the end of the second and fourth postnatal week. 4. These results suggest that late prenatal exposure to flumazenil induces in rat offspring behavioral changes characterized by decreased emotional responsiveness to environmental challenges.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Application of the transtheoretical model of behavior change for obesity in Mexican American women.

The prevalence, consequences, and resistance to treatment of obesity make it one of the most difficult psychological and medical problems in society today. The incidence of obesity is greater in Mexican Americans than in Caucasians. The purpose of this study was to apply the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change on a sample of Mexican American women in weight-loss study. Questionnaires assessing the stages and processes of change were shortened, translated, and administered to subjects. Cluster analyses were conducted to determine the stage of change profiles, with five distinct profiles emerging. These profiles are consistent with those reported in previous research on smoking, psychotherapy, alcoholism, and overeating. Relationships among stages, processes, and profiles of change were examined and found to be consistent with previous research. This study supports the use of the Transtheoretical Model with Mexican American women who were enrolled in a behaviorally oriented weight-loss program. Results of the study are limited owing to a small sample size; however, it does provide a foundation to incorporate Hispanic populations in future studies pertaining to stages and processes of behavior change.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

The Key Behaviors Change Inventory and executive functioning in an elderly clinic sample.

The Key Behaviors Change Inventory (KBCI) was developed to assess executive, behavioral, and emotional functioning following brain insults and to track the course of recovery. The purpose of this study was to investigate, in an elderly memory disorder clinic sample, the convergent and discriminant validity of the KBCI by examining the relationships between various measures of executive functioning and the KBCI scales that theoretically relate to executive functions. The KBCI was administered to the caregivers of 97 consecutive patients who came to a memory disorders clinic seeking services. The KBCI scales of Inattention, Apathy, Unawareness of Problems, and Communication Problems were significantly correlated with cognitive measures of executive functioning but not with measures of memory, visuospatial abilities or global cognitive functioning. In contrast, KBCI scales of Interpersonal Difficulties, Somatic Difficulties, and Emotional Adjustment were not related to any cognitive measures, either executive or nonexecutive. Contrary to predicted findings, the Impulsivity Scale was not associated with cognitive measures of executive functioning. This lack of relationship most likely reflects the failure to include executive measures of orbitofrontal functioning in this study. Results provide convergent and discriminant validity support for the KBCI. The KBCI may be a useful tool for assessing and tracking the executive, behavioral, and emotional sequelae of neurologic disorders.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1999

Distribution along a stages-of-behavioral-change continuum for condom and contraceptive use among women accessed in different settings. Prevention of HIV in Women and Infants Demonstration Projects.

The numbers of women of childbearing age in the US with HIV and AIDS from heterosexual transmission continues to rise. Behavioral interventions remain the best means of preventing transmission of HIV. Program planners often implement interventions to promote behavioral change in a wide range of settings such as family planning or sexually transmitted disease clinics, drug treatment facilities, or medical facilities that serve high risk and HIV positive women. Women recruited in different types of settings, however, may differ with respect to their experience with, attitudes toward, and willingness to use condoms and contraception. Such differences should be considered when tailoring interventions to the populations being served. We examined the readiness to use condoms and contraception among 3784 women in four cities recruited in three different types of settings: community, facilities not targeted to HIV positive women and medical facilities for HIV positive populations. Readiness to use condoms or contraception was measured using The Transtheoretical Model of Change. Women reported being in different stages along the continuum of condom and contraceptive use in the three settings. A greater proportion of women in the HIV-facility, 45%, had used condoms consistently for the previous 6 months compared to women in the other two settings (12% and 11%). Similarly, variation across settings was seen for contemplation of consistent contraceptive use to prevent unintended pregnancies. The variability in the distribution of condom and contraceptive use across settings underscores the importance of assessing the readiness for the behavior change and designing interventions that meet the specific needs of the populations being served.

Adolescent↗