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PubMed2000

Diverse roles for the third complementarity determining region of the heavy chain (H3) in the binding of immunoglobulin Fv fragments to DNA, nucleosomes and cardiolipin.

Autoantibodies to DNA and chromatin employ junctional diversity and somatic mutations to generate or enhance antigen recognition. To define the role of diversity generating mechanisms in the etiology of autoantibodies to nuclear antigens, the heavy (H) chain of a murine autoantibody, 3H9, was used in its somatically mutated or germ-line form in conjunction with its own or with heterologous CDR3 (H3) domains. The resulting H chains were expressed together with the 3H9 light (L) chain as single-chain Fv (scFv) in Escherichia coli and assayed for binding to DNA, nucleosomes, or cardiolipin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All recombinant scFv exhibited nearly identical binding to cardiolipin. In contrast, the binding to nuclear antigens was drastically reduced by the reversion of mutations in 3H9 or the exchange of H3, such that only 3H9 itself bound strongly to single-stranded DNA, double-stranded DNA and nucleosomes. The results illustrate diverse interactions between a single combining site and different autoantigens. The analysis of these interactions suggests that the 3H9 VH domain, as encoded by the germ line, directs binding to cardiolipin, whereas structural determinants of H3, in concert with the remainder of the combining site, guide the maturation of antibody binding toward nuclear autoantigens.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2002

Mapping and sequencing of cardiolipins from Geobacillus stearothermophilus NRS 2004/3a by positive and negative ion nanoESI-QTOF-MS and MS/MS.

In the course of systematic studies on surface layer (S-layer) glycoproteins of bacilli, the chloroform/methanol extract from whole cells of Geobacillus stearothermophilus NRS 2004/3a has been submitted to MS analysis. Glucosylated cardiolipins were found as minor components of the total lipid and phospholipid mixture by de novo identification. After purification of the crude extract using a combined column chromatography/2D TLC protocol, structural investigations of components in the lipid fraction by high resolution ESI-QTOF MS analysis provided evidence about homologous molecules attributable to the cardiolipin species containing a glycosylated backbone, and about a diversity of ester-linked fatty acid substituents. In comparative studies by positive and negative ion nanoESI-QTOF-CID-MS, maps of cardiolipin molecular ions were obtained, followed by MS/MS of the most abundant species, to provide structural details of D-glucopyranosylcardiolipin and the fatty acid substituent patterns. Experiments of the parent ion scan type revealed the presence of fatty acid moieties as isobaric combinations, represented in single molecular ion species.

Cardiolipins↗

PubMed1998

Cardiolipin remodeling in eukaryotic cells infected with Chlamydia trachomatis is linked to elevated mitochondrial metabolism.

Cardiolipin remodeling in mammalian eukaryotic cells was examined subsequent to infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, an intracellular parasite of eukaryotic cells. HeLa cells were labeled for 6 h with [1-14C]myristate or [1-14C]palmitate or [1-14C]oleate 20 h post infection with C. trachomatis and the radioactivity incorporated into glycerophospholipids examined. Chlamydia infection resulted in a 2-4 fold elevation of radioactive myristate, palmitate or oleate incorporation into phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositiol compared to mock-infected cells. However, a 4-10 fold elevation in radioactivity incorporated into the mitochondrial glycerophospholipids phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin was observed in chlamydia-infected cells compared to mock-infected controls. Glycerophospholipid remodeling in CCL16-B2 cells, a mitochondrial respiration mutant with elevated glycerophospholipid metabolism, was compared to its parental cell line CCL16-B1 infected with C. trachomatis. Infection of the wild type CCL16-B1 cells with C. trachomatis resulted in an almost identical pattern of [1-14C]-palmitate labeling of glycerophospholipids compared to the uninfected mitochondrial mutant CCL16-B2 cells. The results suggest that cardiolipin, and glycerophospholipid, fatty acid molecular remodeling in eukaryotic cells infected with C. trachomatis may be linked to an elevation in mitochondrial metabolism.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Direct visualization of a cardiolipin-dependent cytochrome P450scc-induced vesicle aggregation.

Cytochrome P450scc can be reconstituted successfully into large unilamellar phospholipid vesicles by a combined octylglucoside dialysis/adsorption method. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy was used to analyze the morphology, distribution, and protein topology of the cytochrome P450scc vesicles in dependence on lipid composition. Particles were observed only in close contact to the vesicle surface, probably representing tightly associated cytochrome P450scc at the outer vesicle surface. In cytochrome P450scc vesicles similar in lipid composition to the inner membrane of bovine mitochondria direct evidence by freeze-fracturing was found for a specific cytochrome P450scc-induced aggregation of the vesicles. The vesicle aggregation critically depends on the content of the specific mitochondrial membrane constituent cardiolipin. The aggregation and thus the intervesicular contacts were observed to be inhibited by both addition of anti-cytochrome P450scc IgG and adrenodoxin. Enzymatic reduction of cytochrome P450scc in the liposomal membrane by its electron transfer partners completely indicates an asymmetrical localization in/at the outer side of the bilayer membrane. It is suggested that vesiculation of the inner mitochondrial membrane may be a consequence of the characteristic cardiolipin-dependent cytochrome P450scc membrane topology: the cardiolipin binding, peripheral, non-bilayer-spanning integration as an oligomer in the outer leaflet of the membrane may play a role in the dynamics of formation and dissociation of intramitochondrial vesicles with a functional importance for steroidogenesis.

Adrenodoxin↗

PubMed1986

Evaluation of anti-cardiolipin antibody and its cross-reactivity in sera of patients with lepromatous leprosy.

Using a sensitive and modified solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detecting anti-cardiolipin antibodies, sera of 45 patients with lepromatous leprosy were examined. Nine of the 45 (20%) showed positive levels of anti-cardiolipin antibodies. Inhibition tests revealed that these antibodies significantly cross-reacted with double-stranded (ds) DNA, but not with single-stranded (ss) DNA or extractable nuclear antigens (ENA). We describe the unique pattern of antibody cross-reactivity with cardiolipin and dsDNA in sera of patients with lepromatous leprosy.

Antigens, Nuclear↗

PubMed1991

Binding of doxorubicin to cardiolipin as compared to other anionic phospholipids--an evaluation of electrostatic effects.

The binding of doxorubicin to large unilamellar vesicles consisting of cardiolipin or other anionic phospholipids was analyzed in terms of the local drug concentration at the membrane surface, according to the Gouy-Chapman theory. The analysis suggests strong positive binding cooperativity. Part of the drug binds in the uncharged form. The affinity for cardiolipin and other anionic phospholipids is comparable. A binding level of 0.5 doxorubicin per lipid-phosphorus is reached when the local concentration of free doxorubicin monomer-equivalents at the membrane surface is about 0.2-0.7 mM. This contrasts with earlier findings indicating a 300-1000 fold higher affinity for cardiolipin. The present analysis provides an explanation for this apparent discrepancy.

Anions↗

PubMed1990

Influence of dietary linoleic acid and trans fatty acids on the fatty acid profile of cardiolipins in rats.

Cardiolipins (CL) have unique fatty acid profiles with generally high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, primarily 18:2n-6, and low levels of saturated fatty acids. In order to study the effect of dietary fatty acid isomers on the fatty acid composition of cardiolipins, rats were fed partially hydrogenated marine oils (HMO), rich in 16:1, 18:1, 20:1, and 22:1 isomeric fatty acids, supplemented with linoleic acid at levels ranging from 1.9% to 14.5% of total fat. Although the dietary fats contained 33% trans fatty acids, the levels of trans fatty acids in CL were below 2.5% in all organs. The fatty acid profiles of cardiolipins of liver, heart, kidney and testes showed different responses to dietary linoleic acid level. In liver, the contents of 18:2 reflected the dietary levels. In heart and kidney, the levels of 18:2 also paralleled increasing dietary levels, but in all groups fed HMO, levels of 18:2 were considerably higher than in the reference group fed palm oil. In testes, the 18:2 levels were unaffected by the dietary level of 18:2 and HMO.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Cardiolipin synthesis during the cell cycle of the yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae.

Cardiolipin synthesis was studied during the aerobic synchronous growth of aerobically grown yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The time course of the synthesis was stepwise and the rise in cardiolipin level in cells coincided in time with the increase in cytochrome oxidase activity. This finding supports the notion of discontinuous completion of the inner mitochondrial membrane and hints at a close relation between cardiolipin and cytochrome oxidase activity.

Aerobiosis↗

PubMed1992

Reversal by phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin of inhibition of transcription and replication by histones in vitro.

We examined the effects of phospholipids on transcription and replication in vitro in the presence of histones. Phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin were shown to reverse the inhibitory effects of histones in both random RNA synthesis with purified RNA polymerase II and accurate transcription initiated from the adenovirus 2 major late promoter in a nuclear extract. Phosphatidylserine, phosphatidic acid, and phosphatidylcholine did not activate RNA synthesis although they bound as strongly as phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin to histones. Phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin also reversed the in vitro inhibition of SV40 DNA replication by histones. Unsaturation of the fatty acid residues was shown to be necessary for the restoration of transcription and replication by phosphatidylglycerol.

Adenoviruses, Human↗

PubMed1980

Cytochrome c specifically induces non-bilayer structures in cardiolipin-containing model membranes.

(1) The effect of cytochrome c addition on the phospholipid structure of liposomes composed of cardiolipin, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine in a pure form or in mixtures was investigated by 31P-NMR and freeze-fracture techniques. (2) Cytochrome c specifically induces the hexagonal Hii phase and possibly an inverted micellar structure of part of the phospholipids in cardiolipin-containing model membranes. (3) These results are compared with the effect of Ca2+ on cardiolipin and are discussed in relation to the structure and function of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Cardiolipins↗

PubMed1982

Polymorphic phase behaviour of cardiolipin from bovine heart and from Bacillus subtilis as detected by 31P-NMR and freeze-fracture techniques. Effects of Ca2+, Mg2+, Ba2+ and temperature.

The structures formed by aqueous dispersions of cardiolipin isolated from bovine heart and B. subtilis have been studied by 31P-NMR and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. The sodium salts of both cardiolipins form bilayers. The Ca2+, Mg2+ and Ba2+ salts undergo well-defined bilayer leads to hexagonal (HII) transitions, the temperature of which is dependent on the cation involved and the fatty acid composition of the cardiolipin.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Adriamycin inhibits the formation of non-bilayer lipid structures in cardiolipin-containing model membranes.

The effect of adriamycin on cardiolipin-containing model membrane systems have been studied by 31P-NMR, freeze-fracture electron microscopy and binding experiments. Adriamycin effectively inhibits the formation of non-bilayer lipid structures induced by Ca2+ and cytochrome c in cardiolipin-containing liposomes. This drug also strongly inhibits the uptake of Ca2+ by cardiolipin into an organic phase. These results are discussed in relation to the cardiotoxic effect of adriamycin and the possible importance of non-bilayer lipid structures for the functioning of the mitochondrion.

Calcium↗

PubMed1991

Carboxyacyl derivatives of cardiolipin as four-tailed hydrophobic anchors for the covalent coupling of hydrophilic proteins to liposomes.

Two carboxyacyl derivatives of cardiolipin, O-succinyl- and O-glutarylcardiolipin, were synthesized with the aim of using them as artificial membrane anchors for the immobilization of hydrophilic proteins to liposomes. Four adjacent fatty acid residues can be introduced into a protein with only one single amino group being blocked, by reacting the cardiolipin derivatives with the protein amino groups after carbodiimide activation. alpha-Chymotrypsin, used as a model protein, and modified with on average two molecules of O-succinylcardiolipin was incorporated into liposomes, which had been prepared by different methods, with very high yield. If incorporated in preformed liposomes, the carboxyacyl cardiolipin anchors were also efficient in binding proteins to liposomal surfaces. Up to 350 micrograms chymotrypsin/mumol lipid were coupled to small unilamellar vesicles, preserving reactivity of the enzyme towards specific macromolecular inhibitors. Human IgG could also be bound to anchor-containing liposomes with high protein to lipid coupling ratio as well as high coupling yield.

Acylation↗

PubMed1991

Intramolecular hydrogen bonding in cardiolipin.

Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used to determine whether intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the C-OH and P-OH groups exists in beef heart cardiolipin (CL) or in hydrogenated beef heart cardiolipin (18:0-CL) as compared to the synthetic 2'-deoxy analogue of cardiolipin (16:0-dCL). Such intramolecular hydrogen bonding would provide a structural basis for proton conduction on the molecular level. In aqueous dispersions at 20 degrees C, both 18:0-CL and 16:0-dCL exist in the gel phase as bilayers with gel to liquid-crystalline transitions (Tm) at 61 and 56 degrees C, respectively, whereas the unsaturated CL exists in the non-bilayer (hexagonal II) state. Evidence for intramolecular hydrogen bonding of the C-OH group in aqueous dispersions of 18:0-CL is provided by the large increase in Tm observed on changing the aqueous medium from H2O to D2O but specific hydrogen-bonded C-OH...PO2- species cannot be identified because water molecules also compete for the PO2- binding sites. However, C-OH...PO2- hydrogen bonds can be identified in dry films of the sodium salt of 18:0-CL or in CCl4 solution. In contrast, such hydrogen bonds cannot be formed in the deoxy analogue (16:0-dCL) indicating that the central C-OH group in 18:0-CL could provide a structural basis for proton conduction, involving the phosphate groups.

Ammonia↗

PubMed1995

EPR study of annexin V-cardiolipin Ca-mediated interaction in phospholipid vesicles and isolated mitochondria.

The properties of the binding of annexin V to variously composed phospholipid vesicles have been studied by applying a recently developed EPR method, using an annexin V spin label. By this approach, this protein is seen to bind to acidic phospholipid-containing vesicles, as reported, thus confirming the reliability of the method. In addition, binding of this annexin to cardiolipin-containing vesicles has been studied in more depth, and the protein has been shown to have a distinct affinity for this phospholipid. As a cardiolipin-rich natural membrane system, mitochondrial membranes and mitoplasts from rat liver were considered, and a strong binding of AV to these membranes was observed. Having compared this binding with that to phospholipid vesicles, cardiolipin-rich microdomains in the mitochondrial membranes are proposed as the putative mitochondrial binding sites for annexin V.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

A precise localization of cardiolipin in plant cells.

Cardiolipin and cytochrome aa3 contents of isolated plant cells (sycamore cells) and their purified mitochondria were measured. Since the cardiolipin/cytochrome aa3 ratio was the same in the intact cells and in the isolated mitochondria it was strongly suggested that cardiolipin is present only in the mitochondria. Furthermore, outer and inner mitochondria membranes of purified sycamore cells and mung bean hypocotyl mitochondria were separated and it was shown that cardiolipin is localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Cardiolipins↗

PubMed1983

The role of cardiolipin as an acyl donor in dog heart N-acylethanolamine phospholipid biosynthesis.

N-Acylethanolamine phospholipids were produced from endogenous substrates with dog heart mitochondrial and microsomal preparations. With mitochondria the N-acyl group contained 13.8% linoleate, with microsomes only 3.6%. Cardiolipin comprised 18.5% of mitochondrial and 3.3% of microsomal lipid P and contained 93.7 and 72.4% linoleic acid, respectively. Incubation of dog heart subcellular fractions with [1-14C]linoleoyl cardiolipin in the presence of Ca2+ resulted in the formation of N-acylethanolamine phospholipids labeled primarily in the N-acyl and 1-O-acyl moieties. The data indicate that cardiolipin is the major source of linoleic acid used in the N-acylation of ethanolamine phospholipids by transacylase activity.

Acylation↗

PubMed1989

Effect of 3,4-dihydroxybutyl-1-phosphonate on cardiolipin synthesis in B. subtilis.

Endogenous phosphatidylglycerol is rapidly transformed into cardiolipin when B. subtilis 168 cells were incubated in a buffer without an energy source. Upon addition of 3,4-dihydroxybutyl-1-phosphonate (DHBP), a synthetic glycerol 3-phosphate analogue, this synthesis was completely blocked after a short lag; if the cells were grown in the presence of the analogue, there was no lag. When membrane fractions were incubated with exogenous [32P]phosphatidylglycerol, free DHBP and glycerol 3-phosphate had no effect on [32P]cardiolipin synthesis, but phosphatidyl-DHBP and phosphatidylglycerolphosphate were potent inhibitors. These results are consistent with our hypothesis that phosphatidylglycerolphosphate, the phosphatidylglycerol precursor, might also be a physical inhibitor of cardiolipin synthesis.

Bacillus subtilis↗