Barriers to achieving and maintaining the oral health of Hispanics: working with the community to develop a community-based oral health promotion program.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Attitude to Health↗
SEARCH · PubMed Health
Results for “Community Development”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Faculty development for community practitioners.
Developing the academic skills of the individuals who will serve as educators and role models in the community is critical to pediatric resident education in community settings. The main focus of any faculty development program must be on teaching, although for a subset of individuals, the development of research skills should also be a consideration. The three key elements that must be considered for an effective faculty development program include: (1) creating a culture of mutual respect between full-time and community faculty; (2) basing the program on sound principles of education theory, especially adult learning theory, using appropriately trained faculty; and (3) establishing ongoing institutional financial and philosophical support. Effectively addressing these elements should create a faculty development program that will help the community practitioner become an effective role model and practitioner- preceptor-educator.
Community Medicine↗
Effects of chlorpyrifos on field- and laboratory-developed estuarine benthic communities.
Macrobenthic animal communities, developed in sand-filled aquaria in the laboratory and in the field, were exposed to various concentrations of the insecticide chlorpyrifos, and effects on community structure were assessed. Laboratory communities were continuously exposed to the toxicant for 8 wk during colonization by planktonic larvae in unfiltered Santa Rosa Sound, Fla., seawater. Field communities were developed for 8 wk in aquaria placed in Santa Rosa Sound, then removed to the laboratory for exposure to chlorpyrifos for one week. Abundance of arthropods was significantly diminished (alpha = 0.05) by measured concentration of chlorpyrifos greater than or equal to 0.1 microgram/l in water in laboratory communities and by 5.9 microgram/l in water in field communities. Numbers of annelids and chordates in contaminated aquaria were not reduced by the highest concentrations of chlorpyrifos tested, 8.5 microgram/l in laboratory-colonized aquaria and 5.9 microgram/l in field-colonized aquaria. One species of annelid, Cistenides gouldii, was more abundant in field aquaria receiving 1.0 microgram/l or 5.9 microgram/l than in the control and lowest concentration. Molluscan larvae colonizing laboratory aquaria were sensitive to greater than or equal to 0.1 microgram/l; however, later developmental stages characterizing field aquaria were not sensitive to less than or equal to 5.9 microgram/l. Although only 20 of 78 animal species appeared in both laboratory and field communities, sensitivity of animals in these tests and in single species tests could be compared.
Animals↗
Community mental health teams: development in community care.
This article discusses research undertaken in an area of South Wales on the functioning of community mental health teams, which took place during the closure of two large psychiatric hospitals and the development of the Welsh Office strategy for mental illness. Key findings relate to the lack of clarity of the role of team coordinators, the absence of individual performance review systems, the diversities in referral systems and caseloads. An attempt was made to develop a performance matrix in relation to individual teams.
Community Mental Health Services↗
A model for community involvement in health (CIH) program development.
Community involvement in health (CIH), a central concept in health development, is a participatory approach to health care that is organized from the perspective of the recipient. Putting CIH into practice represents a learning experience for the community, the health professionals involved and those responsible for the national climate in which this change takes place. The CIH process was operationalized over a two-year period in a black township in South Africa. A community survey identified the health needs and capacities related to the elderly, their families and their support system. Community groups and individuals, in partnership with the researcher, prioritized the needs that had been identified and then implemented four programs related to those needs. A process model was developed that provided the structure for initiating and maintaining these programs. The model helped people who were new to the community organizing to focus on general principles. It was flexible so that programs could be interpreted and implemented in the context of local culture and resources. The model was functional in guiding community nurses, lay community members and employees in health-related programs through the process of starting new programs. This approach empowered participants to move beyond only hoping for change or being puzzled by its elusiveness.
Adult↗
Community experiments in action: developing community-defined models for reconfiguring health care delivery.
In the United States, health system change occurs as the interaction of politics and policies is played out and pushed forward by individuals and organizations taking action in their local communities and markets. This article provides context and descriptive information about a model of local health care reform that is being tested in twenty-five communities around the nation. We introduce a value-based model of community-responsive health system change, the Community Care Network (CCN) Vision. We briefly describe a national demonstration program that is testing this model between January 1996 and the end of 1998. We offer several ways of looking at the local and regional multisectoral partnerships that are attempting to demonstrate the CCN vision. We look at their composition, the kinds of actions in which they are engaged, several example challenges and responses to them, and we give several examples of schools becoming part of the health system of last resort. Finally, we present some early ideas on how the local actions described here may influence (and be influenced by) the political and policy contexts in which they occur.
Community Networks↗
The chronic patient: perspectives from the 29th Institute on Hospital & Community Psychiatry. Principles in developing a community support system [proceedings].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Chronic Disease↗
Nurturing grassroots initiatives for health and housing.
This article has discussed the need to support grassroots community development. Grassroots community development requires the development and maintenance of voluntary community organizations (e.g., block, neighborhood, and tenant associations). These organizations have proved effective in the social, physical, and economic development of a community. The challenge facing policy makers and strategists is to develop a system that supports a multitude of community initiatives. This article has discussed such an "enabling system" and structure, functions, and services required as part of this system. The challenge we face is to increase the problem-solving capacity of disenfranchised communities. One of the biggest barriers we face in this mission is the competition and lack of coordination among professional service organizations.
Community Participation↗
Small water and wastewater systems: pathways to sustainable development?
Globally we are faced with billions of people without access to safe water and adequate sanitation. These are generally located in developing communities. Even in developed communities the current large scale systems for supplying water, collecting wastewater and treating it are not environmentally sustainable, because it is difficult to close the cycle of water and nutrients. This paper discusses the advantages of small scale water and wastewater systems in overcoming the difficulties in providing water and wastewater systems in developing communities and in achieving sustainability in both developed and developing communities. Particular attention is given to technology and technology choice, even though technology alone does not provide the complete answer. Disadvantages of small scale systems and how they may be overcome are discussed.
Conservation of Natural Resources↗
Community youth development: learning the new story.
Community youth development is a challenging approach to youth work that focuses on the incorporation of new values at the practice, management, and community levels. This article explores the implementation of a community youth development approach within the context of learning organization theory, and describes the experiences of three youth-focused agencies making the transition to a community youth development approach.
Adolescent↗
Partnership for community health development.
A programme of community health development is reported from two villages in Haiti. It involves close cooperation between a district hospital, a local dispensary, and, most importantly, the inhabitants themselves. The programme is simple, financially realistic, adapted to local conditions, and linked to activities designed to meet basic requirements, such as those of food production and water supply.
Communicable Disease Control↗
Community coalition development projects for African American communities; notice of availability of funds. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Black or African American↗
Primary health care provision in terms of community need in South Africa.
In South Africa, early lessons in primary health care were lost to sight and have been rediscovered only recently. Priorities need to be reassessed in order to better allocate resources to community needs. Developing and developed communities require different primary care services. Simple and effective epidemiological methods should be used to gather information required for planning and evaluation of services. In developing communities, where there is a shortage of doctors, trained nurses operate local clinics with the help of community workers. Community participation and the cooperation of the traditional healers are necessary. Appropriate training of personnel for an effective role in public health care is essential.
Community Health Services↗
Underutilisation of oral rehydration in the treatment of gastroenteritis.
Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) has now been used successfully in many countries. The best indication of its effectiveness is a decrease in mortality, and this has been demonstrated in a number of studies in developing communities. In developed communities where mortality from acute diarrhoea is already low, ORT has been underutilised. Here, the general practitioner has a key role, and it is vitally important to appreciate that ORT is first-line treatment, with no place for drug therapy in most cases.
Child, Preschool↗
A blueprint for community benefit. A CHA-AAHA (Catholic Health Association-American Association of Homes for the Aging) document helps long-term care providers plan for and implement needed services.
A collaborative effort of the Catholic Health Association (CHA) and the American Association of Homes for the Aging, The Social Accountability Program: Continuing the Community Benefit Tradition of Not-for-Profit Homes and Services for the Aging helps long-term care organizations plan and report community benefit activities. The program takes long-term care providers through five sequential tasks: reaffirming commitment to the elderly and others in the community; developing a community service plan; developing and providing community services; reporting community services; and evaluating the community service role. To help organizations reaffirm commitment, the Social Accountability Program presents a process facilities can use to review their historical roots and purposes and evaluate whether current policies and procedures are consistent with the organizational philosophy. Once this step is completed, providers can develop a community service plan by identifying target populations and the services they need. For facilities developing and implementing such services, the program suggests ways of measuring and monitoring them for budgetary purposes. Once they have implemented services, not-for-profit healthcare organizations must account for their impact on the community. The Social Accountability Program lists elements to be included in community service reports. It also provides guidelines for evaluating these services' effectiveness and the organization's overall community benefit role.
Aged↗
Community-oriented medical education in Glasgow: developing a community diagnosis exercise.
OBJECTIVES: Recent NHS changes have included an increasing emphasis on primary care settings, and hence community needs assessment. This has led to suggestions that medical education should become more community-oriented if today's medical students are to become effective medical practitioners. Recent curriculum reforms in a number of medical schools frequently involve a more student-centred approach, which encourages students to learn by intellectual discovery and critical thinking. We describe one such exercise in community diagnosis that has been developed in Glasgow's new undergraduate medical curriculum. DESIGN: The exercise has been developed as three teaching sessions, each with specific learning objectives. The first session explores the strengths and weaknesses of routine statistics, and reveals the lack of information regarding individual's and community's health and health care needs. The second session is a community-based rapid participatory appraisal arranged by general practitioners. Students interview patients, carers, and local key informants and health care professionals about their perceptions of health and health needs. In the final campus-based session, students combine and present their findings. Development included two pilot exercises involving detailed evaluation. SETTING: University of Glasgow. SUBJECTS: Medical students. RESULTS: Students valued the contrasting perspectives and information provided by different sources. After completing the three sessions, most students and tutors considered it an interesting, enjoyable and educational experience. CONCLUSIONS: This innovative community-oriented teaching programme gave students some insight into how health, morbidity and mortality are measured, why these might vary between different communities, and how different community members' perspectives might differ regarding perceived health and social needs.
Curriculum↗
Strategies for community participation in developing countries.
Community participation has been hailed as the panacea for most community programmes. Community participation at high levels empowers communities, increases self-reliance, self-awareness and confidence in self-examination of problems and seeking solutions for them. Behavioural changes are promoted and utilisation and support of services is facilitated, which are of great importance to all community health efforts, especially in areas where the incidence of HIV/AIDS is high or increasing. The purpose of this article is to explore community participation strategies adopted in different countries for providing community health care services. Recommendations are provided for enhancing community participation in developing countries.
Africa↗
Community empowerment in rural health care.
The Healthy Communities 2000 mandate calls for public health leaders to involve community members in setting health priorities and implementing programs in response to the national health objectives for the year 2000 (American Public Health Association, 1991). This paper describes community involvement through a community empowerment nursing intervention and evaluates its application in a rural community. A community health nursing project (AHCPR, Grant No. HS06801) with three interventions, one of which was community empowerment, was designed to address the health needs of small, rural, underserved, primarily Mexican American communities in Arizona. Community empowerment in this project was based on the community-development approach to community organization, and involved community health nurses and lay health workers, called promotoras, who are key persons in community development. The implementation of two health fairs, one the result of the community-empowerment intervention, is described and evaluated in relation to community health. The community-empowerment intervention was based on community participation and responsibility, hallmarks of the second health fair, reflecting lay expertise and cooperation among various levels of the community. Successes and limitations of the health fairs provide feedback for developing a community-empowerment intervention.
Arizona↗