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PubMed1984

Morphology of the testis of the one-humped camel in relation to reproductive activity.

Histological and morphometric studies on the camel testis have been carried out systematically at regular monthly intervals during a period of one year. The testicular weight was minimal during summer, while the maximum weight was attained during the coldest months from November until March. Diameters of the seminiferous tubules were multiphasic with a tendency to be wider during summer. The ratio of the area occupied by seminiferous tubules to that occupied by interstitial tissue revealed that the latter occupied a larger area than that of the seminiferous tubules during winter, while a reversed relationship occurred from March onwards and was especially marked after April, i.e. in summer. In addition, spermatogenesis was noted in all testes examined throughout the year; however, there was a difference in the quality and quantity of spermatogenic cells between the monthly groups evaluated. November, December and January were the months in which spermatogenic activity was most striking. A correlation was established between testicular weight, amount and quality of testicular interstitial tissue, spermatogenesis and epididymal sperm content and, hence, testicular function on the one hand and season of the year on the other hand. The cyclic structural changes in the testis appeared to be in parallel with the rutting activity of the camel. It was suggested also that the camel is not a typical seasonal breeder as it does not go through sexual quiescence. The reproductive activity of the camel builds up during September and October, and the animal is in actual rut during November, December, January and February, with a drop in March and thereafter.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Morphological changes in the testis and epididymis of camels (Camelus dromedarius). Part I.

The normal anatomy and morphological changes in the testis and epididymis, due to age and seasonal variations, were studied in camels (Camelus dromedarius) between 4 and 20 years of age. The testes had a dark gray colour and were situated in the perineum. The weight ranged from 32 to 225 g. The length and maximum cross-diameter were 6--13 and 3--6.5 cm, respectively. The maximum weight of the left testis in 12-year-old camels during the winter months (December to March) was 225 g, and the minimum weight in the camels of the same age group during the summer months (April to July) was 181 g. The seasonal influence on the weight of the testis was very profound in the camels of 9--14 years. The weight of the epidiymis ranged from 10 to 40 g; their weight increased in all age groups during the winter months.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1981

Experience in northern Nigeria with countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis, double diffusion and indirect haemagglutination tests for diagnosis of hydatid cyst in camels.

Sera from 36 slaughtered camels with proven hydatid disease, from 46 camels found to be free of hydatidosis at post-mortem meat inspection, and from 26 animals with confirmed caprine heartwater, bovine trypanosomiasis and cysticercosis were examined. The indirect haemagglutination was found to be the most sensitive but least specific of the three tests. Ouchterlony's double diffusion (DD) test was specific and fairly sensitive. Although the countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis was as specific as DD, it was the least sensitive of the three serological tests. All three serological tests were always positive in camels with hydatid cyst infection affecting both the liver and the lung. A combination of indirect haemagglutination and Ouchterlony's double diffusion test could be useful for diagnosing hydatidosis in camels and probably other animals.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

The morphology and cytoarchitecture of the red nucleus of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius).

The red nucleus of the camel was delineated and reconstructed. For this purpose, three camel brain stems were used for making serial sections in the transverse, sagittal and horizontal planes after double embedding in celloidin-paraffin. All sections were mounted. Nissl and nissl-myelin methods were used for staining. The red nucleus was reconstructed by using a Leitz drawing device; it was seen to have the shape and form of an egg with a flattened medial surface. The red nucleus measures 8.35 mm (length) X 5.00 mm (width) X 3.70 mm (height) and extends from just caudal to the oculomotor nerve fibres to the fasciculus retroflexus rostrally. Five cell types were seen namely, giant, large, medium, small and minimus. The red nucleus shows a larger rostral parvocellular and a smaller caudal magnocellular divisions. The parvocellular division shows three subdivisions namely, the pars veniralis, pars dorsomedialis and cornu lateralis. The red nucleus and its giant cells are the largest reported in literature so far; the giant cells are quite similar to the large ventral spinal motor neurons. The camel cerebellum is very big and this fact along with the greatly developed red nucleus and rubrospinal tract may account for the great muscular control and coordination necessary for the camel to survive in the peculiar desert environment, it is exposed to.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Protein composition of camel's milk].

A study was made of camel's milk proteins, of their fraction and amino acid composition. It was shown that the content of the total protein in camel's milk does not depend on the season and constitutes 4.26 g/100 g product on the average. Examination of the fraction composition of camel's milk proteins revealed 74.1% of casein and 25.9% of serum proteins (of the total content). Of the total amount of serum proteins, albumins constitute 18.8%, globulins, 13% and proteoso-peptones, 17.8%. A study was also made of the amino acid content of camel's milk to reveal all the indispensable amino acids in the amount of 36.1%. Tryptophan is a limiting amino acid.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1996

Tocopherols in camel's plasma and tissues.

Plasma and tissues' concentration of alpha- gamma- and delta-tocopherol were estimated in 25 male camels. alpha-Tocopherol was the predominant form of vitamin E in plasma and tissues. gamma-Tocopherol was present in all studied tissues, except skeletal muscle and plasma. While delta-tocopherol was found only in the hump, no traces of beta-tocopherol were detected in plasma or in tissues. Plasma vitamin E level in camel was found to be lower than in other ruminants, which may be attributed to nutritional factors. Tocopherols distribution pattern varied among tissues, which may be a reflection of the variation in tocopherols depletion rate. Hump was estimated to contain a large quantity of vitamin E (50 mg) which may serve as storage site of vitamin E. The relationships of lipid levels to tocopherol levels were also studied. Plasma vitamin E correlated positively with cholesterol and total lipids, but tissues' vitamin E inconsistently correlated with them, which may indicate that the relationship of lipid levels to tocopherol levels in tissues is less significant, in evaluating nutritional status, than in plasma. delta-Tocopherol and cholesterol showed a reverse relationship in hump that may suggest a special function of delta-tocopherol in camel hump. The presence of a strong positive correlation between alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in some tissues (liver, heart, and spleen) may suggest the absence of a alpha-tocopherol depressing effect on gamma-tocopherol in some camel's tissues. Positive associations between tissues in their alpha-tocopherol concentration were also observed, but it was less defined in gamma-tocopherol.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Hematologic effects of xylazine when used for restraint of Bactrian camels.

Xylazine was found to be a safe and reliable drug for chemical restraint of Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus). Dosages of 0.27 to 0.51 mg/kg of body weight provided adequate sedation for the performance of various procedures (e.g., tuberculin testing, lymph node biopsy, and electroejaculation). Hematologic and serum biochemical values for camels restrained manually were compared with those for camels restrained with xylazine. Xylazine-treated camels had significantly lower values for RBC, hemoglobin, and packed cell volume, and significantly higher blood glucose concentrations. Venous blood gas analyses did not reveal any major acid-base disturbances resulting from the use of xylazine. Rapid arousal from the sedative effects of xylazine occurred after the intravenous administration of doxapram hydrochloride in dosages of 0.05 to 0.13 mg/kg of body weight.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Preliminary comparative studies on complement fixation, dot enzyme immunoassay, and western blotting for the detection of antibodies to Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides SC in Nigerian camel (Camelus dromedarius).

The serological prevalence of antibodies to Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC, the aetiological agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), was investigated in Nigerian camels. Fifty-eight serum samples were collected from slaughtered camels and examined by complement fixation (CFT), dot enzyme immunoassay and Western blots. Fourteen of the slaughtered camels examined had pneumonic lesions. All sera examined were negative by CFT but 7 (12.1%) and 4 (6.8%) were positive by dot enzyme immunoassay and Western blots, respectively. The serological evidence of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC in camels and its likely implication in the epidemiology of CBPP are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Ultrastructure of the nephron of the one-humped camel, Camelus dromedarius.

The nephron of the one-humped camel Camelus dromedarius was investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy. Besides the many features common to other mammalian kidneys, the nephron of the camel is unique in having an unusually thick basal lamina underlying the epithelial cells of the nephron, the thickest being found in part of the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule and the thin limb of the loop of Henle. In the latter, the membrane usually appears lamellated and contains numerous tiny vesicles. In other parts of the nephron, the basal lamina usually has a homogenous appearance. The possible significance of the thickening of the basal lamina is discussed in relation to the general high renal efficiency of the camel.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Interaction of camel lens zeta-crystallin with quinones: portrait of a substrate by fluorescence spectroscopy.

Interaction of camel lens zeta-crystallin, an NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase, with several quinone derivatives was examined by fluorescence spectroscopy and activity measurements. Fluorescence of zeta-crystallin was quenched to different levels by the different quinones:juglone (5-OH, 1,4 naphthoquinone), 1,4 naphthoquinone (1,4-NQ), and 1,2 naphthoquinone (1,2-NQ) considerably quenched the fluorescence of zeta-crystallin, where as the commonly used substrate, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (PQ) did not induce significant quenching. Activity measurements showed only PQ served as a substrate for camel lens zeta-crystallin, while juglone, 1,4-NQ, and 1,2-NQ were inhibitors. Thus quinones that interacted with zeta-crystallin directly inhibited the enzyme, whereas the substrate had very low affinity for the enzyme in the absence of NADPH. Another substrate, dichlorophenol indophenol (DCIP), conformed to the same pattern; DCIP did not quench the fluorescence of the enzyme significantly, but served as a substrate. This pattern is consistent with an ordered mechanism of catalysis with quinone being the second substrate. All three naphthoquinones were uncompetitive inhibitors with respect to NADPH and noncompetitive with respect to PQ. These kinetics are similar to those exhibited by cysteine- and/or lysine-modifying agents. Juglone, 1,4-NQ, and 1,2-NQ interacted with and quenched the fluorescence of camel lens alpha-crystallin, but to lesser extent than that of zeta-crystallin.

2,6-Dichloroindophenol↗

PubMed1996

The detection of subclinical mastitis in the bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) by somatic cell count and California mastitis test.

Milk samples (n = 160) from 7 clinically healthy bactrian camels were cultured to detect subclinical udder infection. The samples were assessed by the Californian mastitis test (CMT) and somatic cell count (SCC). Bacteria were recovered from 36 (22.5%) of the milk samples. Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were the main organisms found. Infected quarters had significantly higher mean values for the SCC (p < 0.01) and CMT (p < 0.001) than non-infected quarters. All 7 camels were infected with CNS but only 4 with S. aureus. CMT values for S. aureus-infected camels were significantly higher than for those only infected with CNS. The values for SCC and CMT were significantly influenced by the stage of lactation (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found from the effect of the quarters. Both SCC and CMT were of value in predicting the infection status of the udder.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

The haematological and biochemical effects of the gastrointestinal nematodes prevalent in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in central Saudi Arabia.

Coprological examinations on 1200 Najdi camels (Camelus dromedartus) in the Gassim region of central Saudi Arabia between October 1992 and September 1993 revealed the presence of strongyle-type, Nematodirus and Strongyloides eggs. In addition, examination of the gastrointestinal tracts of 240 camels slaughtered in different abattoirs in the Gassim region from March to August 1994 revealed 11 species of helminths. Infection with gastrointestinal trichostronglyes resulted in normocytic, normochromic anaemia. Adult infected camels showed leukocytosis, a decrease in total serum protein concentration and increases in blood urea concentration and in serum creatine phosphokinase activity.

Anemia↗

PubMed1989

Isolation of Brucella abortus from experimentally infected dromedary camels in Sudan: a preliminary report.

Six camels were experimentally infected with two strains of Brucella abortus, four with S19 and two with a field bovine strain. In all cases antibody titres were detected within 6 to 11 days. Serum agglutination titres peaked between days 11 and 32 and complement fixation titres between days 11 and 52; both titres then declined steadily. No clinical signs were observed in the four camels inoculated with S19. Slight non-specific symptoms were seen in the two camels infected with the field bovine strain. On post mortem examination no gross lesions were observed although histopathological sections showed focal granulomata in the liver and a generalized lymphadenitis. The organism was recovered mainly from the lymph nodes of the head and genital tract.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Oxygen transfer properties and dimensions of red blood cells in high-altitude camelids, dromedary camel and goat.

To estimate the advantage of the small red blood cells (RBC) of high-altitude camelids for O2 transfer, the kinetics of O2 uptake into and release from the RBC obtained from llama, vicuña and alpaca were investigated at 37 degrees C with a stopped-flow technique. O2 transfer conductance of RBC (G) was estimated from the rate of O2 saturation change and the corresponding O2 pressure difference between medium and hemoglobin. For comparison, O2 kinetics for the RBC of a low-altitude camelid (dromedary camel) and the pygmy goat were determined and previously measured values for human RBC were used. O2 transfer of RBC was found to be strongly influenced by extracellular diffusion, except with O2 release into dithionite solutions of sufficiently high concentration (greater than 30 mM). The G values measured in these 'standard' conditions, Gst (in mmol X min-1 X Torr-1 X (ml RBC)-1) were: high-altitude camelids, 0.58 (averaged for llama, alpaca and vicuña since there were no significant interspecific differences); camel 0.42; goat, 0.42; man, 0.39. The differences can in part be attributed to expected effects of the size and shape of the RBC (volume, surface area, mean thickness), as well as to the intracellular O2 diffusivity which depends on the concentration of cellular hemoglobin. The high Gst of RBC of high-altitude camelids may be considered to enhance O2 transfer in lungs and tissues. But the O2 transfer conductance of blood, theta, equal to Gst multiplied by hematocrit (in mmol X min-1 X Torr-1 X (ml blood)-1), was only slightly higher as compared to other species: 0.20 (llama, alpaca, vicuña), 0.14 (camel), 0.18 (goat), 0.17 (man).

Altitude↗

PubMed1979

Serodiagnosis of infection with Trypanosoma evansi in camels in the Sudan.

Five diagnostic tests for infection with Trypanosoma evansi have been compared in groups of camels experimentally infected or exposed to natural infection in the Sudan. The correlation of positive results obtained by assays of IgM levels, the mercuric chloride test and the formol gel test with the presence of active infection was unsatisfactory, but there was a good correlation between results obtained using IFAT and ELISA and proven infection. Sera from a high proportion of apparently uninfected camels from endemic areas gave positive reactions with all 5 tests, possibly indicating inadequate parasitological diagnosis or persistence of antibody after unsatisfactory chemotherapy. It was concluded that serological tests using trypanosomal antigens to detect antibodies were more sensitive for diagnosis than indirect tests based on raised euglobulin levels. Serodiagnostic tests may therefore have a place in future programmes for surveillance and control of T. evansi infections in camels.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Studies on the digestion of carbohydrates in the camel (Camelus dromedarius).

Camels with cannulas in the small intestine were used to study the "digestive-absorptive" capacities of the small intestine. Solutions of different carbohydrates were infused through the cannulas and the responses in blood glucose levels were measured. Monosaccharides were readily absorbed from the camel small intestine. The pattern of disaccharide absorption indicated that there was high lactase activity and low maltase and sucrase activity, in the camel small intestinal mucosa.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Efficacy of RM110, a novel trypanocide, in the treatment of Trypanosoma evansi infections in camels.

Camels artificially infected with a field stock of Trypanosoma evansi isolated from a camel near Gewane, Ethiopia were cured by treatment with RM110, administered by subcutaneous injection at 0.3 or 0.6 mg/kg body weight. Local reactions were mild and transient. Further evaluation of RM110 is indicated, in particular the determination of minimum curative doses for this and other T. evansi stocks in camels.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative pharmacokinetics of netobimin and albendazole in the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius).

Netobimin and albendazole were administered orally to camels (n = 5 + 5) at molecular equivalent dosages, 15.8 and 10.0 mg/kg body wt, respectively. The plasma profiles of the two main metabolites were investigated for 54 h by high performance liquid chromatography. The metabolism and the disposition of both anthelmintics in camels were similar to sheep rather than to cattle. These results indicate that netobimin and albendazole are likely to be excellent anthelmintics for camels.

Albendazole↗