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PubMed1992

Pathogenesis of endometritis and salpingitis in a guinea pig model of chlamydial genital infection.

The development of tubal obstruction and subsequent infertility is a major sequelum of upper genital tract infection with Chlamydia trachomatis; however, little is known about the pathogenesis of the infection. In this investigation, the authors present a detailed study of the progression of ascending chlamydial infection in female guinea pigs resulting from intravaginal inoculation of the Chlamydia psittaci agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC). Isolation of chlamydiae from different tissues of the genital tract revealed definitive evidence for ascending infection that was not dose-related. By 7 days after infection, GPIC was isolated from the endometrium and oviducts of 78% of the animals. Pathologic changes analogous to those seen in human chlamydial disease, including polymorphonuclear, mononuclear, and plasma cell infiltration, were seen in the endometrium and oviducts, although not all isolation positive animals developed overt tubal disease. Long-term fibrosis, often in combination with hydrosalpinx, was noted in the mesosalpingeal tissue in 20% of the animals. Thus, the guinea pig:GPIC system represents a model for ascending chlamydial infection resulting from vaginal inoculation of normal guinea pigs that closely approximates the disease as seen in humans and can be used to study the pathogenesis of chlamydial genital infection.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prevalence of cervicovaginal infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis among female population of the city of Cuernavaca, Morelos].

The chlamydiae are a genetically diverse group of bacteria with a unique intracellular development cycle. The spectrum of clinical manifestations of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in the female includes cervicitis, acute urethral syndrome, pelvic inflammatory disease, salpingitis and the risk of exposure of infants born through an infected birth canal who may develop inclusion conjunctivitis and/or pneumonia. In order to determine the prevalence of cervicovaginal infections caused by C. trachomatis in female population in Cuernavaca, Morelos, we studied 2,407 sexually active women from a suburban area. Genital specimens were collected from each woman and cultured in McCoy cell monolayers. Detection of the bacteria was done by staining with fluorescein-conjugated monoclonal antibodies (Syva Microtrak, Palo Alto CA). 97 of them were culture-positive for C. trachomatis, with and overall prevalence of 4.02 per cent. The most important clinical symptom observed in 47 of the infected patients was an increased or altered vaginal discharge.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Oculogenital infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis].

C. trachomatis, the causative agent of hyperendemic trachoma and lymphogranuloma venereum, is also responsible of sexually transmitted infections. It is now recognized that genital chlamydial infections are the major cause of sexually transmitted diseases in Western industrialized countries, surpassing the importance of gonococcal infections. C. trachomatis, obligate intracellular parasite, enters the epithelial cells of genital mucosae and can reach, luminally, other organs of both female and male genital tract originating different clinical pictures. Vertical transmission of the microorganism from the infected mother to the newborn is of great importance. The infection takes place during delivery and can lead to disease in the newborn such as inclusion conjunctivitis and interstitial pneumonia. The present review deals mainly with clinical features and the most frequent complications of chlamydial infections. The identification of subjects at risk and the improvement of diagnostic techniques is of utmost importance since a prompt antibiotic treatment can eradicate the microorganism at least in uncomplicated infections, preventing the sequelae of the disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Chlamydiae. 2. Chlamydia trachomatis].

The Chlamydia trachomatis (C.t.) causes trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, lymphogranuloma venereum and it is the more frequent responsible of sexually transmitted infections; in fact, only in the United States, 3-4 million of people suffer from these infections each year. Besides, there are many secondary infections that may cause sterility in man and woman. Risk factors, for venereal infections owed to C.t., are related to the number of sexual partners, age, socioeconomics status and sexual preference. More frequently, the C.t. infects persons that begin sexual activity earlier, those who have many sexual partners and an higher level of education. The direct diagnosis for detecting C.t. can be performed with the citologic test, cell culture, direct immunofluorescence and enzyme immuno-assay. Although, the cell culture is the technique of choice, at present the immunofluorescence and enzyme immuno-assay are the methods preferred because of rapidity and esecution. The indirect diagnosis can be achieved by the complement fixation, indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme immuno-assay tests. In this case, excluding the complement fixation test not more reliable, the method of choice depends, above all, upon the kind of infection in progress. Tetracycline, erythromycin, rifampicin and cloramphenicol are considered the treatment of choice.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Chlamydia infections].

Chlamydia trachomatis is a pathogen with an intracellular developmental cycle. Sexually transmitted infection with serotypes D to K can lead to cervicitis, endometritis, salpingitis and urethritis, however, symptoms are commonly mild. Newborns of mothers with cervical infection or colonisation can acquire inclusion conjunctivitis and atypical pneumonia. An efficient prophylaxis is not available so far. Antimicrobial therapy should be initiated as soon as chlamydial infection is confirmed, e.g. with tetracyclines or erythromycin. Partner treatment is mandatory.

Chlamydia Infections↗
PubMed1987

Chlamydial infections in gynaecology and obstetrics.

Chlamydia trachomatis is a sexually transmitted intracellularly growing rod, causing cervicitis, endometritis, salpingitis and urethritis. Inclusion conjunctivitis and pneumonia are the sequelae of maternal cervicitis in newborns. In treatment tetracyclines and erythromycin are the drugs of choice.

Chlamydia Infections↗
PubMed1986

Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis using consecutive endocervical swabs. Prevalence in asymptomatic female adolescents and women attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic.

Chlamydia trachomatis is an organism commonly transmitted through sexual intercourse. In women it is associated with cervicitis, salpingitis, perihepatitis and infertility. Neonates born to infected women may have inclusion conjunctivitis and pneumonia due to this organism. Screening in obstetrics and in gynecology clinics is not usually performed routinely because of the cost and time involved in culturing the organism. A rapid enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit (Chlamydiazyme, Abbott Laboratories) that can detect C. trachomatis was developed recently. Women belonging to two different cohorts were studied to determine whether multiple endocervical samples increased the likelihood of a positive result from this EIA kit. One cohort consisted of 70 asymptomatic, sexually active female adolescents from a local family planning clinic. The second cohort included 80 women who were seen at a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic. Both groups were assayed for Chlamydia infections using the rapid EIA kit. Positive test results were found in 7 of the 70 asymptomatic teenagers (10%) and 12 of the 80 women from the STD clinic (15%). No significant differences were noted in the order of the positive swabs in either group, although more of the earlier swabs tended to be positive.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1973

Chlamydiae as agents of human and animal diseases.

A brief review is given of the properties, occurrence, and public health significance of chlamydiae in man and animals and of the diagnosis and control of chlamydial infections. Chlamydiae occur naturally in a large number of avian and mammalian species. Man is the primary host of chlamydiae causing trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, genito-urinary tract infection, and lymphogranuloma venereum. In animals chlamydial infections have been recognized as a cause of pneumonia, encephalitis, abortion, arthritis, diarrhoea, and conjunctivitis. Chlamydial infections have been recognized in a wide range of avian hosts. Sporadic psittacosis/ornithosis in man is associated with close exposure to birds and may occur as an occupational disease. Transmission studies suggest that mammalian chlamydial strains are not very host-specific and that diseases and even chains of infection may develop in secondary hosts. There are a few well-documented cases of human infection with chlamydiae of mammalian origin. Although various chlamydial isolates have specific antigenic components, no routine test for identifying different serotypes has been generally accepted. Further investigation of the host range of chlamydiae and of their antigenic properties is essential for a more accurate assessment of the potential danger of chlamydia-infected animals to human health. The frequent occurrence of inapparent or latent infections makes it imperative to establish adequate laboratory facilities for the effective surveillance and control of chlamydial infections.

Animals↗