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PubMed2005

Selling the silver: country house libraries and the history of science.

Country houses have long acted as scholarly research centres, and the contents and organization of their libraries reveal how knowledge was created and transmitted through scientific networks: they provide material evidence of intellectual and social cultures. Manuscripts are particularly appreciated in this regard because they are unique, but individual books also differ and copies of the same book are not always identical -- they might be annotated by authors and readers, and the printed text can vary as well -- so they also carry invaluable historical information. When libraries are broken up, access to the past is permanently blocked.

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMed2006

Hybrid paradigms.

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Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMed2003

The flexible Ph.D.

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Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMed2004

Enhancement of the photoluminescence of CdSe quantum dots during long-term UV-irradiation: privilege or fault in life science research?

The present study describes an impressive enhancement of the photoluminescence (PL) intensity of low-temperature synthesized CdSe nanocrystals (75 degrees C) during long-term UV-irradiation. The integrated PL-intensity of CdSe core and CdSe/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals, dispersed in chloroform, enhanced about 3 and 6 times, respectively, during 9 h exposure to UV-light, without any significant changes in the characteristic absorbance spectra and shifting of PL-spectra. After termination of the irradiation a comparatively slow photobleaching was detected with tau(1/2) = 6 h for CdSe core and tau(1/2) = 14 h for CdSe/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals. The most impressive was the effect of UV-irradiation on the photoluminescence of water-soluble CdSe nanocrystals. The integrated PL-intensity enhanced about 10 times during 11 h exposure to UV-light and the improved PL-intensity was preserved during 3 days after termination of the irradiation without any significant photobleaching. The results are discussed in the context of application of CdSe nanocrystals as novel fluorophores in life science experiments.

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMed2006

Entry criteria as predictor of performance in an undergraduate nursing degree programme.

The Nursing Council of New Zealand recently reviewed the minimum standard entry criteria for acceptance into undergraduate nursing programmes. The Otago Polytechnic School of Nursing in Dunedin felt it timely to explore the relationship between academic performance and entry criteria. The School's entry criteria included a bioscience requirement, which varied from the Nursing Council criteria. This research explored the relationship between entry criteria and academic performance in the first and second year bioscience papers. The sample consisted of 619 academic records of the 1994-2002 graduates from the Degree Programme. The sample was divided into an under 20-age group (n=323) and a 20 and over group (n=296). This division related to a difference in the entry criteria for each of the groups. Chi-square and correlational analyses found a relationship between entry qualifications and students' academic performance in the two papers. The entry criteria had a stronger relationship with the students' performance in the first year bioscience paper than the second year paper. Performance in the first year was predicative of second year performance. Age was also found to be a useful predictor of grades. These findings support the School's Bioscience entry criteria and provide important information for admission committees.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Biological researchers: building nursing science.

Nursing science addresses the individual from a multidimensional perspective, and the questions nurses generate from their practice are often grounded in basic biology. However, concern is frequently voiced as to whether there is adequate preparation and support for biological researchers within nursing. This study reports on a survey of nurse investigators funded by the National Institutes of Health who carry out biological research. All study participants were current faculty, and 48% had post-doctoral training. The majority worked with animal models. Research areas ranged from cell and molecular biology to delivery of health care. Some participants reported tension between their work and how others view "typical" nursing research. All participants had been awarded federal research funding, primarily from the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR), and most reported receiving small grants from other funding organizations early in their careers. Self-identified factors influencing success included mentoring, flexibility, persistence, and hard work.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2006

Solly Zuckerman: the making of a primatological career in Britain, 1925-1945.

Solly Zuckerman's work has been largely dismissed or marginalized by both historians of primatology and primatologists. This paper, using archival and published materials, re-examines both his life and his research into primate sexuality and sociology in the 1920s, endocrinology in the 1930s, and the effects of bomb blast in the 1940s. Despite the many flaws in his work, which is now largely outdated, his career reveals a great deal about the audiences for primatological knowledge in pre-war and wartime Britain; the interlocking circles of the scientific community that impinged on primatology; and competing ideas of what constituted a scientifically correct methodology for the observation of primate behaviour. Also noted is the gap between Zuckerman's self-presentation as the scourge of anthropomorphism and the anthropomorphism of his remarks in private notebooks. Although his work well illustrates familiar themes of patriarchy, military and colonialism in the history of primatology, it also suggests another, underexplored dimension of that science: primatology as an example of cross-species social interaction.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2006

Naturalising purpose: from comparative anatomy to the 'adventure of reason'.

Kant's analysis of the concept of natural purpose in the Critique of judgment captured several features of organisms that he argued warranted making them the objects of a special field of study, in need of a special regulative teleological principle. By showing that organisms have to be conceived as self-organizing wholes, epigenetically built according to the idea of a whole that we must presuppose, Kant accounted for three features of organisms conflated in the biological sciences of the period: adaptation, functionality and conservation of forms. Kant's unitary concept of natural purpose was subsequently split in two directions: first by Cuvier's comparative anatomy, that would draw on the idea of adaptative functions as a regulative principle for understanding in reconstituting and classifying organisms; and then by Goethe's and Geoffroy's morphology, a science of the general transformations of living forms. However, such general transformations in nature, objects of an alleged 'archaeology of nature', were thought impossible by Kant in section paragraph 80 of the Critique of judgment. Goethe made this 'adventure of reason' possible by changing the sense of 'explanation': scientific explanation was shifted from the investigation of the mechanical processes of generation of individual organisms to the unveiling of some ideal transformations of types instantiated by those organisms.

Anatomy, Comparative↗
PubMed2006

Kant's concept of natural purpose and the reflecting power of judgement.

This paper examines how in the 'Critique of teleological judgment' Kant characterized the concept of natural purpose in relation to and in distinction from the concepts of nature and the concept of purpose he had developed in his other critical writings. Kant maintained that neither the principles of mechanical science nor the pure concepts of the understanding through which we determine experience in general provide adequate conceptualizations of the unique capacities of organisms. He also held that although the concept of natural purpose was derived through reflection upon an analogy to human purposive activity in artistic production and moral action, it articulates a unique notion of intrinsic purposiveness. Kant restricted his critical reflections on organisms to phenomena that can be given to us in experience, criticizing speculations on their first origins or final purpose. But I argue that he held that the concept of natural purpose is a product of the reflecting power of judgment, rather than an empirical concept, and represents only the relation of things to our power of judgment. Yet it is necessary for the identification of organisms as organized and self-organizing, and as subject to unique norms and causal relations between parts and whole.

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMed2006

Kant on biological teleology: Towards a two-level interpretation.

According to Kant's Critique of the power of judgment, teleological considerations are unavoidable for conceptualizing organisms. Does this mean that teleology is more than merely heuristic? Kant stresses the regulative status of teleological attributions, but sometimes he seems to treat teleology as a constitutive condition for biology. To clarify this issue, the concept of natural purpose and its role for biology are examined. I suggest that the concept serves an identificatory function: it singles out objects as natural purposes, whereby the special science of biology is constituted. This relative constitutivity of teleology is explicated by means of a distinction of levels: on the object level of biological science, teleology is taken as constitutive, though it is merely regulative on the philosophical meta level. This distinction also concerns the place of Aristotelian teleology in Kant: on the object level, the Aristotelian view is accepted, whereas on the meta level, an agnostic stance is taken concerning teleology.

Biological Science Disciplines↗