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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Selenium, the thyroid, and the endocrine system.

Recent identification of new selenocysteine-containing proteins has revealed relationships between the two trace elements selenium (Se) and iodine and the hormone network. Several selenoproteins participate in the protection of thyrocytes from damage by H(2)O(2) produced for thyroid hormone biosynthesis. Iodothyronine deiodinases are selenoproteins contributing to systemic or local thyroid hormone homeostasis. The Se content in endocrine tissues (thyroid, adrenals, pituitary, testes, ovary) is higher than in many other organs. Nutritional Se depletion results in retention, whereas Se repletion is followed by a rapid accumulation of Se in endocrine tissues, reproductive organs, and the brain. Selenoproteins such as thioredoxin reductases constitute the link between the Se metabolism and the regulation of transcription by redox sensitive ligand-modulated nuclear hormone receptors. Hormones and growth factors regulate the expression of selenoproteins and, conversely, Se supply modulates hormone actions. Selenoproteins are involved in bone metabolism as well as functions of the endocrine pancreas and adrenal glands. Furthermore, spermatogenesis depends on adequate Se supply, whereas Se excess may impair ovarian function. Comparative analysis of the genomes of several life forms reveals that higher mammals contain a limited number of identical genes encoding newly detected selenocysteine-containing proteins.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

A local pancreatic renin-angiotensin system: endocrine and exocrine roles.

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is classically characterized as a circulating hormonal system primarily through the production of the physiologically active product angiotensin II (Ang II) that plays a crucial role in the regulation of blood pressure, fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. In addition to this circulating RAS, numerous tissues and organs have been recently demonstrated to exhibit their own RAS products and activities. Such an intrinsic RAS can modulate the specific local functions of their respective tissues and organs, frequently in a paracrine and autocrine manner. Recent findings from our laboratories and others have made a significant contribution on the expression, localization, regulation, and potential role of a local RAS in the pancreas. Although, it is quite intriguing that components of the local pancreatic RAS are responsive to various physiological and pathophysiological conditions, the crucial role of this system in regulating the exocrine and endocrine functions and ultimately the clinical relevance to pancreatic disease is still largely equivocal. Of particular interest in this context are the actions of pancreatic RAS on the growth, anti-proliferation and free radical generation in the pancreas. The aims of the current article focus on the emerging data on the local pancreatic RAS; its involvement in exocrine acinar and endocrine islet aspects, and the clinical significance in the pancreas are particularly addressed. The target for the local pancreatic RAS may provide a new insight into future management of various clinical conditions including islet transplants, diabetes mellitus, pancreatic cancer, pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed2003

[Diagnosis and therapy of diseases of the endocrine system: new trends in nuclear medicine].

Diagnosis and therapy of endocrine disorders in nuclear medicine has been improved through the implementation of new techniques especially with positron emission tomography (PET). In modern concepts of parathyroid gland surgery an exact anatomic localisation of adenomas is necessary, which may be achieved with MIBI-Scintigraphy being the most sensitive method in primary hyperparathyroidism. The optimal access to localise adenomas is the investigation with combined SPECT/X-CT systems. The use of such systems for diagnosing neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal system may also be helpful. For neoplasms of the adrenal gland PET systems could be used to differentiate between benign and malignant entities or to detect primary tumours. In case of incidentalomas J131-Norcholesterol and MIGB-scintigraphy has been proven helpful. Indications for nuclear medicine studies to detect abnormalities of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal system are established rarely.

Endocrine System Diseases↗
PubMed1984

The effects of alcohol on the endocrine system.

Male hypogonadism is the best documented endocrine effect of chronic alcoholism. A reversible clinical syndrome resembling Cushing's syndrome has also recently been described in some chronic alcoholics. The pituitary-thyroid axis is relatively resistant to the effects of ethanol, although mild abnormalities in various thyroid tests are frequently noted in the presence of alcoholic liver disease.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1983

Gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) endocrine system of the flatfish, Paralichtys olivaceus: an immunocytochemical study.

The localization of the gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) endocrine cells in the flatfish, Paralichtys olivaceus was examined using immunocytochemical methods. The Brockmann body of the flatfish included a large principal islet and a smaller islet. Three types of endocrine cells, i.e., insulin-, glucagon- and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were found in both islets. Pancreatic polypeptide (PP)-immunoreactive cells were restricted to the periphery of the smaller islet. In the digestive tract, somatostatin cells occurred only in the stomach. The pyloric appendages contained cells reactive simultaneously to cholecystokinin (CCK) antiserum and to gastrin antiserum, whereas the middle portion of the intestine contained cells reactive only to the CCK antiserum. The intestinal endocrine cells showing N-terminal glucagon-immunoreactivity were also reactive to a glicentin antiserum.

Animals↗