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PubMed1991

Macular colour contrast sensitivity in ocular hypertension and glaucoma: evidence for two types of defect.

Colour contrast sensitivity (CCS) of a large cohort of glaucomatous patients, ocular hypertensive patients (OH), and normal persons was measured at six-month intervals during a two-year period. The OHs were graded into high, medium, and low risk groups. 69% of glaucomatous patients and 32% of all OHs had CCS thresholds greater than the mean plus 2 SDs of the controls. Satisfactory specificity and sensitivity could not be obtained by adjusting the criterion of threshold. In abnormal eyes, progressive small increases of threshold occurred during the study, but glaucomatous eyes with normal thresholds on the first visit retained normal thresholds in the subsequent visits. Although our system is very sensitive and precise, the proportion of abnormalities detected is no greater than with other techniques. In some glaucomatous patients there is a true preservation of colour vision which does not merely reflect the limitations of the test employed.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1992

Perimetric testing of tritan deficiency.

Three members of a family with dominantly inherited juvenile optic atrophy tested with a computerized perimeter employing violet and blue-green test lights and low-intensity white background, all showed larger reduction in the relative sensitivity to violet light in the more central parts of the visual field compared with the periphery within 30 degrees from the center. Two subjects had typical optic atrophy, centrocecal scotoma and lower than normal visual acuity. In 1 subject with good visual acuity of both eyes, no optic atrophy was observed but there was impairment in the luminosity function (tested with white test object on white background) of the peripheral visual field.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Escher in color space: individual-differences multidimensional scaling of color dissimilarities collected with a gestalt formation task.

The structure of color perception can be examined by collecting judgments about color dissimilarities. In the procedure used here, stimuli are presented three at a time on a computer monitor and the spontaneous grouping of most-similar stimuli into gestalts provides the dissimilarity comparisons. Analysis with multidimensional scaling allows such judgments to be pooled from a number of observers without obscuring the variations among them. The anomalous perceptions of color-deficient observers produce comparisons that are represented well by a geometric model of compressed individual color spaces, with different forms of deficiency distinguished by different directions of compression. The geometrical model is also capable of accommodating the normal spectrum of variation, so that there is greater variation in compression parameters between tests on normal subjects than in those between repeated tests on individual subjects. The method is sufficiently sensitive and the variations sufficiently large that they are not obscured by the use of a range of monitors, even under somewhat loosely controlled conditions.

Color Perception↗
PubMed2007

[Validity of a web-based color vision test for screening examinations of color vision].

BACKGROUND: With standardized examination conditions, a web-based color vision test using pseudoisochromatic color plates can deliver test results comparable to those yielded by conventional color vision tests. The aim of the study is to analyze to what extent a web-based color vision test can be used as a screening test on the internet after visual monitor calibration. METHODS: A German-language web-based color vision test with 25 pseudoisochromatic color plates based on the color plates of Velhagen and Broschmann and of Ishihara was developed, which can be seen at http://www.farbsehtest.de. Volunteers were recruited by means of specific information distributed on the internet, in various print media, and on the radio. RESULTS: Over a period of 12 months, 2,126 of the initial volunteers [541 women and 1,588 men; mean age 34.27 (+/-14.1) years] with a valid test result for 25 color plates performed the web-based color vision test, 1,700 (506 women and 1,194 men) of whom passed it. Of the 426 volunteers who did not pass the test, 32 were women and 394, men. Counter-testing was performed on 101 volunteers (34 women and 67 men) with a mean age of 36.74 (+/-11.6) years. CONCLUSIONS: The results recorded in the patients who underwent counter-testing suggest that, if handled correctly, the web-based color vision test can be used as a color vision screening test on the internet.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

[Trial and evaluation of a new test to examine color vision (author's transl)].

With the new Rodenstock color test disk it is possible to distinguish with 99% accuracy between deuteranopia and protanopia. In addition, the diagnosis is quantitatively correct (anomaly or anopia) in 92% of deuteranopia and 98% of protanopia cases. A special scheme for evaluation is presented. Special emphasis was placed on describing exactly the function of this new method of examining inherited color vision deficiencies. Only persons who were already known to have defective color vision were tested. Therefore, no conclusions can be drawn regarding the efficiency of detection of color vision deficiencies.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation of Kojima-Matsubara color vision test plates: validity in young children.

PURPOSE: We examined a pseudoisochromatic color plate test by Kojima and Matsubara for young children which uses drawings of familiar objects rather than letters or numbers. First, we evaluated the test's efficacy as a color deficiency screener and its validity in classifying the types of color deficiencies by comparing its results with those from the Moreland anomaloscope. Second, we eliminated the chromatic factor and evaluated the functional ability of young children to perform the task by determining how many correct responses were obtained using modified black/white replicas of the test plates. METHODS: Part 1: Twenty color-normal and 13 color-deficient adults were diagnosed and classified with the Ishihara test, Panel D-15 test, and anomaloscope. Subjects were then tested with the Kojima-Matsubara test and result were compared with those from the anomaloscope. Part 2: Fifty children aged 3 to 7 years were tested with modified black/white test plate replicas. The number of correct responses for each plate was determined for five different age groups. RESULTS: Part 1: Among the 20 color-normal subjects, 18 read all 10 plates correctly and 2 subjects missed 1 of the 10. Only 1 of the 13 color-deficient subjects exhibited the expected responses for plates 2 to 6 (used for color deficiency screening). The color-deficient subjects' responses for plates 7 to 10, which are used to classify red-green defects, were varied and only the protanomalous subjects (n = 2) followed the expected response pattern. Part 2: Of the 10 black/white modified plates, only 2 were correctly identified by all 50 children. The other plates had a recognition rate that ranged from 32 to 98%. CONCLUSIONS: Because the response patterns given by most of the color-deficient adult subjects were different from those in the test manual, ambiguous results would occur if the Kojima-Matsubara test were used for color vision screening or the diagnosis of color deficiency. In addition, the difficulty that many of the young children exhibited in identifying the objects in the black/white replica plates suggests that there would be a large number of false positive errors (classifying a color normal as color deficient) when using this test in young children.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Clinical colour vision tests.

The structure and function of the available and significant clinical colour vision tests are reviewed in the light of the needs in the clinical examination of congenital and acquired colour vision deficiencies. The tests are grouped and described as pseudo-isochromatic plates, arrangement tests, matching tests and vocational tests. The colorimetric constructions of the test types are described and the efficiency of their performance and usefulness discussed. Recommendations are made for basic and extended test batteries, when examining of congenital and acquired colour vision deficiencies in the consulting room.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed1991

Velhagen Pfügertrident pseudoisochromatic plates in screening congenital red-green vision defects.

Red-green colour vision defects were screened in a group of 425 trade school students using Velhagen Pflügertrident pseudoisochromatic plates. Thereafter, the students were examined with the Nagel anomaloscope. Of the 425 students, 31 (7.3%) were found to be colour defectives. Deuteranomalous defects were found in 4.9% of cases; deuteranopic defects, in 0.2%; and protanomalous defects, in 2.1%. There were no protanopic students in the study group. The Velhagen plates found 19 of the 31 defectives (sensitivity, 61.3%); none of the students with normal colour vision were suspected of being colour defectives (specificity, 100%). The sensitivity of the Velhagen plates is not as high as that of other pseudoisochromatic tests. However, the Velhagen Pflügertrident test is easy to use when screening of pre-school-aged children is needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Impairment of color vision in glaucoma].

The paper presents the results of the administration of simple tests (CUCVT and Ishihara plates) to 54 glaucomatous patients, in comparison with 23 non-glaucomatous individuals with arterial hypertension and other cardio-vascular diseases. We studied the glaucomatous patients in order to find out the value of CUCVT, recently introduced and scarcely used in Romania. We believe that the test is valuable and could be used preferentially in monitoring glaucoma.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

[Theoretical patterns of the panel D-15 test in congenital dichromatic color vision defects].

In order to study the theoretical patterns of the panel D-15 test for congenital dichromatic color vision defects, the spectral reflectance for the 16 color caps of the panel D-15 test was measured with a spectro-photometer. Then, the chromaticity-coordinates of each color cap were calculated using the spectral distribution of standard illuminant C. The theoretical patterns of the panel D-15 test for dichromats were obtained based on the confusion lines. For this procedure, the slope of the line between the color cap and the convergence point on the CIE chromaticity diagram was obtained first. Then, the order of the arrangement was decided starting with the slope having the smallest cap number and continuing progressively. For the chromaticity coordinates of the convergence points the following values were used; x = 0.7465, y = 0.2535 for protanopia, x = 1.08, y = -0.08, x = 1.40, y = -0.40, and x = 1.70, y = -0.70 for deuteranopia, and x = 0.171, y = 0.000 for tritanopia. The results show a very clear similarity between the orientation axis obtained by simulation and the actual data. Therefore, it was confirmed that dichromats arrange the color caps in the order of the slope of the line between the color cap and the convergence point, when performing the panel D-15 test. Furthermore, it was suggested that the patterns of the panel D-15 test differ by the convergence points among dichromats even of the same type.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1994

Solvents and color discrimination ability. Nonreplication of previous findings.

Previous research has shown exposure-related increases in the prevalence of acquired color vision deficits among printers. We administered the Lanthony D-15 desaturated test of color vision to 82 print shop workers. Two tests of cognitive function, Trails A and B and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test, were also administered. Personal air sampling indicated that current exposure to organic solvents was highest among printers and lowest among bindery workers. In contrast to previous studies, the age-adjusted quantitative Lanthony D-15 desaturated test error scores did not differ significantly between exposure groups, and the proportion of subjects with > or = 1 error was greater in the lower-exposure, rather than higher-exposure, groups (P = .03). Of note, the proportion of subjects with > or = 2 errors did not differ significantly between groups (P = .24). Cognitive tests showed no significant association with exposure. These results are discussed in the context of methodological issues related to lighting sources, reliability of test results, and establishment of criteria for identifying deficits.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Performance of red-green color deficient subjects on the Holmes-Wright lantern (Type A) in photopic viewing.

BACKGROUND: The Holmes-Wright lantern (Type A) is an approved occupational color vision test for airline pilots in the European Economic Community and for specific occupations in the British Armed Forces. The colors shown are red, green and white signal lights. HYPOTHESIS: The Holmes-Wright lantern is a sensitive screening test for red-green color deficiency in photopic viewing and the pass/fail level is similar to that of the Farnsworth Lantern (Falant) if the same scoring method is applied. METHOD: There were 138 color deficient subjects identified with the Ishihara plates and diagnosed with the Nagel anomaloscope, completed a color vision test battery which included three runs of the nine color pairs of the Holmes-Wright lantern at high brightness in normal room illumination. RESULTS: Screening sensitivity on a single error was found to be 97% compared with the Ishihara plates. Using the Falant scoring method, 20 subjects passed. These were 1 deuteranope, 2 protanomalous trichromats and 17 deuteranomalous trichromats (22% of 88 anomalous trichromats). The mean error score was greater for protans than for deutans but the mean number of qualitative error categories was smaller. Green/white confusions were the most frequent errors. It was not possible to predict who would pass the lantern test from other test results but all subjects with a Nagel anomaloscope matching range > 15 scale units who failed the Farnsworth D15 test or were grading as moderate/severe with the American Optical Company (Hardy, Rand and Rittler) plates failed. CONCLUSIONS: The Holmes-Wright lantern is a sensitive screening test for red-green color deficiency. Although a similar percentage of anomalous trichromats fail the Holmes-Wright lantern as fail the Falant, if the same scoring method is used, the superior correlation between the Holmes-Wright result and other color vision tests designed to grade the severity of color deficiency suggests that the two lantern results are not equivalent.

Adult↗