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PubMed1999

[Risk factors for non communicable diseases: methods and global results of the CARMEN program basal survey].

BACKGROUND: In the last decades, chronic non communicable diseases are becoming the main cause of disability and mortality among adults. The risk factor surveillance and management is the most efficient mean of reducing the impact of these diseases. AIM: To report the results of a non communicable disease risk factor surveillance program in Valparaiso, Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A random samples of people aged 25 to 64 years old living in Valparaiso, Chile was studied. Subjects were questioned about smoking and physical activity habits. Blood pressure, height and weight were measured using standardized techniques at their homes and blood samples were obtained to measure serum lipid levels and oral glucose tolerance test at the nearest outpatient clinic. RESULTS: Of the initial 3852 homes selected, 752 individuals did no agree to answer the inquiry, therefore 3120 subjects were finally interviewed. Of these, 40.6% were smokers, 15% drank alcohol in two or more occasions per month, 84.6% were physically inactive, 19.7% had a body mass index over 30 kg/m2, 11.1% had high blood pressure, 3.9% were diabetic and 46.9% had high serum cholesterol levels. CONCLUSIONS: The basal survey for the CARMEN program shows a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among Chileans.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Influences of socio-demographic and social context risk factors on labor force aged mortality from communicable disease.

OBJECTIVE: Study the influences of socio-demographic and social context risk factors on labor force aged mortality from communicable disease. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A sample of 28,298 individuals were used to build a piece-wise exponential hazard model. Investigation of the cause of death used "verbal autopsy". RESULT: It was found that more males are likely to die than females (Exp. = 1.54, S.E. = 0.19). Mortality risk for those who work is lower than for the jobless while mortality risk for laborers is greater than for the jobless (Exp. = 2.80, S.E. = 0.54). Migrants are more likely to die than those who have not migrated (Exp. = 12.68, S.E. = 0.22). People who live in households with debt are more likely to die than those who live in debt-free households (Exp. = 1.21, S.E. = 0. 17). Environmental problems and drinking water quality have significant positive relationship with death due to communicable disease. CONCLUSION: A health prevention plan for individual, household, and community level for this labor force aged population needs to be provided.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Communicable diseases: a major burden of morbidity and mortality.

A brief overview of the present situation regarding some of the world's most important diseases is given. Particular mention is made of dengue, yellow fever, malaria and parasitic diseases. Vaccination is concluded to have a major role in combating these diseases.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1989

[Clinical studies on patients with legal communicable diseases encountered from 1981 to 1986].

Patients with legal communicable diseases admitted to Kawasaki Municipal Hospital between 1981 and 1986 were studied. Ages of patients were over 15 year-old. During this period 115 patients were admitted. Out of these patients 84 had Shigellosis, and 9 had amebiasis. Out of 20 Salmonellosis, 18 were due to Salmonella typhi and 2 were due to Salmonella paratyphi-A, respectively. Two were admitted because of Cholera. Out of the patients with Shigellosis, 27 were domestic and 57 were foreign infections, respectively. Most of patients were infected in South Asia or India and its neighbour countries. Shigella flexneri were mainly isolated from these patients. On the contrary, Shigella sonnei was the main causative organism of patients infected in Japan. Three amebiasis patients had liver abscesses with peritonitis, and 1 patient was a bisexual person. Out of Salmonellosis, 11 were patients with typhoid fever and 9 were carrier. One Cholera patient with severe diarrhea and acute renal failure was successfully treated and already reported elsewhere.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

A framework and toolkit for capturing the communicable disease programmes within health systems: tuberculosis control as an illustrative example.

The frameworks and methods used for analysis, monitoring and evaluation of communicable disease control vary greatly. Although a number of manuals exist instruments for a detailed analysis of wider health system context are lacking. This is surprising given that the success of vertical programmes is often determined by the constraints of health systems. The importance of the context and the health system in determining the successful implementation of national tuberculosis programmes is well recognized by the WHO, which recommends analysis of national tuberculosis programmes within the context of health care system, health reform and the economic status of the country. However, current approaches inadequately capture intelligence on the health systems variables impacting on programme efficacy, limiting the ability of policy makers to draw lessons for wider use. A recent WHO report highlights the major systemic constraints to DOTS implementation and recommends a comprehensive and multi-sectoral approach to tuberculosis control. This obviates the need for tools that take into account health systems issues as well as focusing on a particular vertical programme but no such comprehensive tool exists. This paper outlines the conceptual basis for a model and a toolkit for rapid assessment, monitoring, and evaluation of the context, the elements of the health system and vertical communicable disease programme. It describes the framework, the potential strengths and weaknesses, approach and piloting of the toolkit and its two elements: first for 'horizontal assessment' of the health system within which the programme is embedded and second for 'vertical assessment' of the infectious disease-specific programme.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The epidemiology and control of communicable diseases (in the outpatient setting).

The primary care practitioner is increasingly required to deal with challenging infectious disease problems. Today, management of many infectious diseases requires evaluating the patient and determining the appropriate treatment, as well as considering disease transmission and prevention issues. As risk factors for communicable disease transmission and prevention strategies are identified, healthcare providers may find themselves providing more complex patient care. The care of the patient diagnosed with an infectious disease may include prophylaxis for family contacts, collection of disease histories and immunity status for "exposed" office workers, and communicating with schools and child care, in addition to the treatment of the patient. This review of some of the most common infectious disease problems and the appropriate interventions should provide helpful information for primary care practitioners.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed2001

Improving the quality of communicable disease control: the example of meningococcal disease.

Improving the quality of health services is central to current attempts to reform the National Health Service. The main approaches to quality improvement in communicable disease control to date have been the development of practice guidelines and audit projects. Descriptions of the impact of quality initiatives in public health generally and communicable disease in particular have been limited, objective measures of quality are rare and few reports outline improvements that have been achieved in practice. We describe a project to develop a set of quality indicators for meningococcal disease control. A set of candidate indicators was developed and screened using standard approaches based on local consensus. We outline how they could be further tested and used to promote quality improvement.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed2004

Current status of communicable and non-communicable diseases in India.

India is going through a period of transition, both epidemiological and demographic transition. Infectious diseases are still persisting as major health problems in spite of having national programmes for the control of most of these diseases for almost half a century now. This paper focuses on two national programmes: the success story of the National Leprosy Eradication Programme; and the National Anti-Malaria Programme that has failed to achieve its objectives. There are re-emerging infectious diseases which are adding to the burden of diseases. In addition, there is an increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases as a result of lifestyle changes and urbanization. These are the challenges that are to be tackled in the new millennium.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

A new perspective on John Snow's communicable disease theory.

When John Snow undertook the studies of the cholera epidemic of 1854 in London, he was testing his theory of communicable disease, which had been enunciated in an oration delivered at the 80th anniversary of the Medical Society of London. Snow had been elected orator of the year for 1853 and, according to his biographer, had spent the better part of a year in preparation. The oration was titled, "On Continuous Molecular Changes, More Particularly in Their Relation to Epidemic Diseases." Although the text of this oration is readily available in the 1936 Commonwealth Fund facsimile reprint of Snow's more famous cholera studies, few modern epidemiologists are familiar with the work. In it, Snow lays out a theory which includes recognition that for each communicable disease there is a distinct and specific cause, that the causal agent is a living organism which is stable over many generations of propagation, that infection is necessary for communication to occur, and that the quantity of infectious material transmitted is increased by multiplication after infection to produce disease manifestations. Although Snow's theory is similar to Jacob Henle's formulations of a decade earlier, it is more precise, more comprehensive, and more explicit. On the basis of this work alone, Snow deserves broader recognition than he has received.

Cholera↗