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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources

PubMed2002

The short-term feeding behavior of growing pigs fed foods differing in bulk content.

We investigated the effects of foods of different bulk on the short-term feeding behavior (STFB) of 16 individually housed pigs. The three foods used had different bulk contents [low-control (C), medium-70% wheat bran (WB), and high-70% sugar beet pulp (SBP)]. We expected the different intakes of the foods to be reflected in differences in STFB. Three hypotheses were developed based on ideas about the way in which a physical constraint to intake could arise. H(1): there would be less diurnal variation in feeding on high-bulk foods that limit food intake. H(2): feeding patterns on the bulky foods would be less flexible than those on C. H(3): a change in food type would result in food intake and STFB being rapidly altered to become appropriate to the new food. There were significant differences in food intake and STFB between the foods as intended. Pigs fed WB and SBP spent longer eating and had a slower feeding rate (FR) than pigs fed C. H(1) was rejected, as there was no difference in diurnal variation in intake between the foods. Feeding was not extended into the night on WB and SBP and the proportion of feeding that occurred during the night was the same for all three foods. H(2) was supported, as pigs fed WB and SBP were unable to maintain food intake and performance when time of access to the feeder was reduced. There was no adaptive change in STFB. H(3) was supported as a change from WB or SBP to C, or vice versa, caused a rapid change in STFB so that it became appropriate to the new food. It is concluded that physical constraints to food intake, caused by food bulk, may bring about changes in STFB and that they are important for the regulation of intake of such foods.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1991

Characterization of monoaminergic receptors in hypothalamic nuclei mediating feeding behavior in rats.

It has been proposed that receptors mediating the action of dopamine (DA), serotonin and norepinephrine exist in the hypothalamus to control feeding behavior in the rat. To further characterize the receptor subtypes involved in this phenomenon and determine their locus within specific hypothalamic nuclei, measurements of adenylate cyclase (AC) activity, as a biochemical index of monoaminergic receptors, were taken after administration of various monoaminergic agonists and antagonists. It was first found that DA and selective D2 agonists, such as quinpirole and lisuride, strongly reduced AC activity in homogenates from the lateral perifornical hypothalamus (PFH), where previous evidence has shown DA agonists to inhibit feeding. These inhibitory effects were stereospecifically antagonized by the D2 antagonist (-)-sulpiride. The selective D1 agonist SKF 82526, up to 100 microM, was completely inactive in modifying the basal enzyme function in PFH. In homogenates from rat paraventricular nucleus (PVN), DA (100 microM), quinpirole (10 microM) and SKF 82526 (100 microM) were unable to affect AC activity, consistent with previous pharmacological evidence showing DA in the PVN to have no effect on feeding. These results suggest the presence of D2 receptors in the PFH but not in the PVN and the absence of D1 receptors in both areas. Under the same experimental conditions, the alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonist clonidine was able to inhibit AC in the PVN, and this effect was reversed by the alpha adrenoceptor antagonist phenoxybenzamine. These results supported the previously described PVN alpha 2 adrenergic system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adenylyl Cyclases↗

PubMed1988

Interaction between opioid agonists or naloxone and 5-HTP on feeding behavior in food-deprived rats.

Morphine and the enkephalin analogs DAME, DADLE and FK-33824, as well as the opioid antagonist naloxone, decrease feeding in food-deprived rats after intraventricular or subcutaneous administration, FK-33824 being by far the most potent drug tested. The administration of subeffective doses of either morphine or naloxone given by the subcutaneous route induces anorexia when given in combination with a subeffective dose of 5-HTP whereas the treatment with subeffective intraventricular doses of any of the opioids or naloxone fails to potentiate 5-HTP. Similarly, the anorexia induced by FK-33824 is blocked by either morphine or naloxone given subcutaneously but not by intraventricular administration of the same two drugs. The results appear to suggest that central or peripheral opioid receptors differentially affect feeding behavior in the rat and, on the other hand, that the interaction of opiates with the serotonergic system appears to occur preferentially in the periphery.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Relating mothers' anxiety and perception to infant satiety, anxiety, and feeding behavior.

The purpose of this study was to explore early psychophysiologic mother-infant interaction using the tenderness and anxiety theorems of Harry Stack Sullivan. Maternal anxiety and perception were assessed and related to changes in infant satiety, anxiety, and feeding behavior. Sixty-five healthy post-partum, bottle-feeding mothers completed the Blank Infant Tenderness Scale and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Blood samples were obtained from the infants just before and 60 minutes after feeding for determination of glucose and cortisol. Formula consumption was also noted. Multivariate analysis of variance demonstrated that maternal state-trait anxiety was related to infant glucose, cortisol, and formula consumption. In particular, mild maternal prefeed state anxiety was associated with lower infant cortisol difference scores, and extremely low maternal prefeed state anxiety was associated with higher infant cortisol difference scores. Mild maternal feed state anxiety, in turn, was associated with greater infant formula consumption, and extremely low maternal feed state anxiety was associated with lower formula consumption. Pearson correlations indicated a significant direct relationship between infant prefeed cortisol and postfeed glucose, but not between infant formula consumption and postfeed glucose.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Unintended pregnancy and breast-feeding behavior.

OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the effect of unintended pregnancy on breast-feeding behavior. METHODS: All women delivering a live birth between January 1, 1995, and July 31, 1996 (n = 33,735), in the 15-county central New York region were asked whether they had intended to become pregnant and their breast-feeding plans. RESULTS: Women with mistimed pregnancies, and pregnancies that were not wanted were significantly less likely to breast-feed than were women whose pregnancies were planned. After adjustment for confounding variables and contraindications for breast-feeding, the odds ratios of not breast-feeding remained significant. CONCLUSIONS: Promoting breast-feeding among women with unintended pregnancies is important to improve health status.

Breast Feeding↗

PubMed1984

Caudate unit activity during operant feeding behavior in monkeys and modulation by cooling prefrontal cortex.

Activity was recorded from 351 neurons in the head of the caudate nucleus (CD) of monkeys during an operant feeding task consisting of: (1) food or non-food presentation (P); (2) bar pressing (B); and (3) food acquisition and ingestion (I). Of 45 neurons which responded in the P phase and were tested systematically, 27 responded to visual presentation of both food and non-food (non-specific response), and 18 responded to food presentation only (food specific response). The magnitude of food specific responses depended on the nature of the food and was inversely related to the latency of the onset of bar pressing. Thirty-five neurons responded in the B phase: 28 changed firing rate continuously with no correlation to individual bar presses, while the activity of the other 7 was related to each bar press. In the I phase, 62 neurons responded to separate events: the activity of more than half (39 neurons) was often related to chewing movement or gustatory stimuli, and that of one third (23 neurons) changed during individual arm movements. The neurons which responded in the P phase were found to be distributed widely in the head of the CD except for its central zone, while the neurons which responded in the I phase were in the medial part. Cooling of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex abolished the continuous responses seen in the B phase, but did not abolish the feeding behavior. The data suggest that in the head of the CD there are several groups of neurons that have different functions and different distributions: food specific, sensory integration responses, non-motor responses driven by the frontal cortex, motor responses coupled to various movements, and sensory responses which apparently originate in the intra-oral cavity. These functions may arise sequentially, or in correspondence with integration of the sensory and motor systems to produce coordinated behavior.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Seasonal and cultivar-associated variation in oviposition preference of Oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) adults and feeding behavior of neonate larvae in apples.

The Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) has become a pest of tree fruits since its introduction to the United States in the early twentieth century. Oriental fruit moth has historically been a major pest problem in peach production, and outbreaks in commercial apple (Malus spp.) orchards in the eastern United States were rare until the late 1990s. Recent outbreaks in Mid-Atlantic apple orchards have lead researchers to investigate host-associated effects on oriental fruit moth biology, behavior, and population dynamics. Studies were designed to assess cultivar level effects in apples on oviposition and larval feeding behavior of oriental fruit moth. In a mixed cultivar apple orchard, total oriental fruit moth oviposition and oviposition site preferences varied between cultivars. These preferences also varied over time, when sampling was repeated at various times of the growing season. Although most adult female oriental fruit moth preferentially oviposited in the calyx and stem areas of apple fruit, noticeable numbers of eggs also were laid on the sides of fruit, contradicting some previous reports. Oriental fruit moth females exhibited a strong ovipositional preference for fruit that were previously damaged by oriental fruit moth or codling moth, Cydia ponmonella (L.). The majority of newly hatched oriental fruit moth larvae were observed to spend <24 h on the surface of apple fruit before entry, and this behavior was observed on several apple cultivars. Neonate larvae exhibited a preference for entering fruit at either the stem or calyx ends, regardless of their initial site of placement. Our findings underscore the importance of adequate spray coverage and accurate timing of insecticide applications targeting oriental fruit moth.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Image analysis of small animal feeding behavior.

The optimal design of behavioral experiments includes measures to minimize observer bias while maximizing researcher efficiency. To this end, we have developed a reliable, autonomous monitor of animal feeding behavior. Previous studies of caterpillar (Manduca sexta) feeding have relied on human observation for visual evaluation of food consumption at specific time points over the course of several hours. This method is eliminated by our new behavior rig, which collects data automatically. Individual animals are monitored via CCD cameras activated in sequence by a computer. Images are obtained at preset time intervals using a frame grabber to capture still pictures from the cameras. Subsequently, images are analyzed using software written in MatLab to determine food selection and quantify consumption.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Activity of centrally administered galanin fragments on stimulation of feeding behavior and on galanin receptor binding in the rat hypothalamus.

Synthetic fragments of galanin 1-29 were administered intraventricularly or into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus for analysis of the critical amino acid sequence necessary to stimulate feeding behavior in rats. Galanin 1-29 and galanin fragment 1-16 significantly increased feeding at doses of 6 nmol microinjected into the lateral ventricles and 1 nmol microinjected into the hypothalamus. There was no significant effect of D-TRP2 galanin 1-16 microinjected into the hypothalamus, and no significant effect of galanin fragments 1-9, 10-20, 12-29, 17-29, or 21-29 microinjected intraventricularly, on food consumption. Synthetic fragments of galanin 1-29 were assayed for displacement of 125I-galanin 1-29 binding to rat hypothalamic membranes. The efficacies of the galanin fragments in the feeding paradigm were consistent with the relative affinities of these fragments for the hypothalamic galanin receptor in equilibrium binding experiments. The first 16 N-terminal amino acids appear to contain galanin agonist activity on increasing food consumption and to bind to the galanin receptor in the rat hypothalamus.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Nitric oxide generation around buccal ganglia accompanying feeding behavior in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis.

Although there are many lines of evidence for both the presence of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the central nervous system (CNS) and the effects of NO on activating and modulating the feeding circuit in Lymnaea stagnalis, there has been no direct evidence that NO generation in the CNS accompanies feeding behavior. In the present study, we used a NO specific electrode to measure the increase in NO concentration around the buccal ganglia when the lips of semi-intact preparations of L. stagnalis were stimulated by sucrose. The NO concentration of the buccal ganglia was significantly increased by an application of sucrose to the lips. A NO scavenger and a NOS inhibitor suppressed this increase in NO concentration. A pair of putative NO-generative neurons in the buccal ganglia, the B2 cells, are active during the inter-feeding phase, and the bursting of the B2 cell elicited by sucrose application starts simultaneously with the feeding response. The rhythmic pulses of NO generation corresponded well with the rhythmic bursting of the B2 cells, which itself corresponds to the 'fictive feeding response'. The present data provide the first direct evidence that NO is generated in the buccal ganglia of L. stagnalis and is involved in a specific behavior such as feeding.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Effect of 5-HT in mianserin-pretreated rats on the structure of feeding behavior.

The present study examined the effects of intra-PVN serotonin injection in mianserin-pretreated rats at the onset of the dark phase of light cycle on the structure of feeding behavior. The drugs were injected into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. The animals were maintained in a self-selection feeding paradigm and provided with freely available and separate sources of protein, carbohydrate, fat and water. The suppressive effect of 5-HT on carbohydrate intake was attenuated by mianserin at the beginning of the active (dark) feeding period. Mianserin-pretreatment increased the duration of carbohydrate and protein intake, but it was unable to block the effect of 5-HT on meal frequency and local rate of carbohydrate consumption. The present data suggests that carbohydrate intake may be in part mediated by postsynaptic 5-HT(2A/2C) receptors. However, the temporal characteristics of carbohydrate ingestion are mediated by another subpopulation of 5-HT receptors in the PVN and indicates a possibly adrenergic influence.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2002

Impacts of disturbance from construction work on the densities and feeding behavior of waterbirds using the intertidal mudflats of Cardiff Bay, UK.

The impact of disturbance from construction work around Cardiff Bay, south Wales, on the densities and feeding behavior of seven waterbird species was studied over an 11-year period. Construction of a barrage across the mouth of the bay has subsequently resulted in its impoundment; other major works included the construction of a bridge carrying a divided highway. Construction work disturbance significantly reduced the densities of five species--green-winged teal (Anas crecca), Eurasian oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus), dunlin (Calidris alpina), Eurasian curlew (Numenius arquata), and common redshank (Tringa totanus)--on adjacent intertidal mudflats, and thus the overall carrying capacity of the bay. Construction work also reduced the feeding activity of Eurasian oystercatcher, dunlin, and common redshank on these mudflats. The possible impact of the loss of birds from these mudflats upon the populations that the bay supported is discussed. Evidence from other local studies suggests that the displacement of common redshank from these mudflats did not contribute to a decline in this species.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Deterioration of feeding behavior following surgical treatment of drooling.

Few adverse effects of the surgical treatment of drooling are reported in the literature. This report describes a young man with severe extrapyramidal cerebral palsy and profuse drooling whose oral feeding behavior deteriorated following bilateral submandibular gland excision and parotid duct rerouting. Before surgery the patient had safe, functional oral feeding skills, and eating was enjoyable. Following surgery he developed progressive feeding difficulties, weight loss, and aspiration pneumonia. His deterioration led to the placement of a feeding gastrostomy and the end of all oral feedings. Surgery had a disturbing and apparently irreversible negative impact on the patient's quality of life.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Role of neuropeptides in the regulation of feeding behavior: a review of cholecystokinin, bombesin, neuropeptide Y, and galanin.

The purpose of this report is to provide a review of four peptides (cholecystokinin, bombesin, neuropeptide Y, galanin) and their role in feeding behavior. Cholecystokinin (CCK) and bombesin (BBS) are considered satiety peptides, and neuropeptide Y (NPY) and galanin (GAL) have been proposed as appetite peptides. For the purposes of this review, satiety refers to the physiological cessation of feeding, and appetite refers to the drive to eat and exists in gradations.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Effect on rat feeding behavior of two selective D2 dopamine agonists.

B-HT 958 and SND 919, two selective agonists at D2 dopamine receptors, were examined for their influence on the feeding behavior of fasted rats. When food intake was determined in the rat's individual home cage, it was found to be reduced by both drugs at low sedative doses during the first hour after treatment and by SND 919 at the highest dose (which also elicits stereotypy) only 24 h later. However, SND 919 and B-HT 958 had no significant effect on feeding evaluated according to the X-maze and tube feeding tests. Analysis of the results, seen in the context of other behavioral signs produced by the drugs, suggests that data on feeding may vary depending on the experimental model used and can be modified by extraneous factors that interfere with a specific effect on food intake.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗

PubMed1999

Hypothalamic neuronal histamine as a target of leptin in feeding behavior.

Leptin, an ob gene product, has been shown to suppress food intake by regulating hypothalamic neuromodulators. The present study was designed to examine the involvement of brain histamine in leptin-induced feeding suppression. A bolus infusion of 1.0 microg leptin into the rat third cerebroventricle (i3vt) elevated the turnover rate of hypothalamic neuronal histamine (P < 0.05) as assessed by pargyline-induced accumulation of tele-methylhistamine (t-MH), a major metabolite of histamine. No remarkable change in the mRNA expression of histidine decarboxylase (HDC), a histamine-synthesizing enzyme, was observed in the hypothalamus after i3vt infusion of leptin. These results indicate that leptin increases histamine turnover by affecting the posttranscriptional process of HDC formation or histamine release per se. As expected, concomitant suppression in 24-h cumulative food intake was also observed after infusion of leptin. Systemic depletion of brain histamine levels by pretreatment with an intraperitoneal injection of 224 micromol/kg alpha-fluoromethylhistidine (FMH), a suicide inhibitor of HDC, attenuated the leptin-induced feeding suppression by 50.7% (P < 0.05). This attenuation of feeding suppression was mimicked by the i3vt infusion of 2.24 micromol/kg FMH before leptin treatment (P < 0.05). In addition, concentrations of hypothalamic histamine and t-MH were lowered in diabetic (db/db) mice, which are known to be deficient in leptin receptors (P < 0.05 vs. lean littermates for each amine), although the amine levels were higher in diet-induced obese rats (P < 0.05 for each amine). Leptin-deficient obese mice (ob/ob) showed lower histamine turnover (P < 0.05 vs. lean littermates), which recovered after leptin infusion. Thus, a growing body of results points to an important role for the hypothalamic histamine neurons in the central regulation of feeding behavior controlled by leptin.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Correlated response to selection for litter size in pigs: I. Growth, fat deposition, and feeding behavior traits.

Data on individually tested pigs from a line selected for litter size (H) and a control line (C) were used to estimate the correlated responses to litter size in growth, fat, and feeding behavior patterns from 75 to 165 d of age. During the test period, BW and ultrasonic midback (UMB) and loin (ULB) backfat were recorded periodically on the same animal. Individual voluntary feed intake (DFI), number of visits (NVD), and feeding time (FTD) were measured on a daily basis using an automatic feeding system. Third degree polynomial models with random regression coefficients were used to describe BW, UMB, ULB, DFI, NVD, and FTD as a function of age. The first derivative of the model for BW was used to estimate growth rate. Several measurements of efficiency were obtained using polynomial models on accumulated DFI, NVD, and FTD. The difference between the genetic means of animals from line H and line C was used to estimate correlated responses. The H pigs showed higher BW throughout most of the test period (2.29 +/- 0.90 kg at 135 d of age, P < 0.05) but they were not different (P = 0.18) from C pigs at the end of the test (102 kg, SD 9). Thus, despite both lines showing similar average growth rate on the test, line H grew faster at the start of the test (34 +/- 11 g/d, P < 0.01), but it grew more slowly by the end (-68 +/- 27 g/d, P < 0.05). Fat deposition rate differed between lines, with H pigs showing higher UMB (1.26 +/- 0.23 mm, P < 0.01) and ULB (1.32 +/- 0.28 mm, P < 0.01) at 165 d of age. The difference between lines in total on-test feed intake was not significant (P= 0.10), but intake was slightly higher in line H between 105 and 135 d of age (2.28 +/- 1.25 kg, P = 0.07). Line H showed a higher feed efficiency up to about 100 d of age, whereas line C performed better from this age until 165 d of age. However, differences never exceeded 18 +/- 6 g of weight gain per kilogram of feed consumption (P < 0.01). Total feed efficiency throughout the test period was slightly higher in line C (1.37 +/- 0.77 kg of weight gain after eating 185 kg of feed, P = 0.08). Lines H and C had distinct feeding patterns with regard to eating frequency. Pigs from line H ate less frequently, but instead they spent more time and ate more per visit. In the long term, selection for litter size could result in pigs with less capacity of lean growth.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2004

Central administration of leucine, but not isoleucine and valine, stimulates feeding behavior in neonatal chicks.

Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are essential amino acids that play a major role in brain energy metabolism. This study was done to elucidate whether central injection of BCAAs influences feeding behavior in chicks. We found that the intracerebroventricular injection of leucine (200 microg) significantly stimulated food intake in neonatal chicks during 30 min postinjection. Additionally, the starting time of feeding and pecking rhythm after injection were significantly accelerated by leucine. In contrast, isoleucine and valine had no effect on ingestive response during experiment periods. Moreover, a metabolite of leucine (alpha-ketoisocaproic acid) at an equimolar concentration of leucine also did not increase food intake in chicks. These results suggest that leucine induces hyperphagia of neonatal chicks and it may be due to the synthesized glutamate by exogenous leucine.

Animals↗