Consensus statement from a conference on treatment of viral respiratory infection-induced asthma in young children.
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Acute Disease↗
SEARCH · PubMed Health
Results for “COMMON COLD VIRUS”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
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Relation between naturally acquired immunity and infectivity of two rhinoviruses in volunteers.
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Adult↗
ECHO-11 as a respiratory virus: quantitation of infection in man.
Through a series of controlled experiments in volunteers, quantitative aspects of infection, illness, and immunity to ECHO-11 virus were studied. ECHO-11 is a transmissable viral infection in man and equally infectious to the upper respiratory and the intestinal tracts. The rate of infection was directly related to the dose of virus exposure, but any infectious dose of virus produced illness in only about one-third of the infected subjects. The infectious dose for man varied over a billionfold range. Larger challenge doses caused no difference in the local symptoms at the portal of entry or in the peak severity of illness, but symptoms were more diverse and prolonged after a higher dose. Persons with asymptomatic infections became just as heavily infected as ill persons. In respiratory secretions from natural infection, the titer of infectious virus was found to be about 10(2) median infective doses in tissue culture (TCID(50))/ml. At this level, up to 40% of exposed contacts could be infected per milliliter of secretion. The observed rate of spread was 24%. This low-dose inoculum caused illness in 12% of volunteers but failed to elicit a significant antibody response in 93% or immunity to reinfection and another illness upon rechallenge. Larger doses of virus produced a longer excretion of virus and a significant increase in serum-neutralizing antibody. Nasal antibody was infrequently found. The principal effect of antibody was to decrease virus excretion and to shorten illness; it reduced the rate but did not prevent infection. Attempts to produce an asymptomatic enteric infection which would induce immunity failed.The characteristics of respiratory transmission with mild disease, recurrent infection, and illness without a detectable antibody response or solid immunity to reinfection, satisfy the epidemiologic conditions to establish ECHO-11 virus as one of the causes of the common cold.
Adult↗
[The catarrhal child].
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Bronchial Diseases↗
[Virus rhinitis].
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Bronchiolitis, Viral↗
Mechanical transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus throughout a coordinated sequence of events during cold weather.
Using a field-based model, mechanical transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) wa assessed throughout a coordinated sequence of events that replicated common farm worker behavior during cold weather (< 0 degrees C). The model involved fomites (boots and containers), vehicle sanitation, transport, and the movement of personnel. A field strain of PRRSV was inoculated into carriers consisting of snow and water, and carriers were adhered to the undercarriage of a vehicle. The vehicle was driven approximately 50 km to a commercial truck washing facility where the driver's boots contacted the carriers during washing, introducing the virus to the vehicle interior. The vehicle was then driven 50 km to a simulated farm site, and the driver's boots mechanically spread virus into the farm anteroom. Types of containers frequently employed in swine farms (styrofoam semen cooler, metal toolbox, plastic lunch pail, and cardboard animal health product shipping parcel) contacted drippings from footwear on the anteroom floor. The truck wash floor, vehicle cab floor mats, boot soles, anteroom floor, and the ventral surface of containers were sampled to track the virus throughout the model. Ten replicates were conducted, along with sham-inoculated controls. At multiple sampling points PRRSV nucleic acid was detected in 8 of 10 replicates. In each of the 8 PCR-positive replicates, infectious PRRSV was detected on the surfaces of containers by virus isolation or swine bioassay. All sham-inoculated controls were negative. These results indicate that mechanical transmission of PRRSV can occur during coordinated sequence of events in cold weather.
Animal Husbandry↗
The efficacy and tolerance of intranasal interferons: studies at the Common Cold Unit.
Intranasal sprays of interferons (IFNs) given one day before and for three days after virus challenge can protect human volunteers from infection with rhinoviruses, coronavirus, and influenza. Longer dosage of IFN gives rise to nasal symptoms and signs such as bloodstained nasal discharge. More effective IFNs and regimes are therefore needed. IFN beta is active but the degree to which it will irritate the nose is unknown. Combining IFNs with synthetic antiviral drugs can produce synergistic increases in antiviral activity. It is suggested that these increases may be exploited in future experiments.
Administration, Intranasal↗
Herpes simplex and mood: a prospective study.
The effect of mood, the common cold, amount of sleep, and sunshine on recurring herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection was investigated using daily self-reports over a 3-month period from 23 female and 15 male patients with genital herpes and 26 female and two male patients with oral herpes. Results showed recurring genital HSV infection to be preceded by reduced and decreasing overall emotional well being over a period of 10 days, with a temporary improvement in the middle of the period. This pattern was significantly represented by rated nervousness and rated alertness. Females showed more marked trends for reported mood than did the males, which could not be attributed to the menstrual cycle. Conversely, males showed a more marked, strongly significant fourth-order trend for reported amount of sleep, with nadirs on the 8th and the 3rd day before the recurrence. Neither exposure to sunshine nor the common cold showed any relation to recurrence of genital HSV infection. The common cold appeared as the major precipitating factor in oral herpes. Except for a significant fourth-order trend for rated alertness, no relationship between mood and subsequent onset was found. This negative finding was interpreted as a masking effect of the common cold. Two alternative physiological theories, the ganglion trigger theory and the skin trigger theory, were discussed in relation to present findings. It was suggested that various possible mediators between mood states and recurring herpes should be investigated using the present approach, with structured diaries as complement to the rating scales.
Adult↗
Zinc nasal gel for the treatment of common cold symptoms: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Effective treatment for the common cold have been difficult to develop because so many different types of virus are responsible for this condition. Oral zinc has been studied as a possible means of preventing or alleviating symptoms, with mixed results. We studied a new approach to zinc therapy--an over-the-counter nasal gel formulation (Zicam)--to independently evaluate its efficacy as a treatment for the common cold. Our study was conducted at four sites over a 5-month period. The study group consisted of 213 patients with recent-onset(< or = 24) cold symptoms; 108 patients received zinc therapy, and 105 reviewed placebo. Symptom charts were used to track the duration and severity of each patient's symptoms. At study's end, the duration of symptoms was 2.3 days (+/-0.9)in the zinc group and 9.0 days (+/-2.5)in the control group--a statistically significant difference (p <0.05). These results provide evidence that zinc nasal gel is effective in shortening the duration of common cold symptoms off when taken within 24 hours of their onset.
Administration, Intranasal↗
Literature review: the common cold.
Most colds are caused by rhinovirus infection, perhaps facilitated by chilling or stress. Virus infection begins in the nasopharynx and causes spotty destruction of the nasal ciliated epithelium. Transmission occurs chiefly via droplets of various sizes transported through the air, but some types of virus persist in moist secretions on handled objects and may retain their infectiousness. Living in crowded, poorly-ventilated quarters facilitates transmission. Not many virus particles survive in saliva and it is difficult to infect via the lips or mouth. Kissing does not efficiently spread cold infection. Prophylactic treatment with interferon does not protect against cold infection. Aspirin and acetaminophen reduced serum antibody response and increased nasal symptoms in a controlled Australian study. The combination of intranasal interferon and ipratropium with oral naproxen gave promising results in experimental rhinovirus inoculation. Basically, there has been little or no progress towards effective cold treatment in the past century.
Antiviral Agents↗
[Virus-caused colds. Results and problems of research].
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Common Cold↗
Respiratory virus infections and performance.
Minor illnesses, such as colds and influenza, are frequent, widespread and a major cause of absenteeism from work and education. Yet the clinical symptoms of such illnesses may not be so great as to stop people from working or from carrying out everyday activities. It is therefore important to determine whether these viral infections alter central nervous system function and change performance efficiency. Data on this topic are almost non-existent, which in part reflects the difficulties inherent in carrying out such studies. In real life it is almost impossible to predict when such illnesses will occur, and difficult to establish which virus produced the illness. This problem was overcome by studying experimentally induced infections and illnesses at the Medical Research Centre (MRC) Common Cold Unit in Salisbury. Results from this research programme show that: (i) colds and influenza have selective effects on performance; (ii) even sub-clinical infections can produce performance impairments; (iii) performance may be impaired during the incubation period of the illness; (iv) performance impairments may still be observed after the clinical symptoms have gone. These results have strong implications for occupational safety and efficiency and it is now essential to assess the impact of naturally occurring colds and influenza on real-life activities.
Absenteeism↗
The relationship between atopic status and IL-10 nasal lavage levels in the acute and persistent inflammatory response to upper respiratory tract infection.
We examined the influence of atopy on virus-induced airway inflammation by comparing the nasal response to naturally acquired upper respiratory tract infection in atopic and nonatopic subjects by measurement of cytokine, chemokine, and mediator levels in nasal lavage from 44 adults (23 atopic) taken during the acute and the convalescent phases of the common cold. Nasal aspirates were examined for the presence of upper respiratory viruses by RT-PCR. In atopic and nonatopic subjects there were increased levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha, RANTES, sICAM-1, MPO, ECP, IL-10, and IFN-gamma in nasal lavage during the acute compared with the convalescent phase (p < 0.001). During the acute phase histamine levels were significantly higher in the atopic than in the nonatopic subjects (p < 0.05), whereas IL-10 levels were significantly greater in the nonatopic than in the atopic subjects (p < 0.05). At convalescence levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, sICAM-1, ECP, RANTES and albumin were significantly higher in the atopic group (p < 0.05). An upper respiratory tract virus was found in 27 volunteers (61%) during the acute stage and in two volunteers (4%) at convalescence. We conclude that virus-induced inflammatory changes within the nose are more prolonged in atopic than in nonatopic subjects and that this is associated with reduced IL-10 levels in atopic compared with nonatopic subjects during the acute phase of upper respiratory tract infection.
Acute-Phase Proteins↗
Viral-mediated gene transfer for cancer treatment.
Cancer is a multigenic disorder involving mutations of both tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes. A large body of preclinical data, however, has suggested that cancer growth can be arrested or reversed by treatment with gene transfer vectors that carry a single growth inhibitory or pro-apoptotic gene or a gene that can recruit immune responses against the tumor. Many of these gene transfer vectors are modified viruses that retain the capability of the virus for efficient gene delivery but are safer than the native virus due to modifications that eliminate or alter one or more essential viral functions. The field of viral-based gene transfer vectors for the treatment of cancer has now entered the final stage of clinical testing prior to possible product approvals. Three viral vectors are currently undergoing this Phase III or Phase II/III clinical testing for cancer treatment. All three of these vectors are based on adenovirus, a common human virus that in its native state can cause cold or flu-like symptoms. In two of these vectors, genes essential for viral replication have been replaced with the wild-type p53 tumor suppressor gene, a gene that is deleted or mutated in over 50% of human cancers and which, when transferred into tumor cells, can induce tumor cell death. The third vector retains more of the natural adenoviral functions and relies on replication in tumor cells to induce cell killing. These three vectors represent two of the approaches now being taken to develop viral-based gene transfer vectors for cancer treatment. Additional approaches include the transfer of genes capable of converting non-toxic prodrugs into toxic forms, using anti-angiogenic gene transfer to block the formation of tumor blood vessels, inhibiting the activity of oncogenes through blocks to transcription or translation, stimulating the body's own immune system with immunomodulatory genes, and "cancer vaccination" with genes for tumor antigens. The data derived to date from clinical trials with viral-based vector systems are promising. The vectors have been generally well-tolerated without the severe toxicities common to standard cancer treatments. Many of these vectors have been demonstrated to have anti-tumor activity in a clinical setting and to lead to tumor regressions or to reductions in the rate of tumor growth. Furthermore, the safety profile of these vector systems has allowed for their clinical testing in combination with conventional cancer treatments to determine their benefit in multi-modality therapy. As part of their clinical development, all three of the vectors in Phase III and Phase II/III clinical trials are being tested for their benefit in combination with chemotherapy in randomized trials. The field is also looking to future product opportunities with improvements that will further increase potency, safety, and/or ease of administration. These developments may expand the number of cells that are susceptible to infection or may target the vector to particular tumor types following an intravenous administration. Some of these approaches are already in clinical testing. Additional opportunities may utilize multigene strategies to target multiple pathways in cancer cells or expand the use of cytotoxic or cytostatic gene transfer in combination with immunotherapy.
Animals↗
The origins of the Common Cold Unit.
In 1941 Harvard University and the American Red Cross provided an epidemiological team and an infectious diseases hospital for Britain. Since 1946 the buildings have been occupied by the Common Cold Unit where research has been carried out into many aspects of the causative viruses and their role in the disease, and also into methods of preventing it. The establishment is to be closed down this year.
Common Cold↗
Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (Hurst's disease) linked to Epstein-Barr virus infection.
A 16-year-old girl presented signs of a common cold in combination with a hemolytic crisis. Within 3 days, she developed reduced consciousness and hemiparesis subsequently followed by coma. CT and MRI scans revealed evidence for raised intracranial pressure and an extensive inflammatory process extending from the brain stem up to the thalamus. The patient died within 3 weeks after onset of first symptoms of intracranial pressure despite maximum intensive care. Neuropathological examination revealed disseminated necrotic lesions and perivascular hemorrhages characteristic for acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (Hurst's disease), mainly of the brain stem, diencephalon and cerebellum. Serological results, in situ hybridization and PCR analysis demonstrated an acute Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection of the central nervous system. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of Hurst's disease linked to EBV.
Adolescent↗
Population-based case-control study of isolated congenital cataract.
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to detect possible etiological factors in the origin of isolated congenital cataracts. METHODS: The data set of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities, 1980-2002, contains 111 cases of isolated congenital cataract and 111 matched control pairs without the defect, 37,837 population controls without any defects, and 22,744 malformed controls with other nonocular abnormalities. Exposure data and family history are based on prospective medical records, retrospective maternal information, and information obtained by regional nurses during a home visit with nonrespondent mothers. RESULTS: A positive family history indicated an autosomal-dominant origin in 10% of cases. Rubella infections occurred more frequently in case mothers than in control mothers before vaccination against rubella virus was instituted. A higher prevalence of influenza or common cold during pregnancy was found in the case group (55.9%) than in the population control group (18.5%; adjusted odds ratios [ORs], 5.8; 95% confidence interval (CI), 4.0-8.4) or in the malformed control group (21.7%; adjusted OR, 4.7; 95% CI, 3.2-6.9). The prevalence of acute infectious diseases of the respiratory system during pregnancy was also higher in the case group (26.1%) than in the population control group (9.1%; adjusted OR, 3.8; 95% CI, 2.5-5.8), or the malformed control group (9.3%; adjusted OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 2.3-5.3). The higher risk for isolated congenital cataract in cases of mothers with influenza or common cold and acute infectious diseases of the respiratory system during pregnancy was not found after administration of antifever therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Some isolated congenital cataracts are preventable by rubella vaccination and probably by influenza vaccination in the epidemic period. In addition, our results suggest that using antifever therapy for fever-related respiratory diseases may restrict the teratogenic risk of hyperthermia.
Adult↗
Antiviral drugs 1983.
A number of antiviral compounds are currently available, and several others are of great interest. Trifluridine, idoxuridine, and vidarabine are effective topically in herpes simplex virus keratoconjunctivitis infection. Vidarabine (and presumably acyclovir) is effective in herpes simplex virus encephalitis and in herpes zoster infections in the immunocompromised host. Acyclovir is effective topically, orally, and intravenously in primary herpes genitalis, and the oral and intravenous forms are effective in recurrent herpes genitalis as well. Amantadine and rimantadine are effective prophylactically and therapeutically in influenza A infections. Ribavirin and interferon, although not licensed, are of great interest. Ribavirin may be useful in respiratory syncytial virus infections, and interferon may be of benefit in common colds and related disorders.
Acyclovir↗