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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources

PubMed1996

Why do infants begin to talk? Language as an unintended consequence.

Scholars have addressed a range of questions about language development, but for some reason have neglected to ask why infants begin to talk. Biologists often prefer 'how' to 'why' questions, but it is possible to ask about the immediate consequences of developing behaviours--an acceptable strategy for attacking causation--and psycholinguists can study the immediate consequences to the infant of behaviours that lead to linguistic competence. This process is demonstrated with a series of illustrative proposals as to the short- and long-term consequences of vocal learning and utterance storage, two developmental phases that lead to talking, as well as the act of talking itself. The goal is to encourage investigation of behavioural dispositions that nudge the child, by degrees, towards proficiency in the use of spoken language.

Child Language↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Complex emergencies: expected and unexpected consequences.

Complex emergencies emerged as a new type of disaster following the end of the Cold War, and have become increasingly common in recent years. Human activity including civil strife, war, and political repression often coexist with and contribute to natural phenomena such as famine. They frequently result in high mortality, population displacement, and the disruption of civil society and its infrastructure. This article reviews the context of recent complex emergencies, and their expected health consequences, such as diarrhea, measles, malnutrition and outbreaks of infectious disease, and the disruption of mechanisms of disease control and surveillance. However, the complex nature of these emergencies also may have unexpected consequences, such as hindering understanding of their causes or limiting the attention paid to them by the public. This paper discusses the context and consequences of complex emergencies from the health standpoint, and explores some of their unexpected effects.

Disasters↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Psychosocial causes and consequences of schizophrenia: opinions of Italians].

OBJECTIVE: Description of opinions on schizophrenia and its psychosocial consequences in a sample of general population. METHODS: The study has been carried out in 29 GP units stratified by geographic area and population density of their catchment areas and randomly selected. Each respondent was asked to read a case-vignette describing a patient who met ICD-10 criteria for schizophrenia, and then to fill the Questionnaire on the Opinions about Mental Illness--General Population's version (QO-GP). RESULTS: Data on 714 respondents were collected. 21% of the sample identified a case of schizophrenia, 66% of depression/anxiety disorder, and 13% of "nervous breakdown". Factors most frequently mentioned as causes of detected disorder were stress (72%), heredity (62%), family difficulties and psychological traumas (45%). More pessimistic opinions about psychosocial consequences of schizophrenia were found among respondents with lower educational level and older age. Respondents who referred the case-vignette to schizophrenia reported more pessimistic opinions about psychosocial consequences of detected disorder. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study outline the need to plan educational campaigns on mental illnesses, which take into account the socio-cultural characteristics of the target populations.

Attitude↗

PubMed2001

Beta 93 modified hemoglobin: kinetic and conformational consequences.

The reactive sulfhydryl on Cys beta93 in human adult hemoglobin (HbA) has been the focus of much attention. It has purported functional roles such as a transporter of nitric oxide and a detoxifier of super oxide. In addition, it has a proposed role in the allosteric mechanism. The present study addresses the functional and conformational consequences of modifying the beta93 sulfhydryl using either maleimide or disulfide-based reactions. The geminate and bimolecular recombination of CO derivatives of several different beta93-modified Hbs in both solution and sol-gel matrixes provide a window into functional modifications associated with both the R and T states of these proteins. Nanosecond time-resolved visible resonance Raman spectroscopy is used to probe conformational consequences associated with the proximal heme environment. The results show functional and conformational consequences that depend on the specific chemistry used to modify beta93. Maleimide-based modification show the most significant alterations of R-state properties including a consistent pattern of a reduced geminate yield and a loss of the favorable heme-proximal histidine interaction normally seen for liganded R-state HbA. A mechanism based on a displacement of the side chain of Tyr beta145 is explored as a basis for this effect as well as other situations where there is loss of the quaternary enhancement effect. The quaternary enhancement effect refers to the enhancement of ligand binding properties of the alphabeta dimers when they are associated into the R-state tetramer.

Carboxyhemoglobin↗

PubMed2003

Thermally reversible hydrogels via intramolecular folding and consequent self-assembly of a de novo designed peptide.

A small de novo designed peptide (MAX3) is described that exhibits complete thermoreversible self-assembly into a hydrogel network. Importantly, a prerequisite to hydrogelation is that the peptide must first fold into a conformation conducive to self-assembly. At ambient temperature, MAX3 is unfolded, resulting in a low viscosity aqueous solution. On increasing the temperature, the peptide undergoes a unimolecular folding event, affording an amphiphilic beta-hairpin that consequently self-assembles into a hydrogel network. Increasing the temperature serves to dehydrate the nonpolar residues of the unfolded peptide and trigger folding via hydrophobic collapse. Cooling the resultant hydrogel results in beta-hairpin unfolding and consequent complete dissolution of the hydrogel. The temperature at which folding and consequent self-assembly into a rigid hydrogel occur can be tuned by altering the hydrophobicity of the peptides.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1997

The consequence of peroxidase overexpression in transgenic plants on root growth and development.

Transgenic tobacco plants that overproduce the tobacco anionic peroxidase wilt upon reaching maturity, although having functional stomata and normal vascular anatomy and physiology. These plants were examined further to determine the cause for wilting, and thus better understand how the anionic peroxidase functions in plant growth and development. Shoots from young peroxidase overproducing plants were grafted onto wild-type tobacco root stock to determine if the roots could absorb and transmit sufficient water to maintain leaf turgidity. These grafted plants never wilted when grown in the greenhouse though shoot peroxidase activity remained ten-fold greater than in control plants, thus indicating that wilting is a consequence of peroxidase expression in the roots. Close examination of root systems revealed considerably less root mass in the transformed plant, primarily exhibited through a decrease in branching. At flowering, root growth rate and total root mass in transformed plants were less than 50% of control plants although shoot mass and growth rate were unchanged. This is in contrast to root growth in young seedlings where transformed plants performed equivalently to controls. Root hydraulic conductivity was measured to evaluate the effect of elevated peroxidase expression on water absorption and transport; however, no significant change in hydraulic conductivity was found in transformed plants. The consequence of anionic peroxidase overexpression on indoleacetic acid (IAA) metabolism was also examined. No significant difference in IAA levels was observed; however, root elongation in plants overexpressing peroxidase was insensitive to exogenous IAA. It can be concluded that the overexpression of the tobacco anionic peroxidase in transformed plants results in diminished root mass from fewer root branches, which contributes to the wilting phenomenon seen in these plants. Further, this developmental change in transformed plants may be a consequence of the metabolism of IAA by the anionic peroxidase.

Indoleacetic Acids↗

PubMed2002

The blood platelet as a model for regulating blood coagulation on cell surfaces and its consequences.

Platelets actively participate in regulating thrombin production following physical or chemical injury to blood vessels. Injury to blood vessels initiates activation of the large numbers of platelets that appear in the subendothelium where they become exposed to tissue factor and to molecules adhesive for platelets and normally found in the extracellular matrix. The complex of plasma factor VIIa with extravascular tissue factor both initiates and localizes thrombin production on platelets and on extravascular cells. Thrombin production at these sites in turn enhances platelet activation and the subsequent hemostatic plug formation to minimize bleeding. Thrombin production and platelet activation also initiate the process of wound healing requiring thrombin-dependent cell activation and platelet-dependent formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis). Activated platelets release from their storage granules several proteins and other factors that regulate local thrombin formation and the responses of blood vessel cells to injury to assure hemostasis and effective wound healing. Failure to localize and adequately regulate thrombin production and/or platelet activation can have pathological consequences, including the development and propagation of atherosclerosis and enhancement of tumor development. The primary basis for the pathological consequences of the failure to adequately regulate thrombin production is that the multi-functional thrombin activates several types of cells to initiate their mitogenesis. Mitogenesis precedes many of the undesirable consequences of poorly regulated thrombin production and platelet activation. In addition, activated platelets release a variety of products which influence the functions of several cell types to the extent that inadequate regulation of platelet activation (by excessive thrombin production) could contribute to the pathogenesis of acute and chronic arterial thrombosis and to tumor development. Activated platelets participate in tumor development by releasing several factors that positively (and negatively) regulate blood vessel formation.

Blood Coagulation↗

PubMed1996

Controlling ourselves, controlling our world. Psychology's role in understanding positive and negative consequences of seeking and gaining control.

This article begins by examining psychology's contributions to understanding the positive consequences of control for individual mental and physical health. Person-environment control mismatches and the negative personal, interpersonal, and societal consequences of seeking and having control are then discussed. As corrections to mismatches and negative consequences, three methods of analyses are provided. First, definitional and conceptual precision is offered, including a more careful matching of control-related interventions to multidimensional, individual-specific control profiles. Second, therapeutic assessment and interventions are placed within a biopsychosocial model of control. Finally, philosophy of science and paradigmatic issues underlying control theories are highlighted, particularly as they affect psychology's role in examining values toward which control efforts should be directed. These topics are important for people's personal and collective well-being.

Assertiveness↗

PubMed2002

I know you are, but what am I? Self-evaluative consequences of judging in-group and out-group members.

When judging another person, people often spontaneously compare this person with themselves. Six studies examined the self-evaluative consequences of such spontaneous comparisons with in-group versus out-group members. They demonstrate that spontaneous comparisons with in-group members primarily involved the activation of specific individuating knowledge about the self. In particular, knowledge indicating that the self is similar to the judged target was rendered accessible. As a consequence, subsequent self-evaluations that were based on the implications of accessible self-knowledge were assimilated toward in-group targets. Spontaneous comparisons with out-group members, however, primarily involved the activation of more general category knowledge about the self. Specifically, knowledge about judges' membership in a group that distinguished them from the target was rendered accessible. Consequently, self-evaluations were contrasted away from out-group targets.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Effects of alcohol intoxication on the perceived consequences of risk taking.

In 2 laboratory studies, the authors tested the hypothesis that intoxicated risk taking results from alcohol's effects on negative outcome expectancies. Young adults (N = 107) consumed alcohol or no alcohol and made ratings of the likelihood that negative and positive consequences would result from a variety of risky activities. Consistent with study hypotheses, participants rated negative consequences as less likely when they were intoxicated than when sober. Results were replicated in a second study (N = 88), which further showed that alcohol, rather than expectancy set, contributed to these reduced perceptions of risk. Findings provide the first experimental evidence that alcohol intoxication may contribute to risk-taking behavior be altering expectations about negative consequences.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Bad news transmission as a function of the definitiveness of consequences and the relationship between communicator and recipient.

There is ample evidence suggesting (e.g., A. Tesser & S. Rosen, 1975) that people are reluctant to transmit bad news. Research on rumors, on the other hand, suggests that people sometimes are less reluctant to transmit bad news. It is argued that differences between the 2 lines of research include the definitiveness of the consequences of the news and the relationship between communicator and recipient. The influence of these 2 factors on news transmission was investigated in 3 experiments. Results showed that bad news with indefinite consequences was transmitted more often than bad news with definite consequences and that both kinds of bad news were transmitted more often if the recipient was a friend rather than a stranger. Differences in feelings of moral responsibility to transmit the news largely accounted for both effects. The 2 factors did not affect the likelihood of good news transmission.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Long-term consequences of childhood physical abuse.

This article reviews the literature on the long-term consequences of childhood physical abuse. Empirical research is discussed within 7 topic areas: aggressive and violent behavior, nonviolent criminal behavior, substance abuse, self-injurious and suicidal behavior, emotional problems, interpersonal problems, and academic and vocational difficulties. The studies reviewed involve primarily adult populations, although pertinent findings from literature on children and adolescents are briefly summarized. Some variables that affect the relation between physical abuse and long-term consequences are examined. These moderator variables include maltreatment characteristics, individual factors, family factors, and environmental factors. The article ends with suggestions for future research on long-term consequences and variables that may affect these outcomes.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Comparison processes in social judgment: mechanisms and consequences.

This article proposes an informational perspective on comparison consequences in social judgment. It is argued that to understand the variable consequences of comparison, one has to examine what target knowledge is activated during the comparison process. These informational underpinnings are conceptualized in a selective accessibility model that distinguishes 2 fundamental comparison processes. Similarity testing selectively makes accessible knowledge indicating target-standard similarity, whereas dissimilarity testing selectively makes accessible knowledge indicating target-standard dissimilarity. These respective subsets of target knowledge build the basis for subsequent target evaluations, so that similarity testing typically leads to assimilation whereas dissimilarity testing typically leads to contrast. The model is proposed as a unifying conceptual framework that integrates diverse findings on comparison consequences in social judgment.

Decision Making↗

PubMed2004

Protective behavioral strategies when drinking alcohol and their relationship to negative alcohol-related consequences in college students.

Prior research has examined a number of individual characteristics (e.g., gender, family connectedness) that protect individuals from engaging in heavy drinking and experiencing negative alcohol-related consequences, but less is known about specific behavioral strategies that might also serve as protective factors. In this study, 556 undergraduate students completed the National College Health Assessment (American College Health Association, 2000) and answered questions regarding the use of specific protective behavioral strategies (PBS), alcohol consumption, and alcohol-related consequences. Results indicated that less frequent use of PBS was related to a greater likelihood of experiencing negative alcohol-related consequences, even after accounting for the effects of gender and alcohol consumption. These results suggest that PBS may be an important component of both prevention and treatment programs for college students.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Effect of the serotonin antagonist ketanserin on the hemodynamic and morphological consequences of thrombotic infarction.

The effect of the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist ketanserin on the remote hemodynamic consequences of thrombotic brain infarction was studied in rats. Treated rats received an injection of 1 mg/kg ketanserin 30 min before and 1 h following photochemically induced cortical infarction. Local CBF (LCBF) was assessed autoradiographically with [14C]iodoantipyrine 4 h following infarction, and chronic infarct size was documented at 5 days. Thrombotic infarction led to significant decreases in LCBF within noninfarcted cortical regions. For example, mean LCBF was decreased to 63, 55, and 65% of control (nontreated normal rats) in ipsilateral frontal, lateral, and auditory cortices, respectively. In rats treated with ketanserin, significant decreases in LCBF were not documented within remote cortical areas compared with controls. In contrast to these hemodynamic effects, morphological analysis of chronic infarct size demonstrated no differences in infarct volume between treated (27 +/- 3 mm3) and nontreated (27 +/- 6 mm3) rats. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that 5-HT is involved in the widespread hemodynamic consequences of experimentally induced thrombotic infarction. Remote hemodynamic consequences of acute infarction can be inhibited without altering final infarct size.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Segmental haplosufficiency: transmitted deletions of 2p12 include a pancreatic regeneration gene cluster and have no apparent phenotypic consequences.

Segmental aneuploidy usually has phenotypic consequences but unbalanced rearrangements without phenotypic consequences have also been reported. In particular, harmless deletions of G-dark bands 5p14 and 16q21 have each been found in more than one independent family. Here, we report two families that were ascertained at prenatal diagnosis and had similar overlapping deletions that removed most of the gene poor G-dark band 2p12. PCR mapping showed that the deletions had a minimum size of 6.1 and 6.9 Mb with at least 13 hemizygous loci including a cluster of six pancreatic islet-regenerating genes. These deletions had no apparent phenotypic consequences in eight family members. In contrast, a third family was ascertained through a child with Wilm's tumour; both the child and his mother had more proximal deletions, developmental delay and some dysmorphic features. The deletion had a minimum size of 5.7 Mb and extended into the gene-rich area of 2p11.2. These results are consistent with the idea that there may be segments of the genome that are consistently haplosufficient. The introduction of higher resolution methods of dosage analysis into diagnostic laboratories is already revealing more transmitted abnormalities of uncertain significance. As a result, published cases of transmitted imbalances have been collected as a guide to the possible significance of such findings in the future (see the 'Chromosome Anomaly Collection' at www.som.soton.ac.uk/research/geneticsdiv).

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Risks and consequences of childhood and adolescent obesity.

This report reviews the risks and consequences associated with childhood and adolescent obesity. Although no consensus definition of childhood obesity exists, the various measures encountered in the literature are moderately well correlated. The paper is organized in three parts. The first section reviews childhood obesity sequelae that occur during childhood. These short-term risks, for orthopedic, neurological, pulmonary, gasteroenterological, and endocrine conditions, although largely limited to severely overweight children, are becoming more common as the prevalence of severe overweight rises. The social burden of pediatric obesity, especially during middle childhood and adolescence, may have lasting effects on self-esteem, body image and economic mobility. The second section examines the intermediate consequences, such as the development of cardiovascular risk factors and persistence of obesity into adulthood. These mid-range effects of early obesity presage later adult disease and premature mortality. In the final section, the small body of research on the long-term morbidity and mortality associated with childhood obesity is reviewed. These studies suggest that risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality is elevated among those who were overweight during childhood. The high prevalence and dramatic secular trend toward increasing childhood obesity suggest that without aggressive approaches to prevention and treatment, the attendant health and social consequences will be both substantial and long-lasting.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Assessment of the aversive consequences of acute and chronic administration of the melanocortin agonist, MTII.

BACKGROUND: The synthetic melanocortin (MC) agonist, melanotan-II (MTII), reduces food intake and body weight for hours to days after administration. One early report on the effect of MTII suggested that part of its anorexic action may be mediated by aversive consequences. In that experiment, MTII was found to support a mild conditioned taste aversion (CTA). OBJECTIVE: The present experiments replicate and extend those findings in two additional CTA paradigms to further characterize the aversive effects of MTII in rats. METHODS: Experiment 1 simultaneously assessed the ability of MTII to support CTA and reduce food intake, using a small oral infusion of a novel taste as the conditioned stimulus. Experiment 2 assessed the aversive consequences of chronic MTII administration. To accomplish this, we paired implantation of lithium chloride (LiCl)-, MTII- or saline-containing osmotic minipumps with a constantly available novel flavor. After 7 days, rats received a choice test between the minipump-paired flavor and a previously available neutral flavor. RESULTS: Rats with saline minipumps exhibited no preference for either flavor. By contrast, rats in both the LiCl and MTII minipump groups significantly preferred the neutral flavor, indicating the development of a CTA. Additionally, CTA produced by administration of MTII was found to be more resistant to extinction than that produced by LiCl. CONCLUSIONS: The reduction in food intake caused by MTII is accompanied by aversive consequences regardless of route of administration. These results present difficulties for the development of MCs-based therapies for obesity.

Animals↗