[Pharmacognostical study on several Rauvolfia roots and their adulterants (author's transl)].
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China↗
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Results for “DRUG ADULTERATION”
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Dietary quinine has a nongustatory effect on food intake in rats.
Recent data suggests that quinine adulteration of rats' maintenance diets may suppress food intake by postingestional (i.e., pharmacological or toxicological) mechanisms. This possibility was tested by increasing rats' rates of drug excretion prior to presentation of quinine maintenance diets. This treatment increased consumption of 3 concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.4%) of quinine diet in 2 separate experiments. In a third experiment, the same treatment did not alter consumption of quinine water in a 2 bottle test, suggesting that the increased consumption of quinine adulterated food was not due to a generalized decrease in the gustatory aversiveness of quinine. The data directly support the idea that quinine has postingestional effects which account for at least part of the suppression of food intake seen with quinine adulterated diets. The data further suggest that at least some of these effects occur postabsorptively.
Animals↗
A Chinese herbal weight loss product adulterated with fenfluramine.
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Adult↗
[Simple method for detection of adulteration of human milk with cow milk].
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Animals↗
[Identification of tinglizi by derivative spectrum].
This paper reports a study on the application of derivative spectrum to the identification of tinglizi and its adulterants. The spectra of two normal species of tinglizi have been found identical, but those of six adulterants obviously different from the normal.
Drug Contamination↗
Metal contamination in illicit samples of heroin.
We analyzed 198 illicit heroin samples from Andalusia (southern Spain) to determine the contents of various metals (cadmium, calcium, copper, iron, manganese and zinc) with a view to investigating a new aspect of the drug purity and the conditions under which the drugs are used by addicts. Calcium was found in 93.4% of the samples and always at high concentrations, which can be ascribed to adulteration of the heroin by addicts with thinners and excipients containing salts of this metal such as calcium bicarbonate. Also, all samples were found to contain variable amounts of zinc and substantial amounts of iron, probably because it is the most common metal found in metal containers used in the extraction of morphine from the opium poppy. Only cadmium and, to a lesser extent, zinc, copper, and iron, are among the metals detected in heroin that can increase the inherent toxicity of the drug while always taking into account the maximum values.
Cadmium↗
[Botanical survey and quality evaluation of Chinese drug shiwei (folium Pyrrosiae)].
This paper deals with a botanical survey and identification of the Chinese drug Shiwei (Folium Pyrrosiae) on the basis of three most widely used species included in the 1985 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia, six species used in some districts of China, and two adulterant species. Three active constituents in seven species of Folium Pyrrosiae (mangiferin, isomangiferin and chlorogenic acid) have been determined.
Antiviral Agents↗
Authentication of Chinese crude drug, Gecko, by allele-specific diagnostic PCR.
Based on the sequences of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene fragment of 17 samples from Gekkonidae, Salamandridae, Agamidae and Hynobiidae, respectively, a pair of allele-specific primers was designed for differentiating the Chinese medicinal material Gecko from its adulterants by PCR. The results of amplification with the primers indicate that amplicons from the templates of Gekko gecko were clearly revealed by agarose gel electrophoresis, whereas no evident amplicons were found from other species. The primers were employed to identify crude drug samples from different sources. Among a total of 9 samples, 3 were diagnosed as genuine Gecko. This result is consistent with morphological identification and DNA sequence analyses.
Animals↗
Analysis of heroin drug seizures by Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography (MECC).
A rapid procedure using Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography (MECC) is presented for the quantitation of illicit heroin samples. This analytical system resolves heroin from accompanying impurities and adulterants enabling accurate quantitation via the use of an internal standard. An aqueous run buffer consisting of 40 mmol sodium dodecyl sulfate, 8.5 mmol sodium phosphate, 8.5 mmol sodium borate and 15% acetonitrile is used with a 27 cm x 50 microns fused silica capillary column. Linearity, accuracy and reproducibility studies of heroin using this method are established. Comparisons to a commonly used gas chromatographic method show excellent correlation. Due to its high resolution and speed, this MECC system also serves as a screening procedure to detect impurities and adulterants present in heroin samples. Relative migration times of various opiates and adulterants are reported. With minor exceptions, complete separation of numerous compounds is achieved within five minutes, including compounds that are difficult to analyze by gas chromatography such as morphine, O6-acetylmorphine, aspirin and salicylic acid.
Chromatography, Gas↗
Efficacy of choice testing to predict chronic ingestion of drinking solutions adulterated with chemicals.
The feasibility of using a measure of palatability in a 2-bottle choice paradigm to determine detriments in fluid intake when unpalatable solutions containing drugs or chemicals were provided as a sole source of fluid was examined. Palatability measures obtained from testing various concentrations of quinine with water in a two-bottle choice paradigm were compared with intake of these same solutions when they were the sole fluid source for 20 consecutive days. Mice were observed to significantly avoid quinine solutions at concentrations as low as 0.0001 mg/ml in a choice situation while fluid intake was reduced in a forced drinking situation only at a concentration of 0.1 mg/ml. Palatability altered forced fluid intake only when quinine solutions comprised 20% or less of total intake in a choice situation. This approach was successfully employed to predict whether various concentrations of halogenated hydrocarbons could be administered in a repetitive forced drinking situation without reducing total fluid intake of mice.
Animals↗
alpha-Benzyl-N-methylphenethylamine (BNMPA), an impurity of illicit methamphetamine synthesis: pharmacological evaluation and interaction with methamphetamine.
Methamphetamine is a popular drug of abuse, readily synthesized in clandestine laboratories. Illicitly obtained methamphetamine is frequently impure, containing various purposefully added diluents and adulterants, as well as impurities of manufacture and origin. Few impurities have been studied in vivo and limited information exists concerning their pharmacology/toxicology. One such impurity of manufacture is alpha-benzyl-N-methylphenethylamine (BNMPA). Acute toxicity and spontaneous activity (locomotor) studies were conducted with this compound alone and in combination with S(+)-methamphetamine (METH) in male, ICR mice. In the acute toxicity studies, BNMPA was evaluated for convulsant activity. While BNMPA also produced some behavioral disturbances similar to those seen with methamphetamine (e.g., stereotopy) at doses greater than 30 mg/kg, no tonic-clonic convulsions were noted until pre-terminal convulsion at 50 mg/kg. METH alone produced tonic-clonic convulsions at terminal doses of 70 mg/kg. When BNMPA was given in combination with METH, there was no readily apparent change in the convulsion profile from that of METH given alone. In spontaneous activity studies, doses of BNMPA ranging from 1 mg/kg to 50mg/kg failed to alter locomotor activity significantly from controls though 5 mg/kg METH alone significantly increased spontaneous activity. In addition, increases in spontaneous activity elicited by 5 mg/kg METH were not affected when METH was given with 5 mg/kg BNMPA. While BNMPA appears to have toxic effects in the central nervous system (CNS), the failure to affect locomotor activity or alter either METH-induced increases in spontaneous activity or METH-induced convulsions suggests that the two agents are producing their effects through distinct mechanisms.
Animals↗
Chronic aspirin ingestion improves spatial learning in adult and aged rats.
Epidemiological evidence suggests that nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may retard the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, we have chronically treated adult (4-5 months old) and aged (20+ months) rats with water adulterated with aspirin, and examined spatial learning in a swim maze. Adult rats (n=40) and aged rats (n=20) were divided into separate groups assigned to receive either normal drinking water or water with 2 mg/ml of aspirin dissolved in it. For 6 weeks, we monitored daily water and/or drug intake before testing all rats in a standard swim maze over an 8-day period. On average, each rat drank approximately 25 ml of water/day with no apparent control versus aspirin group differences. There was no effect of aspirin in young adult rats except during a visible platform trial where aspirin-treated rats performed better than controls. In contrast, aspirin markedly improved performance in the aged rats during hidden and visible platform trials. Such group differences abated by the eighth test day when all rats performed equally well. The improvements in performance were not correlated with changes in swim speeds indicating that the enhancement was not due to facilitated motor output. These data reveal that a modest, 6-week treatment regimen with aspirin in aged rats is sufficient to induce improvements in both speed of learning and strength of the learned response. We have yet to address the key question as to underlying physiological mechanism(s) that might underpin this augmented cognitive performance. Moreover, it would be useful to ascertain whether or not chronic NSAID treatment might reduce the extent of learning impairments in aged, cognitively impaired animals.
Age Factors↗
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol levels in street samples of marijuana and hashish: correlation to user reactions.
In a 6-year period, 435 alleged cannabis samples were accessioned by an urban street drug analysis program, and clinical histories were correlated with laboratory results. The most common reason for submission of a sample was suspicion of adulteration; however, such samples were usually unadulterated but had high potency as measured by delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol concentration. Adverse reactions occurring in nonadulterated samples were not associated with high potencies. The validity of cannabis products distributed illicitly and analyzed was over 94%. Exotic varieties were more potent than less expensive cannabis. The absolute amount of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol ranged from 1.5 to 144.9 mg.
Cannabis↗
Severe hepatic injury and adulterated Chinese medicines.
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Appetite Depressants↗
Simultaneous analysis of d-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan and l-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan by high pressure liquid chromatography equipped with PDA.
d-3-Methoxy-17-methylmorphinan (Dextromethorphan, DXM), which is a structural analog of morphine and codeine, has been widely used as a non-narcotic antitussive agent. It is a safe drug in therapeutic dose and does not produce analgesic effects, while its enantiomer, l-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan called levomethorphan (LXM) is a potent narcotic analgesic. DXM has been widely abused in Korea due to its hallucinogenic effect in large doses; therefore, the health authorities have regulated its use as a psychotropic agent since 2003. As its abuse has been serious, a possibility that DXM would be smuggled into Korea has also increased. Moreover, it has been suspected that there was the possibility of the adulteration or substitution of DXM with LXM due to their chemical similarities. Therefore, it was necessary for us to establish the enantiomeric separation of DXM and LXM. In this study, a liquid chromatographic method using a chiral column capable of separating stereoisomers of DXM as well as analyzing the major metabolites of DXM, 3-methoxymorphinan, 3-hydroxymorphinan, and 17-hydroxymethylmorphinan was developed. The validation of a method was studied through repeatability of retention times. Using this method, 32 confiscated DXM samples were analyzed to identify the enantiomers of DXM. As a result, DXM was detected in all samples and there was no evidence of the adulteration or substitution of DXM with LXM. Nevertheless, the stereochemical analysis of DXM and LXM is important not only to identify starting materials for illegal drug manufacture but also to understand the trends of abused drugs.
Journal Article↗
Putting an Ecstasy test kit to the test: harm reduction or harm induction?
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the DanceSafe Complete Adulterant Screening Kit for Ecstasy with regard to its accuracy in identifying 3,4-methylenedioxymeth-amphetamine (MDMA) and methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) derivatives and its ability to detect certain contaminants. METHODS: In part 1, 39 street-grade tablets purported to be MDMA were tested with the Marquis, Mecke, and Simon's reagents provided by the DanceSafe testing kit. The tablets then were submitted to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for identification of active ingredients. In part II, seven known drugs of abuse were tested with the Marquis, Mecke, and Simon's reagents. These drugs were codeine, dextromethorphan, dihydrocodeine, ketamine, MDMA, morphine, and d-norpropoxyphene. RESULTS: The Marquis, Mecke, and Simon's reagents did not differentiate pure MDMA from adulterated forms. They lacked both sensitivity and specificity for the purpose of MDMA identification when tested by persons unfamiliar with these reagents. Also, experienced toxicologists using this unfamiliar procedure generated false-positive results. CONCLUSIONS: Neither the Marquis, Mecke, nor Simon's reagents should be used by the public for harm reduction purposes. These agents do not help identify pure MDMA tablets. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry remains the most sensitive and specific testing method for identifying MDMA and its contaminants.
3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine↗
Workplace drug testing in Europe.
Not much information is available on workplace drug testing (WDT) in Europe. There is no specific legislation and there are no generally accepted guidelines. Many companies establish a drug policy with little or no provisions for drug testing. Often, testing is performed on-site by occupational physicians, with little or no quality control, no systematic confirmation of positives, no chain of custody and no adulteration testing. In some parts of Europe, e.g. in the United Kingdom and some Scandinavian countries, WDT is increasing in importance, but it is not as widespread as in USA. The most frequently performed tests are amphetamines, cannabinoids, cocaine, opiates and alcohol. The percentage of positives is variable, but seems to decrease with the years following the introduction of WDT. Cannabis is the drug that is most frequently found.Recently, the European Workplace Drug Testing Society (EWDTS) was founded, with the aims to ensure that WDT in Europe is performed to a defined quality standard and in a legally secured way and to provide an independent forum for all aspects of WDT.A working group in the United Kingdom has recently finalised the United Kingdom laboratory guidelines for legally defensible WDT and discussions are under way with the EWDTS to establish common guidelines. Many efforts will be needed to establish WDT as an accepted part of a company policy on drugs: establishing and maintaining the confidence in the results of the laboratory, establishing the legal status of WDT, preserving the privacy and rights of the employees, proving the cost-effectiveness of WDT in a European context, finding a balance between strict guidelines and enough flexibility to tailor testing to the changing needs. It is hoped that the exchange of experience between different countries will contribute to reaching these goals.
Europe↗
Clinical toxicity of cocaine adulterants.
Adulterants are found in all street samples of cocaine. They add an unappreciated dimension to the clinical toxicity of cocaine abuse. Identification of these adulterants is necessary to separate their effects from those of cocaine. The comprehensive toxic screen, which provides multiple modalities of drug analysis, will be a key diagnostic tool in the further investigation of these inherently toxic agents and their impact on syndromes of cocaine intoxication.
Anesthetics, Local↗