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How many food additives are rodent carcinogens?
One generally assumes that chemical agents added to foods are reasonably free of risks to human health, and practically everyone consumes some additives in his or her food daily throughout life. In the United States, the 1958 Food Additives Amendment to the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 requires food manufacturers to demonstrate the safety of food additives to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The Amendment contains a provision that prohibits approval of an additive if it is found to cause cancer in humans or animals. In the present study, data from the National Toxicology Program rodent bioassay (NTPRB) were used to identify a sample of approximately 50 rodent-tested additives and other chemicals added to food that had been evaluated independently of the FDA/food industry. Surprisingly, the sample shows more than 40% of these food chemicals to be carcinogenic in one or more rodent groups. If this percentage is extrapolated to all substances added to food in the United States, it would imply that more than 1000 of such substances are potential rodent carcinogens. The NTP and FDA test guidelines use similar, though not necessarily identical, rodent test procedures, including near lifetime exposures to the maximum tolerated dose. The FDA specifies that test chemicals should be administered by the oral route. However, the oral route includes three methods of delivering chemicals, that is, mixed in the food or water or delivered by stomach tube (gavage). The NTP data show only 1 of 18 food chemicals mixed in the food are rodent carcinogens, but 16 of 23 gavage-administered food chemicals are carcinogenic to rodents. The distribution suggests that among orally delivered chemicals, those administered in the feed will more likely prove to be noncarcinogens than chemicals given by gavage. The rodent data also reveal that effects may vary according to dose and genotype, as well as by route of administration, to further complicate extrapolation to humans. Human experience with known carcinogens such as tobacco, asbestos, and benzidine convinces us that environmental carcinogens constitute a real threat to human health, although predicting human carcinogens from rodent tests involves a number of uncertainties. These uncertainties do not mean that we should simply ignore the presence of carcinogens. Rather, in the interests of public safety, a serious effort should be made to resolve the questions surrounding the presence of chemicals identified as rodent carcinogens in our food. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:69-80, 2002 Published 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Simultaneous determination of the nine food additives using high-performance liquid chromatography.
A technique for the simultaneous determination of sorbic acid, benzoic acid, dehydroacetic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters (ethyl, isopropyl, n-propyl, isobutyl and n-butyl p-hydroxybenzoate) and saccharin sodium using ion-pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography is described. The nine food additives were separated on a Nucleosil 3C18 (3 microns) column (75 x 4.6 mm I.D.) using methanol-acetonitrile-0.05 M aqueous acetonic acid solution (pH 4.5) (1.5:1:3.1) containing 2.5 mM cetyltrimethylammonium chloride as the mobile phase at a flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min, and detected at 233 nm. The food additives were separated within 18 min and their calibration graphs were linear between 2 and 200 ng.
Common food additives are potent inhibitors of human liver 17 alpha-ethinyloestradiol and dopamine sulphotransferases.
Interactions between dietary xenobiotics, drugs and biologically active endogenous compounds are a potential source of idiosyncratic adverse pathology. We have examined the inhibition of the sulphation of a number of xenobiotics and endobiotics in human liver cytosol by 15 food additives and constituents. Sulphation of dehydroepiandrosterone was resistant to inhibition by all compounds tested; however, dopamine sulphotransferase (ST) activity was inhibited strongly by (+/-)-catechin, (+)-catechin, octyl gallate, tartrazine and vanillin. Sulphation of the xenobiotic steroid 17 alpha-ethinyloestradiol (EE2) was inhibited by vanillin, erythrosin B and octyl gallate. Of these compounds, only vanillin was found to be sulphated to a significant extent by both human liver and platelets, and vanillin was determined to be a substrate for the monoamine-sulphating isoenzyme of phenolsulphotransferase. Vanillin was found to inhibit 50% of liver EE2 ST activity (IC50) at a concentration of approximately 1.3 microM and the mode of inhibition was non-competitive. The implications of these results for the adverse side effects associated with food additives and oral contraceptives are discussed.
Recent developments in derivatization for the chromatographic determination of food additives.
Recent applications of chemical derivatization for the determination of a variety of food additives is presented. Several classes of additives such as emulsifiers, stabilizers, preservatives, sweeteners, colors, waxes, gums, and some indirect additives are included. Derivatization or modification reactions for both gas (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) are discussed. Postcolumn complexation or ion-pairing reactions for LC are also included. Derivatization reactions for GC mainly involve esterification, alkylation, or silylation for improving volatility of the analyte. The addition of chromophores (via coupling reactions) for improved detection is the main reason for forming derivatives for LC.
[Food additive (bifeinol, detovit, squalenol) in the treatment of patients with metabolic syndrome].
For 2 months, 33 patients with the metabolic syndrome (MS) took a biologically active food additive as bifeinol, detovit, squalenol, which contained vitamins, minerals, essential amino acids, dietary cellulose, and a complex of polysaturated fatty acids. This yielded a positive result as decreases in body weight by 8%, in the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoproteins by 8.3, 27.8, and 9.3%, respectively. The food additive is recommended for the planned course use in patients with MS.
Mutagenic and recombinogenic activities of the food additive furylfuramide in eurkaryotes.
The mutagenic and recombinogenic activities of furylfuramide, an antimicrobial food additive, were tested in a two-component heterokaryon of Neurospora crassa and a diploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, respectively. The results show that furylfuramide is genetically active in both eukaryotic organisms; it induces mutations in Neurospora crassa and mitotic crossing over in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Evaluation of phototoxic properties of some food additives: sulfites exhibit prominent phototoxicity.
Additives are used widely to enhance the quality of food products. To identify possible phototoxic properties, 13 food additives (benzoic acid, sodium benzoate, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester, 4-hydroxybenzoic ethyl ester, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester, p-hydroxybenzoic acid n-butyl ester, benzyl alcohol, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, propionic acid, sodium disulfite and sodium sulfite) were evaluated in vitro by means of a photohemolysis test using suspensions of human erythrocytes. Irradiation was performed with various light sources differing with regard to their spectral irradiance. Sodium sulfite and sodium disulfite induced photohemolysis up to almost 100%, the effect depending on the concentration of the compounds and UV dose administered. Radiation rich in UVB was most effective; a sunlight-simulating lamp induced photohemolysis to a lesser degree. All other substances tested did not cause significant photohemolysis. As sulfites are frequently encountered, they may contribute to UVB sensitivity. The clinical significance of these findings has to be established by further work.
[Use of biologically active food additive cardiohels in the treatment of patients with ischemic heart disease].
Biologically active food additive (Inrich production) cardiohels was added to the diet of ischemic heart disease patients with hypertension and chronic heart failure stage IIB receiving basic medication with hypotensive, coronarolytic drugs and cardiac glycosides. As shown by control 24-h blood pressure and ECG monitoring, echocardiography, cardiohels has a mild hypotensive effect, improves coronary circulation and microcirculation, myocardial contractility. Mechanism of these positive effects are discussed. Cardiohels is recommended for patients with ischemic heart disease as it allows to reduce the dose of hypotensive and coronarolytic drugs by 35% and cardiac glycosides by 25%, thus lowering the risk of relevand side effects.
The establishment of common language concerning adverse reactions to foods and food additives.
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Studies on the analysis of food additives by high-performance liquid chromatography. V. Simultaneous determination of preservatives and saccharin in foods by ion-pair chromatography.
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of sorbic acid, benzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and its methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, n-propyl, isobutyl, n-butyl esters and saccharin in foodstuffs is described. For good separations of these compounds, acetonitrile-water-0.2 M phosphate buffer pH 3.6 (7:12:1) containing 2 mM cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as an ion-pair reagent and a Nucleosil 5C18 column are required. A steam distillation method and a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge method for the sample preparation are compared. The recoveries from a coffee drink were generally better than 93.8% and the relative standard deviations were 0.85-2.15% for the Sep-Pak C18 cartridge method.
Workshop on experimental methodology for clinical studies of adverse reactions to foods and food additives.
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[Memorandum on the problem of food control, with special reference industrial food additives].
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[Status and trends in the development of new foods and new food additives].
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Identification of Albizia gum exudates which are not permitted food additives.
Trees of the genus Albizia have frequently been confused with Acacia species. The genus Albizia has been recommended for more extensive arid zone development; its species are sources of tannins and gum exudates, which are not included in any of the regulatory lists of permitted food additives. Analytical data permitting their identification are therefore required to allow food law compliance to be monitored. This paper presents data which serve to characterize the gums from seven Albizia species, making a total of eleven Albizia species for which data are available. The presence of tannins, and high proportions of aluminium and heavy metals, indicates that gum importers and food processors must be vigilant to ensure that Albizia gums do not enter human food chains as adulterants or contaminants.