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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources

PubMed2006

Arginine vasopressin enhances periaqueductal gray synthesis and secretion of enkephalin and endorphin in the rat.

Previous study has proven that arginine vasopressin (AVP) enhances periaqueductal gray (PAG) secreting enkephalin and endorphin in vivo in the rat. Present work investigated that AVP effect on PAG secretion and synthesis of enkephalin and endorphin in vitro. Radioimmunoassy results showed that AVP increased leucine-enkephalin (L-Ek), methionine-enkephalin (M-Ek), beta-endorphin (beta-Ep) rather than dynorphin A(1-13) (DynA(1-13)) concentrations in PAG slice culture liquid, and V(2) receptor antagonist: d(CH(2))(5)[D-Ile(2), Ile(4), Ala(9)-NH(2)]AVP decreased L-Ek, M-Ek and beta-Ep, not DynA(1-13) concentrations in PAG slice culture liquid in a dose-dependent manner, but V(1) receptor antagonist: d(CH(2))(5)Tyr(Me)AVP did not change these peptide concentrations in PAG slice culture liquid. RT-PCR data displayed that AVP enhanced proenkephalin and proopiomelanocortin (Pro-beta-Ep) rather than prodynorphin mRNA expressions in culture PAG tissues, and V(2) receptor antagonist weakened proenkephalin and proopiomelanocortin (Pro-beta-Ep), not prodynorphin mRNA expressions in culture PAG tissues, but V(1) receptor antagonist did not influence these mRNA expressions in culture PAG tissues. The data suggest that AVP enhances PAG synthesizing and secreting enkephalin and endorphin rather than dynorphin through V(2) receptors.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Monolayer pattern evolution via substrate strain-mediated spinodal decomposition.

Investigations of octylsilane (C8H17SiH3) monolayer pattern formation on Au(111) are reported. Scanning tunneling microscopy data display the evolution of a approximately 6 nm scale pattern of interwoven features concomitant with ejection of surface Au atoms and relaxation of the Au(111) 23xsqrt[3] surface reconstruction. Numerical simulations suggest the surface dynamics are governed by a substrate strain-mediated spinodal decomposition mechanism, novel to organic monolayer formation. Collectively, the experimental and theoretical data indicate strain-inducing Si-Au bond interactions drive the pattern formation and the alkyl chains play a negligible role.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2002

Live streaming video for medical education: a laboratory model.

At the University of Kentucky (UK), we applied streaming video technology to develop a webcast model that will allow institutions to broadcast live and prerecorded surgeries, conferences, and courses in real time over networks (the Internet or an intranet). We successfully broadcast a prerecorded laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repair to domestic and international clients by using desktop computers equipped with off-the-shelf, streaming-enabled software and standard hardware and operating systems. A web-based user interface made accessing the educational material as simple as a mouse click and allowed clients to participate in the broadcast event via an embedded e-mail/chat module. Three client computers (two connected to the Internet and a third connected to the UK intranet) requested and displayed the surgical film by means of seven common network connection configurations. Significantly, no difference in image resolution was detected with the use of a connection speed faster than 128 kilobytes per second (kbps). At this connection speed, an average bandwidth of 32.7 kbps was used, and although a 15-second delay was experienced from the time of data request to data display, the surgical film streamed continuously from beginning to end at a mean rate of 14.4 frames per second (fps). The clients easily identified all anatomic structures in full color motion, clearly followed all steps of the surgical procedure, and successfully asked questions and made comments by using the e-mail/chat module while viewing the surgery. With minimal financial investment, we have created an interactive virtual classroom with the potential to attract a global audience. Our webcast model represents a simple and practical method for institutions to supplement undergraduate and graduate surgical education and offer continuing medical education credits in a way that is convenient for clients (surgeons, students, residents, others). In the future, physicians may access streaming webcast material wirelessly with hand-held computers, so that they will be freed from computer stations.

Computer Communication Networks↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Monitoring of polymorphonuclear leukocyte functions in diabetes mellitus--a comparative study of conventional radiometric function tests and low-light imaging systems.

In this study neutrophil (PMN) phagocytic capacity was investigated using a conventional radiometric ingestion assay (IN) in comparison with PMN respiratory burst activity assessed by luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence (LCL) in response to phorbolesters and LCL induction during phagocytosis of opsonized Staphylococcus aureus (STLCL) in diabetes mellitus and healthy controls. PMN ingestion was measured with 3H-thymidine-labelled S. aureus in a kinetic radiometric assay. LCL and STLCL were assessed in a parallel detecting microtitre-plate luminometer (MTP-Reader). PMN of diabetic subjects showed a highly significant reduction of peak LCL in response to PMA as well as during phagocytosis of S. aureus (STLCL) compared to non-diabetic controls (p < 0.001 respectively). PMN ingestion in diabetic patients (51.8 +/- 4.6%) was significantly reduced compared to controls (78.3 +/- 6.2%) (p < 0.01). The in vitro data displayed impaired PMN oxidative burst activity at glucose concentrations > or = 13.8 mmol/L, whereas PMN IN was significantly reduced at glucose levels > or = 27.75 mmol/L. The control group showed a positive correlation of peak LCL response and IN (p < 0.05) but not of STCL and IN; in diabetic patients this was also true, but did not reach statistical significance. The data obtained in this study clearly demonstrated impaired PMN respiratory burst activity and markedly reduced phagocytic PMN functions in diabetic patients ex vivo and in vitro as measured by LCL and by ingestion of 3H-thymidine-labelled S. aureus suggesting inhibitory effects of elevated glucose concentrations on various PMN-functions, which might be of clinical importance concerning altered host defence.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase activity in the paraventricular nucleus of the rat hypothalamus is modulated by estradiol.

Based on previous studies demonstrating that reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase (ND) activity is modulated by estradiol and the discovery of a new subtype of estrogen receptor highly expressed in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), a possible estrogen influence on this activity was investigated in the neuronal populations (magno- and parvicellular) of this nucleus. Cryostat sections were cut and processed for the histochemical detection of the ND activity. Following ovariectomy (14 days), numerical data displayed a slight decrease in the number of ND-neurons, especially in the posterior magnocellular and the medial parvicellular subdivisions, which was reversed after daily treatment with estradiol benzoate. Administration of estradiol benzoate to male rats (14 days) induced a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the number of ND-neurons, mainly at the level of the posterior magnocellular subdivision. These data indicate that paraventricular ND-neurons are influenced by estradiol.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

The star plot: an alternative display method for multivariate data in the analysis of food and drugs.

The star plot (SP) is a method of displaying multivariate data. It can be used to display data with more than two variables. Combined with principal component analysis (PCA), more than two PCs can be displayed in one plane. Different variants of this method are applied to an atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) data set and to three near infra-red (NIR) spectral data sets. The results show that SP offers an easy way of visualising the multivariate data for food and drugs in a plane, and it is able to help the analyst to identify and to detect different qualities of food and drug composition. Moreover, when an object is added or removed, the PC's must be computed all over again, which is not the case for the SP-plot. The application of SP to the examples presented in the text suggests that the SP approach can be applied as an alternative method for displaying multivariate chemometric data in place of PCA or, to improve visualisation of the results already obtained with PCA.

Bread↗

PubMed1993

Evidence of ex vivo and in vitro impaired neutrophil oxidative burst and phagocytic capacity in type 1 diabetes mellitus.

In this study neutrophil (PMN) oxidative burst activity was investigated ex vivo and in vitro in comparison to the PMN-phagocytic functions ingestion and bacterial killing in poorly-controlled type 1 diabetic patients. Luminol enhanced chemiluminescence in response to phorbolesters as a measure of oxidative burst was assessed in a parallel detecting microtiterplate luminometer in 40 poorly-controlled type 1 diabetic subjects. PMN ingestion was measured with [3H]thymidine-labelled Staphylococcus aureus in a kinetic radiometric assay. Microbicidal activity was determined by pure plate counting of surviving bacteria (colony forming units, cfu) after defined pmn challenge. PMNs of type 1 diabetic subjects showed a highly significant reduction of peak CL response in response to PMA compared to nondiabetic controls (P < 0.001) and PMN ingestion (51.8 +/- 4.6%) and bacterial killing (28.6 +/- 3.2%) were reduced as well (78.2 +/- 5.2% (IN) and 18.4 +/- 4.1% (BK), P < 0.01, respectively). The in vitro data displayed impaired PMN oxidative burst activity at glucose concentrations > or = 13.8 mmol/l whereas PMN IN and BK were significantly reduced at glucose levels > or = 27.75 mmol/l. In the control group there was a positive correlation of peak CL response and IN as well as BK (P < 0.05); in type 1 diabetic patients this was also true, but did not reach statistical significance. The data obtained in this study clearly demonstrated impaired PMN oxidative burst activity and markedly reduced ingestion and bacterial killing in type 1 diabetic patients ex vivo and in vitro.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗

PubMed2025

ZIPcnv: accurate and efficient inference of copy number variations from shallow whole-genome sequencing.

MOTIVATION: Shallow whole-genome sequencing (sWGS), a rapid and cost-effective sequencing technology, has gradually been widely adopted for CNV analyses. However, with genome‑wide coverage of only 0.1-5×, sWGS data display a pronounced zero‑inflation phenomenon-a large fraction of loci has zero sequencing reads. Zero inflation causes read counts to fluctuate by several‑fold between adjacent windows. As a result, random upward blips in coverage can be misinterpreted as copy‑number gains (false positives), and true deletions often become indistinguishable from pervasive zero‑coverage noise. In addition, existing CNV detection tools developed for sWGS data often struggle to adapt across different CNV sizes. These combined effects severely constrain the accuracy of CNV inference. RESULTS: To address above challenges, we propose ZIPcnv, a novel CNV detection tool specifically designed for sWGS data. First, we apply a segment sliding window to smooth the raw read depth signal, which transforms the original zero-inflated statistical characteristics into approximately normal distribution characteristics. We then design a statistical process model that robustly detects persistent shifts under high background noise using a cumulative sum strategy, classifying genomic regions into candidate and non-candidate CNV regions. Finally, dynamic sliding windows are used for one-pass detection of CNVs of varying lengths, with window size adapting to the CNV region size. We evaluated the performance of ZIPcnv on simulated data and 190 real whole-genome sequencing samples. Experimental results show that ZIPcnv consistently outperforms currently popular CNV detection tools. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: The ZIPcnv source code is freely available at https://github.com/Nevermore233/ZIPcnv.

DNA Copy Number Variations↗

PubMed1998

Multiple line source array for SPECT transmission scans: simulation, phantom and patient studies.

UNLABELLED: Accurate attenuation and scatter corrections in quantitative SPECT studies require attenuation maps of the density distribution in the scanned object. These can be obtained from simultaneous emission/transmission scans. METHODS: A new method has been developed using a multiple line source array (MLA) for transmission scans, and its performance has been investigated using computer simulations and experimental data. The activity in the central lines of the MLA was higher than at the edges of the system, so that more transmission photons would be directed toward the thicker parts of the human body. A series of transmission-only and simultaneous emission/transmission studies were performed for different phantom configurations and human subjects. Attenuation maps were generated and used in reconstruction of attenuation-corrected emission images. RESULTS: The mu coefficients for attenuation maps obtained using the MLA system and simulated and experimental data display no artifacts and are qualitatively and quantitatively correct. For phantoms, the agreement between the measured and the true value of mu for water was found to be better than 4%. The attenuation-corrected emission images for the phantom studies demonstrate that the activity in the heart can be accurately reconstructed. A significant qualitative improvement was also obtained when the attenuation correction was used on patient data. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the MLA transmission source can be used in simultaneous transmission/emission imaging to generate accurate attenuation maps. These maps allow for performing an object-specific, attenuation correction of the emission images.

Computer Simulation↗

PubMed2005

Role of repolarization restitution in the development of coarse and fine atrial fibrillation in the isolated canine right atria.

INTRODUCTION: Although the role of action potential duration restitution (APD-R) in the initiation and maintenance of ventricular fibrillation (VF) has been the subject of numerous investigations, its role in the generation of atrial fibrillation (AF) is less well studied. The cellular and ionic basis for coarse versus fine AF is not well delineated. METHODS AND RESULTS: We measured APD-R during acetylcholine-mediated AF as well as during pacing (standard and dynamic protocols) in crista teriminalis, pectinate muscle, superior vena cava, and appendage of isolated canine arterially perfused right atria (n = 15). Transmembrane action potential (TAP), pseudo-ECG, and isometric tension development were simultaneously recorded. Acetylcholine flattened APD-R measured by both standard and dynamic protocols, but promoted induction of AF. AF was initially coarse, converting to fine within 3-15 minutes of AF. Coarse, but not fine AF was associated with dramatic fluctuations in tension development, reflecting wide variations in intracellular calcium activity ([Ca(2+)](i)). During coarse AF, APD-R data displayed a cloud-like distribution pattern, with a wide range of maximum APD-R slope (from 1.21 to 0.35). A maximum APD-R slope >1 was observed only in crista terminalis (3/10). The APD-R relationship was relatively linear and flat during fine AF. Reduction of [Ca(2+)](i) was associated with fine AF whereas augmentation of [Ca(2+)](i) with coarse AF. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that while APD-R may have a limited role in the maintenance of coarse AF, it is unlikely to contribute to the maintenance of fine AF and that [Ca(2+)](i) dynamics determine the degree to which AF is coarse or fine.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed1993

The structure of the carbohydrate backbone of the core-lipid-A region of the lipopolysaccharide from Vibrio cholerae strain H11 (non-O1).

Lipopolysaccharide from Vibrio cholerae strain H11 (non-O1) was de-O-acylated, dephosphorylated, reduced, de-N-acylated, N-acetylated, and the products were separated by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAE). A decasaccharide, 1, was isolated as the major product, representing the core oligosaccharide attached to the reduced GlcN-disaccharide lipid A backbone. Its structure was established by compositional and methylation analyses, and extensive NMR investigations including 1H,1H correlation spectroscopy (COSY), total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY), and nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (NOESY), as well as heteronuclear 13C,1H COSY. In another reaction sequence the lipopolysaccharide was hydrolysed with dilute acetic acid and reduced with NaBH4. The resulting core fractions were separated by HPAE giving seven individual octasaccharides differing at the reducing 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo) residue. A major product, 2, was isolated and investigated by the same methods as described for the decasaccharide 1. The following structures are proposed for compounds 1 and 2: alpha-D-GlcNAcp-(1-7)-[beta-D-Galp-(1-3)-]-alpha-Hepp-(1-2)- alpha-Hepp- (1-3)-[beta-D-Glcp-(1-4)-]- [alpha-D-Glcp-(1-6)-]-alpha-Hepp-(1-5)-R, where R is alpha-Kdop-(2-6)-beta-D-GlcNAcp-(1-6)-D-GlcNAcol in 1 and 4,8-anhydro-Kdool in 2, and Hep is L-glycero-D-manno-heptose. In lipopolysaccharide, the terminal residue of alpha-D-glucosamine possessed a free amino group, as proved by deamination with nitrous acid and the 1H-NMR spectrum of de-O-acylated lipopolysaccharide. The conformational preferences of the terminal core heptasaccharide was assessed by Monte Carlo simulations combined with restrained calculations of side chains based on experimentally determined proton-coupling constants. These calculations, confirmed by NOE data, displayed several long-range interactions, which resulted in a well-defined three-dimensional structure of the core oligosaccharide.

Carbohydrate Conformation↗

PubMed2025

DescribePROT Database of Residue-Level Protein Structure and Function Annotations.

DescribePROT is a freely available online database of structural and functional descriptors of proteins at the amino acid level. It provides access to 13 diverse descriptors that include sequence conservation, putative secondary structure, solvent accessibility, intrinsic disorder, and signal peptides, and putative annotations of residues that interact with proteins, peptides and nucleic acids. These data can be used to elucidate protein functions, to support efforts to develop therapeutics, and to develop and evaluate future predictors of protein structure and function. DescribePROT includes 7.8 billion predictions for 1.4 million proteins from 83 complete proteomes of popular model organisms. This information can be downloaded at multiple levels of scope (entire database, specific organisms, and individual proteins) and can be interacted with using a graphical interface that simultaneously displays data on multiple descriptors. We describe the contents of this resource, provide directions on how to use its interface, and offer instructions on how to obtain and interact with the underlying data. Moreover, we briefly discuss plans for a future expansion of this database. DescribePROT is available at http://biomine.cs.vcu.edu/servers/DESCRIBEPROT/ .

Databases, Protein↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Real time signal processing in the clinical setting.

We routinely use a variety of real time signal acquisition, enhancement, and display techniques in the operating room to provide the surgeon with functional information. This enables reduction of surgical morbidity in cases which present a significant risk to the nervous system. Here we present regression based signal processing algorithms which produce considerable signal-to-noise-ratio enhancement with corresponding reduction in the time required to obtain an interpretable neurophysiological signal. We also present the approach we have applied to fault tolerance and distributed data display for our workstation cluster environment.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1996

An approach to the assessment of therapeutic drug interactions with fixed combination drug products.

Several complex clinical and statistical issues are involved in the development of a combination drug product. The medical rationale for the combination, the intended clinical use, drug-drug interactions, and dose response are just a few of the considerations. The factorial design is a useful experimental model for evaluating combination therapies. This paper outlines some of the considerations involved in the use of this design in the study of combination drugs. Questions related to design and methods of analysis are discussed in general and through use of an example. Such a design was applied to study the combination of a vasodilator with a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension. The sample size derivation, the evaluation of "interaction," the use of ANOVA versus regression techniques, and methods of data display are reviewed. It is recognized that although these are complex issues, substantially more information per patient can be obtained than with standard parallel-design approaches. The design could be an especially powerful tool early in the development of a drug.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗

PubMed2000

Changes in mRNA abundance within Heterodera schachtii-infected roots of Arabidopsis thaliana.

Gene expression changes in plant roots infected by plant-parasitic cyst nematodes are involved in the formation of nematode feeding sites. We analyzed mRNA abundance changes within roots of Arabidopsis thaliana during the early compatible interaction with Heterodera schachtii, the sugarbeet cyst nematode. Approximately 1,600 root sections, each containing a single parasitic nematode and its feeding site, and 1,600 adjacent, nematode-free root sections were excised from aseptic A. thaliana cultures 3 to 4 days after inoculation with H. schachtii. These tissue samples were termed infected and uninfected, respectively. Preparasitic nematodes were added to the uninfected tissue sample to maintain the nematode to plant tissue proportion. mRNA extracted from these two tissue samples was subjected to differential display analysis. Thirty-six cDNA clones corresponding to mRNA species with different abundance between both tissue samples were isolated. Of these clones, 24 were of A. thaliana origin and 12 were from H. schachtii. Differential display data predicted that the A. thaliana cDNA clones corresponded to 13 transcripts that were more abundant in the infected root sections and 11 transcripts that were more abundant in the uninfected root sections. H. schachtii cDNA clones were predicted to correspond to four transcripts that were more abundant in parasitic nematodes and to eight transcripts that were more abundant in preparasitic nematodes. In situ hybridization experiments confirmed the mRNA abundance changes in A. thaliana roots predicted by the differential display analyses for two A. thaliana clones.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Graze: a program to analyze recordings of the jaw movements of ruminants.

Graze is a user friendly, Microsoft Windows 95/NT program for analyzing jaw movement recordings taken with the IGER Behavior Recorder. The program displays a plot of the jaw movement amplitude (vertical axis) against time (horizontal axis). Individual jaw movements can be automatically identified, using amplitude and frequency criteria specified by the user. Bouts of jaw movements can then be analyzed and are automatically identified as either grazing or ruminating. Behaviors other than grazing and ruminating (such as drinking or eating supplements) can also be identified and marked by the user. Identified jaw movements and bouts of behavior are superimposed on the jaw data display. Finally, the user can perform a bout analysis, which discriminates between bites and chews during eating and generates a summary file.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Graphical displays of growth data.

An informative and visually pleasing way of displaying growth information on groups of children is presented. The technique allows for simultaneous comparisons of subgroups of children from a particular survey or study with international growth standards and with other subgroups within the study or the survey. The technique consists of showing, in the form of a boxplot, the median, 5th, 25th, 75th, and 95th percentiles of the distribution of growth parameters. These are characteristics little affected by extreme or deviant values. The plots also show the upper and lower extremes and the mean value of the distribution. Boxplots representing age-specific distributions may be shown on a single graph using the abscissa labeled as the "age" axis. Anthropometric indices for different groups of children may then be compared with one another for specific age intervals and over time. This graphical method also enables establishing local anthropometric norms without the considerable expense and difficulty of generating local growth standards.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1998

GAIA: framework annotation of genomic sequence.

As increasing amounts of genomic sequence from many organisms become available, and as DNA sequences become a primary reagent in biologic investigations, the role of annotation as a prospective guide for laboratory experiments will expand rapidly. Here we describe a process of high-throughput, reliable annotation, called framework annotation, which is designed to provide a foundation for initial biologic characterization of previously unexamined sequence. To examine this concept in practice, we have constructed Genome Annotation and Information Analysis (GAIA), a prototype software architecture that implements several elements important for framework annotation. The center of GAIA consists of an annotation database and the associated data management subsystem that forms the software bus along which other components communicate. The schema for this database defines three principal concepts: (1) Entries, consisting of sequence and associated historical data; (2) Features, comprising information of biologic interest; and (3) Experiments, describing the evidence that supports Features. The database permits tracking of annotation results over time, as well as assessment of the reliability of particular results. New framework annotation is produced by CARTA, a set of autonomous sensors that perform automatic analyses and assert results into the annotation database. These results are available via a Web-based query interface that uses graphical Java applets as well as text-based HTML pages to display data at different levels of resolution and permit interactive exploration of annotation. We present results for initial application of framework annotation to a set of test sequences, demonstrating its effectiveness in providing a starting point for biologic investigation, and discuss ways in which the current prototype can be improved. The prototype is available for public use and comment at http://www.cbil.upenn.edu/gaia.

Amino Acid Sequence↗