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When Charles Bonnet, the many-sided naturalist, was forced by eye troubles to abandon observation and experimentation, he took to psychology and philosophy, concentrating his thought on two main topics: the origin of our ideas and the organisation of our mental faculties. In Bonnet's view, the nerve fibre is the anatomical and physiological element on which not only sensation but the entire mental life depends.
Between July 1983 and December 1987, 13,108 strains of enterobacteriaceae were isolated at Charles Nicolle Hospital in Tunis. This study reports the prevalence of different species isolated, their resistance and the evolution of bacterial resistance during that period. There appeared to be a great stability in the distribution of bacterial groups. Among the commonly sensitive species, Proteus mirabilis showed a high proportion of strains resistant to ampicillin (79.3%), carbenicillin (75.9%), cefalotin (73.8%) and gentamicin (46%). The proportions of resistant strains in P. mirabilis were much the same for each successive year from 1983 to 1987, and the percentages of resistant strains in the majority of the bacterial species were similarly stable. Amikacin and cefotaxime remained the most active antibiotics against enterobacteriaceae.
197 strains of enterococcus and group D Streptococcus were isolated from human material at Charles Nicolle Hospital (Tunis) and identified by biochemical tests: 174, Enterococcus faecalis, 6 Enterococcus faecium, 2 Enterococcus durans and 15 Streptococcus bovis. The sensitivity to antibiotics was studied: all Enterococcus faecium were resistant at least to one antibiotic, 15% of Enterococcus faecalis were sensitive for all antibiotics tested the other species were frequently sensitive. High level resistance to aminoglycosides were frequent in Enterococcus faecalis 40%: among these strains high level resistance to gentamicin accounts for 12% and 18 frequently associated with resistance to kanamycin and streptomycin, this situation present therapeutic problems in case of severe infection.
We present a series of four patients with the Charles Bonnet syndrome, which is characterized by recurrent vivid visual hallucinations in the presence of normal cognition and insight. It usually occurs in elderly people with ophthalmic pathology causing severe visual sensory deprivation. Our experience suggests that this syndrome is frequently overlooked or misdiagnosed by both ophthalmologists and psychiatrists. To our knowledge this is only the second series of cases of the syndrome in the American literature.
In the period of 1976-1987 there were in total 181 patients operated on with the diagnosis of infantile cerebral palsy at the Orthopaedic Clinic of the Faculty of Pediatrics of Charles University in Prague-Motol. 412 operations were performed in total in these patients. The indication was mainly the improvement of the statics and gait, therefore operations on lower extremities prevailed. Within the preoperative preparation it is essential to precisely classify the type of affection of the patient from the neurological viewpoint and mainly estimate the future physical and psychical abilities of the child which is of substantial importance in the postoperative treatment. The surgical solution is always individual and respects the specificity which need not be symmetric on both extremities. Therefore the range of orthopaedic operations is wide. The surgeon has to treat the equinus position of the foot, the valgus position, flexion contractures of knees, adduction position in hip joints. In case it is necessary to operate the affection of the entire lower extremity the specialists at the above mentioned Orthopaedic Clinic prefer a single solution to the stepwise one. Recently the surgical treatment of patients suffering from spasm has achieved a certain progress. Substantial is the contribution for patients who on the basis of the operation regain the ability to walk. Therefore the authors emphasize the importance of the cooperation of the neurologist and the rehabilitation worker with the orthopaedic surgeon when considering comprehensive therapeutical possibilities.
The author makes readers familiar with the programme of innovation of training in social medicine at the Medical Faculty of Hygiene, Charles University. In his opinion the demands on rationalization and intensification of health services call for enlargement of undergraduate training in social medicine by findings from the science on systems, management and computers, and last not least economics of the health services.
Reading "The life of Charles Ledger", the book written by Gabriele Grammiccia, one notices immediately, what an extraordinary personality Ledger was. He was typically British and belonged to that generation for which, as he wrote himself, "the fact of being a British subject is in itself a reason of pride, including as such a definite obligation to serve the country." This blinding patriotism of even modest British people all over the world, gave the City, as well as the British Empire, a remarkable place in the world trade. The history of Ledger's life, derived from the most authorized sources, is a real adventure novel. At the age of eighteen, he goes to Lima (Peru), in order to find a job. It takes him but a few years to build up his own import-export business. In Tacna, in the very South of Peru, near the Chilean and Bolivian borders (the region where he lived), alpaca wool and quinquina bark are some of the most traded goods. These two products will determine his further life. The principles of his commercial policy were as follows: to buy first quality products, and pack the goods in such a way that they reach the British or European customers in perfect condition, thereby always giving a preferential treatment to the Commonwealth. The quinquina bark trade is hampered by the fact that there is a very great quantity of varieties, each having a different concentration of alkaloids in its bark. To buy the best species, Cinchona calisaya, one needs a perfect knowledge of these trees. The expertise is only to be obtained by visiting the regions where the quinquina tree grows and finding one's way with the help of willing "cascarilleros", the Indians collecting the quinquina bark. During one of his exploration trips, Ledger was fortunate enough to enjoy the service of a Bolivian called Manuel, who faithfully assisted him and his family for years. Together they ranged, at great pains, across every possible region, even the most remote ones; they succeeded in identifying the richest collections of quinquina trees and signing buying contracts on the spot. The most beautiful trees are usually unsuitable for any form of exploitation. In order to understand the special atmosphere that made the solving of the quinquina problems so arduous in the course of time, it seems best to place them in a historical perspective.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The careers of William Ophuls (1871-1933), Myrnie Gifford (1892-1966), Charles Edward Smith (1904-1967) and William A. Winn (1903-1967) are briefly reviewed, with emphasis on their contributions to knowledge of Coccidioides and coccidioidomycosis. All were students with broad interests, and all were quite willing to suggest new concepts and classifications to replace those of their predecessors.
Although the relationship between breathing and sleep has only recently been "discovered" by the medical community, excellent literary descriptions of what we know to be the sleep apnea syndrome were made long ago. Although ancient Greek writings described probable sleep apnea, the most important literary contributions in this area are by Charles Dickens. His description of Joe the fat boy in the Pickwick Papers is an example of his brilliant skills of observation and description. It was not until about 140 years after Pickwick Papers was published that we understood what he was describing.
The carcinogen-induced rat mammary carcinoma model, developed a quarter of a century ago by Dr. Charles Brenton Huggins, is today the standard laboratory animal model in the study of human breast cancer. This model has a number of features that make it particularly attractive to the experimental oncologist, e.g., tumor induction ease and reliability, organ site specificity, tumors of ductal origin, tumors of predominantly carcinomatous histopathological characteristics, tumors of varying growth factor and/or hormone responsiveness, and the potential to examine tumor initiation and promotion processes. Since the development of this model, an extensive literature describing the biological behavior and responsiveness of these tumors has been provided. The purpose of this communication is to condense, summarize, and integrate this vast literature into a single review with the intent on facilitating information acquisition and conceptualism by both the new and the established experimental oncologist. In addition, and equally important, this communication is a tribute to Dr. Huggins, whose pioneering efforts in the development of this model and whose scientific contributions and dedication to the oncological sciences in general have made an important and lasting impact on us all.
Blood levels of ACTH, FSH, and estriol were measured throughout the estrous cycle and estriol was determined at different stages during pregnancy in Charles River CD-1 mice treated with 10 mg/kg/day of methadone or vehicle (physiological saline). Animals received one dose in a constant volume (10 ml/kg) per day subcutaneously of either methadone or saline. Blood samples of nonpregnant mice were collected 1 hour after the first dose for acute effects and 1 hour after the last dose treatment for subchronic effects. The acute administration of methadone in nonpregnant mice produced an increase in ACTH level throughout the estrous cycle whereas subchronic treatment reduced ACTH level by 51%. Acute treatment did not alter the estriol or FSH levels whereas subchronic treatment significantly lowered estriol by 17% and FSH by 79%. Methadone injected beginning on day 1 of gestation and continued through day 15 did not produce any effect on maternal body weight or food consumption but resulted in an increase in resorption sites and decrease in implantation sites. The estriol levels in control pregnant mice were 19.8, 54.8, and 109.1 ng/ml on days 1, 10, and 15 of gestation, respectively. A significant reduction of 18.8% and 35.2% in estriol was associated with methadone treatment by days 10 and 15 of gestation, respectively. Methadone, by affecting several hormonal levels in both pregnant and nonpregnant CD-1 mice, may be responsible for some of the adverse effects on reproduction encountered in this species.
In 1909 French microbiologist, director of the Pasteur Institute in Tunis Charles Nicolle discovered the ways of the louse-borne typhus infection. With his numerous experiments on apes he proved that body louse is a transmitting gent of louse-borne infection. This great discovery which has formed the basis of modern concepts of the disease epidemiology and led to its prophylaxis has become lasting contribution to the history of medical science.
Would it be possible to develop an outstanding child health center in a rural area such as Troy, Alabama--one that, in quality and usefulness, would be second to none? Governor Charles Henderson extended the challenge through a trust that supported the establishment of such a center within six miles of Troy. The challenge was accepted, and this article tells how it was accomplished.
This paper undertakes a partial character study of Charles Lindbergh, focusing on those traits (confrontation with sources of fear, fascination with "realms beyond," meticulous observation, openness to his own unconscious) that seemed to enable him to cope so effectively, and suggesting some possible sources of these traits in his life circumstances.
An articulated skeleton in the Bell Collection in the Museum of the Edinburgh College of Surgeons is of a woman who died shortly after a Caesarean section, believed to be the 18th recorded case of such an operation performed in the UK and Ireland. The fact that John and Charles Bell were the surgeons involved is of particular interest, due to their importance in the practice of surgery and surgical anatomy in Edinburgh during the early part of the 19th century. The woman had a restricted pelvic inlet and outlet resulting from puerperal osteomalacia, the commonest indication for carrying out this operation during the 18th and 19th centuries. Evidence from the examination of contemporary parish baptism and burial records, as well as meteorological records, established that the Caesarean operation was performed on 29 January 1800. The surviving child was subsequently baptized 'Caesar', in accordance with the common practice at that time.
During the very hot 1994 summer, six new cases of airport malaria have been observed in and around Roissy-Charles-de-Gaulle airport. Four patients were regular or occasional airport employees. The two other cases were inhabitants of a city at 7 km. Entomological investigations suggest that cars of airport employees served to disseminate anophelines outside the airport areas. The six cases were very severe. One patient died. Apparently, W.H.O. recommendations on aircraft disinsecting procedures have not been fully followed. There is obviously a threat for areas near the airports.
In response to the perception of community leaders in Charles County, Maryland, that more health care services should be available for disadvantaged infants and young children in the county, an informal needs assessment was carried out. First, available public health statistical data were used to estimate the number of children under 10 years of age residing in low-income households without health insurance. Next, a household survey and a physician survey were used to determine community and professional attitudes regarding unmet child health care needs, barriers to care, and possible solutions. Survey results validate the existence of unmet health care needs of county children as well as support for a volunteer clinic to address these needs.
In this study we present 41 cases of endoscopy surgery in gynecology done in Saint Charles Hospital for: extra-uterine pregnancies (GEU), pelvic abscess, pelvic endometriosis, ovarian cysts (KO), polycystic ovaries (PKO), primary amenorrhea, postoperative pelvic adhesions, uterine fibroma and appendicitis. These patients consulted for infertility, irregular menses and pelvic pain. The procedures done were the following: salpingectomy, endo-tubal aspiration, pelvic abscess drainage and IUD removal, endometrial implants coagulations, excision of ovarian cysts, multiple ovarian punctures (MPO), wedge resection of ovaries, ovarian biopsies, adhesiolysis, myomectomies, hysterectomies and appendectomies. The final results and smooth post-operative course are in favour of the technical and therapeutic advantages of the endoscopic surgery in gynecology as a conservative, functional and preventive procedure.