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PubMed2003

Validation of body fluid analysis on the Coulter LH 750.

The role of the hematology laboratory in the analysis of body fluid has been to provide accurate enumeration of red blood cells (RBCs), total nucleated cells (TNCs), and differentials by manual analysis. Three hospitals (London Health Sciences Centre, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, and University of Michigan Health System) participated in the assessment of the performance of automated analysis of body fluid by the Beckman Coulter LH 750, an impedance-based hematology analyzer. We evaluated the accuracy of analysis results for both the TNCs and RBCs of 372 samples (158 serous fluid, 148 cerebrospinal fluid [CSF], 66 synovial fluid) run on the LH 750 compared to results obtained from manual chamber counting. Of the 372 samples, 152 were suitable for evaluation of accuracy of the automated TNC. The remaining 220 samples were either flagged for interfering substances or the reference results were < 0.2 x 10(9)/L, below the background limit of the analyzer. Correlation coefficients for serous fluid were 0.895, P = .88; for CSF, 0.993, P = .84; and for synovial fluid, 0.836, P = .94. Of the 372 samples, 106 had RBC counts greater than 0.01 x 10(12)/L and were used for method comparison. Correlation coefficients for serous fluid were 0.957, P = .66; for CSF, 0.849, P = .55; and for synovial fluid, 0.667, P = .81. Linearity and precision studies showed excellent agreement for both TNC and RBC parameters. Low-level sensitivity excluded the majority of cerebrospinal (119) and a small number of peritoneal dialysate fluid samples (8), which require accurate enumeration at clinical decision points between 0 to 100 cells/microliter. In the case of synovial and serous fluids, however, most clinicians are interested in TNC counts above 0.2 x 10(9)/L, and RBC counts are relevant only if they are significantly increased (> or = 0.05 x 10(12)/L). Adopting the criteria of reporting TNC counts as < 0.2 x 10(9)/L or accurate enumeration on counts > or = 0.2 x 10(9)/L, clinically relevant results could be provided by automated analysis in 93.8% of serous fluids and 85.8% of synovial fluids.

Blood Cells↗
PubMed1986

Elevation of the panting threshold of the desert iguana, Dipsosaurus dorsalis, during dehydration: potential roles of changes in plasma osmolality and body fluid volume.

Dehydration of the desert iguana, Dipsosaurus dorsalis, resulted in a progressive elevation in the magnitude of the skin temperature necessary to elicit thermal panting (i.e., the panting threshold). Panting threshold increased from 43.4 +/- 0.8 degrees C at 100% initial body weight (IBW) to 45.4 +/- 1.2 degrees C at 90% IBW to 45.7 +/- 0.9 degrees C at 80% IBW. Plasma osmolality showed no significant change with dehydration to 80% IBW. Changes in plasma osmolality, whether induced by NaCl or non-ionic sucrose loading, had a significant impact on panting threshold. Increasing plasma osmolality resulted in an elevation of panting threshold while decreasing plasma osmolality resulted in lower panting thresholds. Decreasing body fluid volume by exsanguination of 1 ml whole blood/100 g body weight resulted in a mean increase in panting threshold by 0.7 +/- 0.2 degrees C. Volume loading with 160 mM NaCl (approximately isosmotic) had no significant effect on panting threshold. These data suggest that plasma osmolality and decreases in body fluid volume may be potent modulators of panting threshold during periods of water deprivation. However, at least in desert iguanas, increases in plasma osmolality would not appear to be an important factor in the elevation of panting threshold during dehydration to 80% IBW.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

ABO and Lewis typing of semen, saliva and other body fluids.

It is well known that ABH group specific substances are usually present in high concentrations in body fluids of secretors. In normal circumstances these substances can withstand drying and retain their antigenic activity over a prolonged period. This enables the forensic serologist to assist in the investigation of various crimes by grouping stains of body fluids such as semen and saliva. It is possible, for instance, to group saliva and lip mucosa stains on cigarette ends, gags, masks, postage stamps and envelope flaps etc. but it is the grouping of seminal stains in the investigation of sexual crimes which predominates. The results of such tests can be extremely valuable in either including or excluding suspects.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1998

Rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis in various biopsy and body fluid specimens by the AMPLICOR Mycobacterium tuberculosis polymerase chain reaction test.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to determine the usefulness of the AMPLICOR Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test (Roche Diagnostic Systems, Inc; Branchburg, NJ) in diagnosing TB in tissue and body fluid specimens other than respiratory secretions. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective analysis of clinical and laboratory data in patients with suspected TB at the four divisional hospitals of Catholic Medical Center, located in New York. PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS: A total of 1,090 tissue and body fluid specimens from 1,032 patients with suspected TB were subjected to acid-fast bacillus (AFB) smear, culture, and the AMPLICOR MTB PCR test. RESULTS: Of the 1,090 specimens, 32 grew M tuberculosis complex and 8 specimens grew isolates belonging to the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). The AMPLICOR MTB PCR test was positive for 24 of the 32 specimens that grew M tuberculosis. It was also positive for four additional specimens that were culture-negative for M tuberculosis or MAC. Two of these specimens were from patients with a previously recorded positive sputum culture for M tuberculosis. The AMPLICOR test was negative for all eight specimens that yielded MAC only. When AMPLICOR MTB PCR test results were compared with the confirmed clinical diagnosis of TB, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for the AMPLICOR MTB PCR test were 76.4%, 99.8%, 92.8%, and 99.2%, respectively. PCR results were available within 6.5 hours, compared with an average of 3 weeks for culture of M tuberculosis. CONCLUSIONS: These data establish the utility of the AMPLICOR MTB PCR test for the rapid detection of M tuberculosis in tissue and body fluid specimens other than respiratory secretions.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1978

Body fluid compartments in rabbits on exposure to acute hypobaric hypoxia.

Body fluid compartments were studied in rabbits divided into three groups--control, exposed to acute hypoxia, and exposed to hypoxia after treatment with 2 mg frusemide intramuscularly. Total body water, extracellular body water, and plasma space were determined using the triple radiotracer technique. Total body water decreased insignificantly with no change in extracellular body space on exposure to hypoxia. Plasma volume and blood volume showed a significant decrease with a significant increase in haematocrit. In rabbits pretreated with frusemide, total body water, extracellular body water, plasma volume, blood volume, and interstitial fluid space decreased significantly on hypoxic exposure. This study suggested hypohydration on acute hypoxic exposure with a loss of intracellular water, while pretreatment with frusemide resulted in further hypohydration with a loss from both intracellular and extracellular compartments. The results have been discussed in relation to suggested use of diuretics on induction to high altitude.

Altitude Sickness↗
PubMed1977

Maternal ingested methadone, body fluid methadone, and the neonatal withdrawal syndrome.

The relationship between the quantity of methadone ingested by the pregnant mother, the quantity of methadone in maternal and neonatal body fluids, and the subsequent neonatal withdrawal course was studied. The severity of the neonatal withdrawal syndrome was found to be related to the total dose of methadone ingested by the mother during the last 12 weeks of pregnancy (p less than 0.02), the maternal dose of methadone at delivery (p less than 0.01), and the intrapartum serum methadone levels (p less than 0.01). The cord blood levels of methadone were consistently lower than the maternal serum levels. Amniotic fluid methadone levels were not constantly related to maternal or neonatal serum methadone levels. Concentrations of methadone 10 to 60 times greater than that of cord blood were found in neonatal urine.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1989

Body fluid variations and endogenous digitalis-like compounds during chronic NaCl loading in Wistar rats.

Circulating digitalis-like compounds have been proposed to be raised in volume expanded hypertension and to participate in Na+ homeostasis. We have investigated the temporal relationships between the activity of these circulating digitalis-like compounds, blood pressure and body fluid volume variations during a chronic NaCl load in the Wistar rat. Characteristics of salt-loaded rats were compared to those of weight-matched controls. At one week, when extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) was elevated, the capacity of plasma extracts to inhibit the Na+K+ATPase activity begun to rise. At two weeks, ECFV remained elevated, and plasma volume, blood pressure and the activity of plasma digitalis-like compounds increased. After 13 weeks, the continuous rise in plasma digitalis-like activity and in blood pressure was accompanied by the return of body fluid volumes towards control values. These changes in plasma digitalis-like activity, body fluid volumes, and systolic blood pressure during a high NaCl diet are compatible with the proposed role of circulating digitalis-like compounds as natriuretic and hypertensive factors.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Body fluid analysis of 1,3-diphenylguanidine for mutagenicity as detected by Salmonella strains.

The toxicity and mutagenicity of 1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG) were monitored in Salmonella bacteria using the direct incorporation protocol. The test consisted of either direct incorporation of DPG or analysis of body fluid and faecal material derived from animals exposed to DPG. The data from direct incorporation of DPG suggested that the compound is a direct acting mutagen and that in the presence of metabolic activation system there was a reduction in the number of histidine revertants. The data further showed that while higher dosage levels of DPG without metabolic activation were extremely toxic and thus generated significantly fewer revertants, similar concentrations proved to be moderately mutagenic in the presence of S-9 mix. From the data on mutagenic activity of body fluids and faeces, it is suggested that (1) the rate of excretion of i.p.-administered DPG into extracellular fluids, urinary and gastrointestinal tracts is concentration dependent, and (2) a greater proportion of the compound is eliminated through the urinary tract.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Vascular responsiveness and body fluid status in patients on chronic hemodialysis.

The vascular responsiveness and the body fluid distribution were studied in 5 hypotensive and 11 normotensive patients on long-term hemodialysis. A diminished vascular responsiveness to intravenously infused norepinephrine or angiotensin II was found in uremic patients, especially in the hypotensive group. A slightly larger, but non-significant circulating blood volume (CBV) and a less extracellular fluid volume (ECF) was found in the hypotensive group as compared with those of the normotensive group. These results suggest that with autonomic nervous dysfunction, such a diminution of vascular responsiveness may be an another factor responsible for the development of hypotension.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Pharmacokinetics of orbifloxacin and its concentration in body fluids and in endometrial tissues of mares.

Pharmacokinetics and distribution of orbifloxacin into body fluids and endometrium was studied in 6 mares after intragastric (IG) administration at a single dose rate of 7.5 mg/kg body weight. Orbifloxacin concentrations were serially measured in serum, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and endometrial tissues over 24 hours. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of orbifloxacin were determined for 120 equine pathogens over an 11-month period. The mean peak serum concentration (Cmax) was 2.41+/-0.30 microg/mL at 1.5 hours after administration and decreased to 0.17+/-0.01 microg/mL (Cmin) at 24 hours. The mean elimination half-life (t1/2) was 9.06+/-1.33 hours and area under the serum concentration vs time curve (AUC) was 20.54+/-1.70 mg h/L. Highest mean peritoneal fluid concentration was 2.15+/-0.49 microg/mL at 2 hours. Highest mean synovial fluid concentration was 1.17+/-0.28 microg/mL at 4 hours. Highest mean urine concentration was 536.67+/-244.79 microg/mL at 2 hours. Highest mean endometrial concentration was 0.72+/-0.23 microg/g at 1.5 hours. Mean CSF concentration was 0.46+/-0.55 microg/mL at 3 hours. The minimum inhibitory concentration of orbifloxacin required to inhibit 90% of isolates (MIC90) ranged from < or = 0.12 to > 8.0 microg/mL, with gram-negative organisms being more sensitive than gram-positive organisms. Orbifloxacin was uniformly absorbed in the 6 mares and was well distributed into body fluids and endometrial tissue. At a dosage of 7.5 mg/kg once a day, many gram-negative pathogens, such as Actinobacillus equuli, Escherichia coli, Pasteurella spp., and Salmonella spp. would be expected to be susceptible to orbifloxacin.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

p53 immunostaining as a marker of malignancy in cytologic preparations of body fluids.

The accurate identification of suspicious cells in cytologic preparations is a common problem in diagnostic cytopathology. Recent studies have shown that mutation of the p53 gene may be the most common genetic event in human malignancy. Mutation leads to altered conformation and increased half-life of the p53 protein, resulting in detectability by immunocytochemistry. The usefulness of p53 immunocytochemical staining as a marker of malignancy in the cytologic analysis of body fluids was investigated in the present study. One hundred fifty-four serial samples of body fluids submitted for cytologic diagnosis were also examined for p53 immunoreactivity. Of 121 cases reported as cytologically benign, 3 (2.5%) stained positively for p53; 16 samples were cytologically malignant, and 7 (43.7%) of these were positive for p53 (P < .001). Of those reported as suspicious but not conclusively malignant, 4 of 17 (23.5%) showed p53 immunoreactivity. On review, two of the three patients whose samples were benign cytologically yet showed positive p53 staining had histologic evidence of malignancy. The third patient died without a postmortem examination. Of the 17 cytologically suspicious cases, 16 (94.1%) were later proven to be malignant, and p53 was positive in 4 (25%). These results suggest that p53 immunostaining could be of value as a marker of malignancy in the cytologic examination of body fluids. The presence of p53 immunoreactivity in cytologic samples is strongly suggestive of malignancy, though its absence does not exclude neoplasia.

Body Fluids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Study of work accidents related to human body fluids exposure among health workers at a university hospital].

This descriptive and exploratory study from a quantitative approach aimed to characterize workers who were victims of work accidents related to human body fluids exposure and to evaluate the accident victim care protocol. The population consisted of 48 workers who were victims of work accidents involving exposure to human body fluids, from July 2000 to June 2001. Data were collected through a form and interviews. Results showed that nursing workers presented higher accident risk levels and that 87.50% involved piercing and cutting material, such as needles and butterflies (70%). As to the accident-related situation/activity, the workers indicated that 25% were due to an "inadequate act during the procedure"; 19.64% mentioned that "it happened" and 29.17% answered that they did not have any suggestion. This study provided important tools to review and elaborate strategies to prevent accidents involving exposure to human body fluids.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1995

An improved method for quantification of extra domain A-containing cellular fibronectin (EDAcFN) in different body fluids.

A quantitative direct enzyme immunoassay for the extra domain A-containing isoform of cellular fibronectin (EDAcFN) was established for screening of large series of blood samples and various body fluids of different pH and viscosity. The method is based on the monoclonal antibody DH1 recognizing the extra domain A in cellular fibronectin (EDAcFN). Studies on the effect of dilution of plasma and serum samples in this direct assay indicated that the measured concentration of cFN in the samples greatly depend on the ratio of sample dilution. The linearity of the assay was improved with sample dilution and the optimal dilution was 1:5. Stored diluted samples retained their cFN content at +4 degrees C, and -20 degrees C and -70 degrees C for months in contrast to samples stored undiluted. With this direct EIA the detection limit was 0.05 micrograms/ml and the linear portion of the standard curve could be extended above 30 micrograms/ml. Thus, the cFN concentration of blood samples could be measured reliably without inhibition also in samples with very high concentration of cFN. This is particularly important when measuring blood samples from cancer patients, since these samples may contain more than 20 micrograms/ml EDAcFN. The assay was standardized for blood samples but, due to the possibility of sample dilution, it also enabled reliable quantification of EDAcFN in various other body fluids. Undiluted some of the samples with non-neutral pH (urine, bile) or with high viscosity (seminal plasma) interfered with the assay. In addition to blood samples, the EDAcFN concentration was determined in samples of urine, bile, amniotic fluid, cervicovaginal secretions, seminal fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, pleural fluid and saliva. Thereby, this modified method was shown to be applicable to various body fluids.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1985

The periventricular anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V): its relationship with the subfornical organ and neural systems involved in maintaining body fluid homeostasis.

The periventricular tissue surrounding the anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) is critically involved in the maintenance of normal body fluid balance and distribution. The present review examines the anatomical, neurochemical, and functional relationship of the AV3V with neural systems subserving body fluid homeostasis. In particular, the nature of AV3V afferents from the subfornical organ (SFO) and from brainstem noradrenergic cell groups is discussed. A model is presented proposing that specific structures within the AV3V, particularly along the ventral lamina terminalis, function to integrate information derived from blood-borne angiotensin II (via the SFO) with input arising from vascular pressure/volume receptors. The resultant of this integration is important for the generation of a normal component of thirst (i.e., drinking) associated with extracellular dehydration.

Afferent Pathways↗