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PubMed2006

Social complexity can drive vocal complexity: group size influences vocal information in Carolina chickadees.

One hypothesis to explain variation in vocal communication in animal species is that the complexity of the social group influences the group's vocal complexity. This social-complexity hypothesis for communication is also central to recent arguments regarding the origins of human language, but experimental tests of the hypothesis are lacking. This study investigated whether group size, a fundamental component of social complexity, influences the complexity of a call functioning in the social organization of Carolina chickadees, Poecile carolinensis. In unmanipulated field settings, calls of individuals in larger groups had greater complexity (more information) than calls of individuals in smaller groups. In aviary settings manipulating group size, individuals in larger groups used calls with greater complexity than individuals in smaller groups. These results indicate that social complexity can influence communicative complexity in this species.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The interplay between climate variability and density dependence in the population viability of Chinook salmon.

The viability of populations is influenced by driving forces such as density dependence and climate variability, but most population viability analyses (PVAs) ignore these factors because of data limitations. Additionally, simplified PVAs produce limited measures of population viability such as annual population growth rate (lamda) or extinction risk. Here we developed a "mechanistic" PVA of threatened Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in which, based on 40 years of detailed data, we related freshwater recruitment of juveniles to density of spawners, and third-year survival in the ocean to monthly indices of broad-scale ocean and climate conditions. Including climate variability in the model produced important effects: estimated population viability was very sensitive to assumptions of future climate conditions and the autocorrelation contained in the climate signal increased mean population abundance while increasing probability of quasi extinction. Because of the presence of density dependence in the model, however we could not distinguish among alternative climate scenarios through mean lamda values, emphasizing the importance of considering multiple measures to elucidate population viability. Our sensitivity analyses demonstrated that the importance of particular parameters varied across models and depended on which viability measure was the response variable. The density-dependent parameter associated with freshwater recruitment was consistently the most important, regardless of viability measure, suggesting that increasing juvenile carrying capacity is important for recovery.

Animals↗
PubMed1970

The effect of duodenal and mid small bowel transection on the frequency gradient of the pacesetter potential in the canine small intestine.

1. The effect of surgical transection and reunion of the small bowel on its pacesetter potenial (PP) frequency gradient was studied over periods of 3 months in six conscious, healthy dogs, using fourteen platinum electrodes previously implanted along the bowel.2. Duodenal transection and reunion abolished the gradient of the pacesetter potential distal to the transection and this effect persisted throughout 3 months of observation.3. In dogs with two transections, one in the duodenum and another in the mid small bowel, the mid small bowel transection and reunion further reduced the frequency of the PP caudad to it and this effect also persisted throughout the 3 months of observation.4. We conclude that the gradient in intact bowel occurs because the frequency of the duodenal pace-maker is considerably more rapid than the natural frequency of the PP in the rest of the bowel, and because the bowel is composed of collections or populations of smooth muscle cells with differing natural or intrinsic PP frequencies arranged in a progression of diminishing frequencies from orad to caudad location. The natural frequency of a segment is unmasked by transection of the bowel just orad to it because this eliminates the influence or drive of the orad pace-maker. The findings are in agreement with the concept that in intact bowel, as the PP passes caudadward, distal populations of cells are eventually encountered which cannot follow the faster orad pacesetter because of the slowness of their natural frequency. Thus, during caudad passage, some cycles of the PP are not transmitted and this, occurring over the length of the bowel, accounts in part, at least, for the gradient of frequency of PP over the small bowel.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1993

Synchrony between breathing and shivering in three muscles of bantam hens exposed to cold eggs.

Unrestrained, incubating bantam hens (Gallus domesticus) were exposed to cold, water-perfused eggs to induce shivering. Mean rectified electromyogram (EMG activity) was recorded from the iliotibialis, gastrocnemius, and pectoralis muscles, together with breathing and O2 consumption. EMG activity in all three muscles varied in synchrony with breathing, as confirmed by spectral analysis. The highest shivering intensity occurred during end expiration. This synchrony was also present when respiratory frequency was increased by hypercapnic/hypoxic stimuli and tended to improve with increasing respiratory frequency and tidal volume. The absolute modulation of shivering intensity remained relatively constant with increasing average intensity, indicating that breathing-modulated motor units are activated first. In the less active pectoralis muscle, all activity was modulated. Modulation is probably not restricted to one type of muscle fiber because it occurs in both predominantly red hindquarter muscles and the white pectoralis muscle. It is tentatively suggested that respiratory drive-related influence from the brain stem has a synchronizing effect on spinal cord activity. A bursting activity pattern may be more favorable for muscle circulation than a tonic discharge pattern.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Influence of reduced carotid body drive during sustained hypoxia on hypoxic depression of ventilation in humans.

To evaluate whether the intact hypoxic drive from the carotid bodies during sustained hypoxia is required for the generation of hypoxic depression of ventilation (VE), 16 volunteers were exposed to two consecutive periods of isocapnic hypoxia (first period 20 min; second period 5 min; end-tidal PO2 45 Torr) separated by 6 min of normoxia. In study A, saline was given. In study B, 3 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 i.v. dopamine (DA), a carotid body inhibitor, was given during the first hypoxic exposure followed by saline during normoxia and the second hypoxic exposure. In study C, 20 min of normoxia with DA preceded 6 min of normoxia and 5 min of hypoxia without DA. The first peak hypoxic VE (PHV) in study A was approximately 100% above normoxic VE. After 20 min of hypoxia, VE declined to 60% above normoxic VE. The second PHV in study A was only 60% of the first PHV. We relate this delayed recovery from hypoxia to "ongoing" effects of hypoxic depression. During DA infusion, the changes in VE due to sustained hypoxia were insignificant (study B). The second PHV in study B was not different from the PHV after air breathing in studies A and C. This indicates that the recovery from sustained hypoxia with a suppressed carotid body drive was complete within 6 min. Our results show that despite central hypoxia the absence of ventilatory changes during 20 min of isocapnic hypoxia due to intravenous DA prevented the generation of central hypoxic depression and the depression of a subsequent hypoxic response.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Son and father.

I have traced in my deliberations the mutual influence of drive and ego development throughout the male child's dyadic and triadic father relatedness as it proceeds within a changing soma and social surround during the first two decades of life. I have made the effort to conceptualize the normal developmental progression in male personality formation with explicit reference to the fate of the boy's dyadic father relationship as well as his negative Oedipus complex in general. These considerations, restricted as they are in scope and gender, assign to the dyadic father complex a nuclear role in neurosogenesis as well as recognize in it an etiological factor in relation to specific forms of psychopathology throughout the male life cycle.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Does the type of exposure to a roadside sobriety checkpoint influence driver perceptions regarding drunk driving?

OBJECTIVES: To determine if the type of exposure to roadside sobriety checkpoints is related to vulnerability of being stopped by the police for drinking and driving. METHODS: Random household telephone surveys were conducted over 3 years. RESULTS: Personally exposed drivers had lower perceptions of vulnerability than did drivers who knew a family member who had been stopped. Exposed drivers who also had a family member and an acquaintance that had been stopped had higher perceptions of vulnerability. CONCLUSIONS: Direct exposure to a checkpoint appears to lower perceptions of risk than if one has had only indirect exposure (ie, family or friends).

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1976

[Studies on the pharmacodynamics and compatibility of the local anesthetic carticain].

Two local anesthetics were compared with a placebo with regard to subjective tolerance and influence on driving capacity in a double blind test in eight male probands. Neither performance, the ability to respond, reactivity, nor fine motor coordination were reduced or impaired five to sixty minutes after a submucous injection of 3.6 ml of the local anesthetics tested. There were no changes of self-evaluation in the sense of a changed active-passive polarity.

Anesthesia, Dental↗
PubMed2001

Validity of double- and single-leg vertical jumps as tests of leg extensor muscle function.

The purpose of this research was to determine if 5 weeks of resistance training for the shoulder and hip flexor muscles produces improvements in vertical jumping (VJ) performance. Twenty-eight men were assessed on tests of shoulder power, leg extensor muscle function, and VJ performance using jumps performed from a standing position, a 3-stride run-up, and double- and single-leg takeoffs. A shoulder and hip flexor training group (n = 14) improved significantly more than a nontraining control group (n = 12) in shoulder power and 2 VJ performance tests, but not in the tests of leg extensor muscle function. It was concluded that the arm swing and free-leg drive significantly influence VJ performance and, therefore, VJ tests are not valid for assessment of leg extensor muscle function.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Assessment and counseling of older drivers. A guide for primary care physicians.

Despite the proliferation of motor vehicles and the increase in number of miles traveled in this country during the past century, motor vehicle safety has improved. The annual death rate has declined dramatically since it was first measured in 1925. However, motor vehicle accidents remain the leading cause of injury death in children and young and middle-aged adults and the third leading cause of years of potential life lost prior to age 65, behind cancer and heart disease. There are some regional and vehicular factors, with higher motor vehicle death rates in the southeast and in scattered western states. The highest rates of vehicular fatalities are in the youngest and oldest drivers, their passengers, and in all who drive under the influence of alcohol or as a passenger in a car driven by someone under the influence. Medical conditions may also compromise driving ability and/or increase fatality rate in adults of all ages. These conditions and situations, particularly as applied to older adults, are presented here.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2004

[Risk factors for asthma in children in Lódź region].

UNLABELLED: The incidence of asthma and other allergic diseases continues to increase. In addition to genetic factors, environmental influences are thought to play an important role. The aim of this study was to identify factors that influence and drive the atopic march from atopic sensitization to asthma in children from Lódź. METHODS: 800 atopic children, aged 5-18 years, were included to our study. Parents filled in questionnaires and gave interviews about their children's diseases. 405 (43%) children have diagnosis of asthma. RESULTS: A significant association was observed between asthma and male sex, parents' history of atopy, parental highest school grade, maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal chronic disease (especially chronic renal diseases), maternal allergen-sensitizing diet during breast-feeding, increased exposure to indoor humidity and moulds. Similar effect was seen for episodes of wheeze occurring in the first 3 years of life as followed: wheezing during an airway infection, wheezing not connected with respiratory tract infection, wheezing not related with physical exercise. Child's daycare attendance (nursery school) was associated with decreased risk of asthma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

[Mechanical stress of newborn infants caused by incubator transport].

Newborn babies transported in an incubator are obviously exposed to considerable mechanical vibrations. We measured these vibrations with the aim to improve these conditions. The vibrations measured on transportation by R.T.W. ambulance (Daimler-Benz 508 with an "anti-vibration platform") are almost tolerable; however on the K.T.W. ambulance (Volkswagen Type 2) the registered vertical accelerations were much greater and gave an unacceptable level of gravitational forces. Small constructive corrections to the stretcher and the connection between stretcher and incubator lead to a marked decrease in peak acceleration and the value of effective acceleration. We also found that it is of great importance to drive smoothly and that the vibrations are more pronounced with hasty driving. The influence of these vibrations as a possible co-factor in the pathogenesis of intracranial haemorrhage is discussed.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1977

[Studies on the muscle meat quality of swine. 3. Significance of meat temperature with special reference to transport forms].

Pork temperatures of M. longissimus were recorded from 1,010 pigs transported in different ways 45 minutes post mortem, with the following results having been obtained: 1. Following conventional transport, pork values were significantly higher than they had been following container transport (37.8 degrees C or 36.8 degrees C). 2. Pork values were clearly influenced by driving into the slaughterhouse, high ambient temperatures, and additional environment-borne effects prevalent on the day of slaughter. Genetic configurations, transport, and rest periods, on the other hand, proved of minor importance. 3. Pork temperature was found to be unsuitable for any characterisation of pork quality, since only unimportant correlations existed with juice retention and colour brightness, and secured relationships were found to exist merely with the pH-value. 4. Changes in rectal temperature and respiratory frequency following conventional transport were slightly stronger than those following container transport. Both of them were normalised after one or two hours and are well suitable for an assessment of preceding transport stress.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1997

[Kleptomania: phenomenological, clinical and legal aspects].

Kleptomania is currently classified in psychiatric nomenclature as one of the impulse control disorders (DSM-IV, 1994). It is characterized by repeated failure to resist impulses to steal objects, not for personal use or monetary gain. The objects are therefore discarded, given away, or hoarded (ICD-10, 1992). This disorder is known since the early 18th century from the phenomenological and clinical viewpoints, yet is still debated with regard to therapeutic strategies and criminal liability. Although there are usually complications associated with the legal consequences of being caught and arrested, subjects continue to violate the law despite repeated arrests and convictions. In a 28-year old man suffering from kleptomania, years of psychodynamic psychotherapy were ineffective. Only when he was treated as suffering from an impulse control disorder or a variant of obsessive-compulsive disorder, was there significant improvement. The positive response to buspirone (5-HT1A) augmentation of fluvoxamine (SSRI) suggested that disturbed central serotonergic neurotransmission might play an important role in the pathogenesis of kleptomania. This concept is strengthened by the comorbidity of the syndrome with depression and by its compulsive traits. We stress that although kleptomaniacs cannot differentiate between right and wrong, testing shows that their sense of reality is intact, but they act under the influence of drives they cannot resist.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The influence of age and gender on the driving patterns of older adults.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of age and gender on the driving patterns of 300 older adults. Odds of driving less than every day increased significantly with age and female gender. However, no differences were found in the reduction of overall driving. Females were more likely than men to have stopped or reduced driving under certain adverse conditions and for elective purposes. The driving patterns of today's cohort of older females suggest that the gender gap may be narrowing. Social and cultural issues such as security, safety, and identity with driving may explain existing gender differences.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2007

Adolescent passengers of drunk drivers: a multi-level exploration into the inequities of risk and safety.

AIMS: This study determined the individual-, neighbourhood- and provincial-level effects of rural residence, socio-economic status (SES), substance use and driving behaviours on adolescents' riding with a drunk driver (RDD). DESIGN: Multi-level study based on cross-sectional self-reported anonymous data from the Student Drug Use Survey in the Atlantic Provinces (SDUSAP) and Census Canada data, merged on the postal code of participating schools. The sample design of the SDUSAP was a single-stage cluster sample of randomly selected classes stratified by grade and region. SETTING: The Atlantic provinces of Canada. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 12 990 students in junior and senior high schools, with an average age of 15 years, participated in the 2002 SDUSAP. MEASUREMENTS: The outcome variable was past-year RDD. The main individual-level independent variables were SES, rural residence, substance use and driving behaviours. The school-neighbourhood independent variables were the prevalence of heavy episodic drinking, driving under the influence of alcohol, driver's licence, highest level of educational attainment and low income. FINDINGS: The prevalence of RDD was 23.3% in 2002. Among students in grades 9-12, lower family SES, rural residence, substance use and driving under the influence were found to be independent individual-level risk factors for RDD; having a driver's licence was found to be protective. At the provincial and school-neighbourhood levels, a high prevalence of driving under the influence of alcohol and low educational attainment were found to be independent risk factors for RDD after taking into account individual characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that inequities exist in the options for adolescents to be ensured of passenger safety, and that interventions aimed at decreasing the extent to which adolescents engage in riding with a drunk driver should be based on conceptual approaches that recognize ecological factors as well as individual-level susceptibility.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2006

[Effects of oral cannabis and dronabinol on driving capacity].

Two retrospective epidemiologic studies have shown that cannabis is the main psychoactive substance detected in the blood of drivers suspected of driving under the influence of psychotropic drugs. An oral administration double-blind crossover study was carried out with eight healthy male subjects, aged 22 to 30 years, all occasional cannabis smokers. Three treatments and one placebo were administered to all participants at a two week interval: 20 mg dronabinol, 16.5 mg D9-tétrahydrocannabinol (THC) and 45.7 mg THC as a cannabis milk decoction. Participants were asked to report the subjective drug effects and their willingness to drive under various circumstances on a visual analog scale. Clinical observations, a psychomotor test and a tracking test on a driving simulator were also carried out. Compared to cannabis smoking, THC, 11-OH-THC and THC-COOH blood concentrations remained low through the whole study (<13.1 ng THC/mL,<24.7 ng 11-OH-THC/mL and<99.9 ng THC-COOH/mL). Two subjects experienced deep anxiety symptoms suggesting that this unwanted side-effect may occur when driving under the influence of cannabis or when driving and smoking a joint. No clear association could be found between these adverse reactions and a susceptibility gene to propensity to anxiety and psychotic symptoms (genetic polymorphism of the catechol-O-methyltransferase). The questionnaires have shown that the willingness to drive was lower when the drivers were assigned an insignificant task and was higher when the mission was of crucial importance. The subjects were aware of the effects of cannabis and their performances on the road sign and tracking test were greatly impaired, especially after ingestion of the strongest dose. The Cannabis Influence Factor (CIF) which relies on the molar ratio of active and inactive cannabinoids in blood provided a good estimate of the fitness to drive.

Adult↗