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Results for “Environmental behavior”

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PubMed2005

Barriers to children walking to or from school--United States, 2004.

Walking for transportation is part of an active lifestyle that is associated with decreased risks for heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, and colon cancer and an increased sense of well being. However, the percentage of trips made by walking has declined over time among both children and adults. One of the objectives of Healthy People 2010 (no. 22-14b) is to increase among children and adolescents the proportion of trips to school made by walking from 31% to 50%. In 1969, approximately half of all schoolchildren walked or bicycled to or from school, and 87% of those living within 1 mile of school walked or bicycled. Today, fewer than 15% of children and adolescents use active modes of transportation. This report examines data from the 2004 ConsumerStyles Survey and a follow-up recontact survey to describe what parents report as barriers to their children aged 5-18 years walking to or from school. Distance to school was the most commonly reported barrier, followed by traffic-related danger. Comprehensive initiatives that include behavioral, environmental, and policy strategies are needed to address these barriers to increase the percentage of children who walk to school.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

[Uptake HTO from seawater by seashell and formative dynamics of bound tritium in seashell].

Uptake HTO from seawater by five kinds seashell and formative dynamics of bound tritium in organ of seashell are studied by using the isotope-tracer techniques in order to get a better understanding of the marine environmental behavior of HTO. The results show that the tritium in seashell exists in free water tritium and bound tritium form. The free water tritium is main form; its content observed was more than 97.4% of total tritium. The bound tritium content was very lower, only being 0.4% - 2.6% in total tritium. The speed of HTO untaken by seashell is very rapid, specific activity of HTO in three kinds seashell had reached their maximum only 2 h after treatment. The bound tritium in seashell increases slowly with time. The results of analysis of concentration factor (CF) values indicate that HTO would not concentrate in the seashell.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Pathogenesis and management of cancer-related insomnia.

Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder reported by cancer patients. Oncologists have noticed that alterations in sleep patterns are endemic among their patients, yet sleep problems are rarely assessed in a typical patient evaluation. Other concerns, such as morbidity and mortality, appear to take precedence. The cause of chronic sleep difficulties is multifaceted and up until recently, little attention has been given to the potential factors associated with the pathogenesis of cancer-related insomnia. The unique contributions of psychologic, medical, treatment side effects, environmental, behavioral, and pharmaceutical pathways on cancer-related insomnia cannot be ignored. This paper explores an overview of the incidence and severity of sleep disturbance in cancer patients, a review of the mechanisms of sleep, and the potential factors associated with the pathogenesis of cancer-related insomnia. Nurses, physicians, and other healthcare providers are in a unique position to greatly improve the quality of sleep in cancer patients. Cancer patients face many challenges; sleep problems do not have to be one of the necessary consequences associated with the cancer experience.

Behavior Therapy↗

PubMed2004

Do obese children become obese adults: childhood predictors of adult disease.

Obesity is a multifactorial disorder influenced by genetic, behavioral, environmental and cultural factors. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in young people is increasing rapidly in both the developed and developing world and are considered today as a global epidemic. Recent studies show that obesity in adult life is heralded at birth and factors such as birth weight, adiposity rebound, socioeconomic status, early maturation and genetic predisposition may have a significant effect on the propensity to develop obesity in adulthood. Avoidance of accelerated weight gain in children should be investigated as a toll of adult obesity prevention.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

[Contents and distribution characteristics of heavy metals in water and sediment of intertidalite].

ICP-MS analytical technology was used to analyze the concentration of 13 heavy metals in surface water, pore water in sediment, suspended particulate matter, and sediment of intertidalite of Tianjin. Results show that both total amount and single concentration of heavy metals vary greatly in different media, the biggest and smallest values differ by 4 or 7 magnitudes. While the variation coefficients of the contents of total metals or single metal in the same medium are less than 0.3 and 0.5 respectively except for the pore water. The average concentration of total dissolved heavy metals is 41.2 microg x L(-1), while total contents of heavy metals in original water, pore water, sediment and suspended particles are 62.7 microg x L(-1), 112.7 microg x L(-1), 262.3 mg x L(-1) and 345.0 mg x L(-1) respectively, they are similar to inland natural river but higher then those of ocean. The composition of heavy metals in different media varied greatly, metals prone to dissolve such as Mo account for more than 20% in water, but metals uneasy to dissolve mainly exist in sediment and suspended particles and absorbed by particles. Typical heavy metals, such as Zn, Cu, Pb and Cr, account for 40% - 50% in water and 50% - 80% in other media. The similarity in distribution mode of heavy metals in intertidalite and terrestrial soil suggest that they are originated from terrestrial soil that is contiguity to the sea. Notable correlativity can be seen between concentrations of all heavy metals except for Mo in sediment, which can explain the similarity of their environmental behavior, but only wake correlation between the content of organic carbon and concentrations of heavy metals in suspended particulates and sediment.

China↗

PubMed2006

Dementia with Lewy bodies: an emerging disease.

Dementia with Lewy bodies appears to be the second most common form of dementia, accounting for about one in five cases. The condition is characterized by dementia accompanied by delirium, visual hallucinations, and parkinsonism. Other common symptoms include syncope, falls, sleep disorders, and depression. The presence of both Lewy bodies and amyloidplaques with deficiencies in both acetylcholine and dopamine neurotransmitters suggests that dementia with Lewy bodies represents the middle of a disease spectrum ranging from Alzheimer's disease to Parkinson's disease. The diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies is based on clinical features and exclusion of other diagnoses. Individualized behavioral, environmental, and pharmacologic therapies are used to alleviate symptoms and support patients and their families. Cholinesterase inhibitors are more effective in patients who have dementia with Lewy bodies than in those with Alzheimer's disease. Conversely, patients who have dementia with Lewy bodies do not respond as well to antiparkinsonian medications. Anticholinergic medications should be avoided because they exacerbate the symptoms of dementia. Traditional antipsychotic medications can precipitate severe reactions and may double or triple the rate of mortality in patients who have dementia with Lewy bodies.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed1991

Risk factors for age-related cortical, nuclear, and posterior subcapsular cataracts. The Italian-American Cataract Study Group.

A total of 1,008 cases and 469 controls, aged 45-79 years, were included in a clinic-based case-control study of age-related cataract in Parma, Italy, from 1987 to 1989. Associations were examined between specific types of cataract and physiologic, behavioral, environmental, and biochemical factors. Cases included subjects with pure cortical (n = 489), pure nuclear (n = 110), pure posterior subcapsular (n = 28), and mixed (n = 381) cataracts. With polychotomous logistic regression, an increased risk of cataract was found for females (cortical; odds ratio (OR) = 2.20) and persons with less than a high school education (all types; OR = 1.53), brown irises (nuclear, mixed; OR = 1.43), job locations in the sunlight (cortical, mixed; OR = 1.75), leisure time activities in the sunlight (cortical, mixed; OR = 1.45), a history of wearing a hat in summertime (posterior subcapsular, cortical, mixed; OR = 1.80), a positive family history of cataract (posterior subcapsular, cortical, mixed; OR = 1.88), a history of cortisone use (posterior subcapsular; OR = 8.39), increased red blood cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity (cortical, nuclear, mixed; OR = 1.36), and increased serum levels of uric acid (posterior subcapsular; OR = 1.62), lactic dehydrogenase (posterior subcapsular; OR = 1.76) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (mixed; OR = 1.22). A decreased risk of cataract was found for persons with a positive history of arthritis (posterior subcapsular, nuclear, mixed; OR = 0.56) and increased handgrip strength (mixed; OR = 0.68). Findings from our study, combined with previously reported evidence, suggest that associations with educational status, cortisone use, sunlight exposure, and handgrip strength are real. Other findings require further evaluation.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Treatment of overactive bladder and incontinence in the elderly.

The prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) and overactive bladder rises with age, and elderly people are the fastest-growing segment of the population. Many elderly people assume UI is a normal part of the aging process and do not report it to their doctors, who must therefore make the effort to elicit the information from them. Coexisting medical problems in older patients and the multiple medications many of them take make diagnosis and treatment more complex in this population. Just as the etiology of incontinence is often multifactorial, the treatment approach may need to be multipronged, with behavioral, environmental, and medical components; in any case, it must be targeted to the individual patient. New, less-invasive surgical techniques and devices make surgery more feasible if other therapy fails.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

[Impact of dissolved organic matter on plant uptake of phenanthrene and its mechanisms].

Hydroponic assays were conducted to investigate the influence of dissolved organic matter on uptake of phenanthrene by wheat as well as its mechanisms. The results showed that, under hydroponic condition, phenanthrene impairment of plant growth occurred with wheat growth inhibited rate of 18.01%. The impairment would be greatly enhanced in the presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) derived from pig manure, and the inhibited rate increased to 24.38%. Wheat could uptake and accumulate phenanthrene in the nutrient solution, which could be escalated by DOM, as indicated by wheat root bioconcentration factor being increased to 37.63 L x kg(-1) in the presence of DOM from 2.84 L x kg(-1) in the absence of DOM. At the same time, DOM could facilitate phenanthrene translocation from plant roots to the upper. As a result, the pH value of nutrient solution could increase by more than 1 unit when the co-existence of DOM and phenanthrene occurred in solution, suggesting that H+ -phenanthrene cotransport system is involved in the uptake of phenanthrene by plants. A synergism was also found between wheat uptakes of phenanthrene and inorganic nutrients, Moreover, DOM accelerated markedly the synergism. It is concluded that DOM affects the uptake of phenanthrene by plants and the environmental behaviors of phenanthrene.

Absorption↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Dental caries: selected factors of children at risk.

This article reviews the dental caries risk factors of children by using an epidemiological model which has three interrelated factors--agent, host, and environment. Dental caries agent factors include microorganisms with cariogenic potential; host factors include gender, race, tooth arrangement, sugar consumption, knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors; environmental factors include type of community (rural vs. urban), socioeconomic status, use of dental services and fluoride. This article reviews these selected dental caries risk factors and describes how dental assistants can practically apply this information.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Anorexia nervosa: a misdiagnosis of the adolescent male.

The rarity of anorexia nervosa among the male population is discussed with primary reference to differences from female symptomology. A case is presented which implies that anorexia nervosa in the male may be a marker for other more severe pathology. These findings suggest a diagnostic strategy based on familial, behavioral, environmental, educational, and psychological factors.

Achievement↗

PubMed1995

[Patch testing with the "Austrian standard series"--epidemiologic test values and results].

Patch testing for contact allergies is routinely performed by applying a "standard series" of the most frequently occurring contact allergens. Internationally "established" standard series have to be adapted to country- and population-specific factors (i.e., distribution of gender and age, occupational behavior, environmental factors etc.). In 1992 and 1993 altogether 11,690 patients were patch tested in 14 Austrian test centers with the "Austrian standard patch test series" as recommended by the working group "Contact Allergy" of the Austrian Society of Dermatology. Altogether data on 11,544 patients were complete and are analyzed in this study. 71.5% of the test population were female with an average age of 39 years, whereas the male patients had an average age of 40 years. 38.1% of the patients were younger than 30 years, 47.8% were in the group ranging from 31 to 60 years and 14% of the tested patients were older than 60 years. Cutaneous sensitization was found in 51% of the people tested with the "Austrian standard series". This proportion varied between 40.8 and 61.4% from center to center (with more than 100 tested persons). 15 (60%) of the 25 test substances in 1992 and 17 (68%) in 1993 surpassed the limit of a sensitization frequency of 1%. The "hit list" of substances did not differ qualitatively from those of other international studies, with only one remarkable, well described "Austrian-specific" exception, namely the mercury-containing thiomersal (second place).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Latex hypersensitivity: an iatrogenic and occupational risk.

BACKGROUND Immediate hypersensitivity reactions to natural rubber and latex products were first reported in 1979 by Nutter, who identified contact urticaria to latex gloves. Since that time, numerous cases of immediate and delayed reactions to latex have been reported. Because latex products are ubiquitous, especially in the critical care environment, there is increasing risk of hypersensitivity among patients and healthcare workers. METHOD Literature review. OBJECTIVES To review the types of allergic reaction to latex and to inform healthcare providers of the risks to patients and themselves of acquiring latex hypersensitivity. CONCLUSION Immediate hypersensitivity reactions to natural rubber and latex products pose a significant threat to patients, healthcare workers, and the general population. Medical history alone is inadequate to identify all persons at risk. Numerous proteins doubtless exist in latex that may be the link to allergenicity. Further research is needed to address demographic, behavioral, environmental, and biogenetic factors including gender differences, ethnicity and race.

Gloves, Surgical↗

PubMed1993

Host specificity of Calyptospora funduli (Apicomplexa: Calyptosporidae) in atheriniform fishes.

Calyptospora funduli has a broad host specificity, infecting at least 7 natural and 10 additional experimental definitive hosts, all atheriniform fishes within 5 families, but most in the genus Fundulus. Barriers, apparently innate ones, prevent any development of C. funduli in perciform fishes but allow incomplete or abnormal development of the parasite in a few unnatural atheriniform hosts. In the freshwater species Fundulus olivaceus and Fundulus notti, these abnormalities consisted of asynchronous development, degeneration of the parasite in early stages of development, and the formation of numerous macrophage aggregates. Rivulus marmoratus has the ability to eliminate infections with a granulomatous inflammatory response. Additional barriers that limit natural infections of C. funduli in other hosts include feeding behavior, environmental conditions, and geographic isolation.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

[The cognitive role of epidemiology and its pitfalls].

One of the most important roles of epidemiology is to seek causes of diseases. The causality in medicine is a difficult philosophical category which requires deep ontological thinking and a thorough methodological preparation. If this condition is not met, various misunderstandings and errors develop with serious consequences for clinical practice. In recent medical literature we find many controversial views which are abused by the press and cause mistrust of the public to medical science and attract patients to the dubious practices of alternative medicine. It is therefore the duty of research workers to pay more attention to modern epidemiological methods and their philosophy. The predominating pluricausal model of risk factors is recently criticized because of its excessive simplicity. reductionism and dualism which separates health from disease. The need arises of a new universal model of health where the dominant position will be held by social environmental, behavioral and psychological aspects. Modern epidemiology needs not only a correct methodology but also a proper theory.

Causality↗

PubMed1997

Impressions from a public health group visit to China.

During my trip to China, I saw how many factors interact to influence maternal and child health. These factors cover a broad scope of biologic, behavioral, environmental, and socioeconomic issues. The experience proved to be invaluable. It has helped me to understand how these factors differ--and how they are alike--in China, Canada, and other cultures.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Identification of environmental determinants of behavior disorders through functional analysis of precursor behaviors.

Experimental analysis procedures have been shown to be effective means for identifying the environmental determinants of problem behaviors. A potential limitation of these procedures is that it is necessary to produce and document patterns in the occurrence of the problem behavior during the assessment. In the case of severe behavior disorders, this may place the participant or therapist at such risk as to preclude the analysis. The current study arranged experimental analysis contingencies for precursor behaviors that had been observed to reliably precede the occurrence of problem behaviors targeted for reduction. For each of the 4 participants, it was possible to infer the maintaining variables for problem behaviors based on the outcomes of precursor analysis. These results suggest that the current procedures represent a promising alternative method for reducing risk during functional analysis of problem behaviors.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Environmental conditions, health behavior, and mortality in siblings as risk indicators of night blindness.

The purpose of the study was to estimate the association of environmental factors (water and sanitation), health behavior (breast feeding practice and vaccination), and mortality among siblings with night blindness. A total of 5,420 children were enrolled in a cross-sectional study from 2,101 households in the northern part of Bangladesh, a high risk area for night blindness. One hundred twenty-four children were reported by parents to have night blindness. Our results indicated that environmental factors, health behavior, and the death of siblings were significantly associated with the occurrence of night blindness in crude analyses, as well as in analyses with adjustment for a number of potential confounding variables. The strongest association was noted for sibling death. The findings support the notion that night blindness should not be viewed as an isolated health problem and that approaches aimed at improving vitamin A status should also include interventions directed to environmental and health-associated behavioral factors.

Adolescent↗