Famous Hungarian physicians.
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General Adaptation Syndrome↗
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Dynamics of the site visit. Laboratory for the small group study of scientific administration.
Site visits are conducted by National Institutes of Health review groups when obstacles arise in peer appraisal of research projects. Because such visits provide a window into the state of a scientific community and present highly charged group dynamics that revolve about significant scientific issues, examples from the 1970s and 1980s were subjected to behavioral analysis. Selye's general adaptation syndrome was used to model the forms of coping behavior manifested by investigators targeted for a site visit. A Lewinian approach was taken to analyze the course and outcome of site visit team deliberations. The perspective was that of the NIH official responsible for the operation of the review process.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Kir6.2 is required for adaptation to stress.
Reaction to stress requires feedback adaptation of cellular functions to secure a response without distress, but the molecular order of this process is only partially understood. Here, we report a previously unrecognized regulatory element in the general adaptation syndrome. Kir6.2, the ion-conducting subunit of the metabolically responsive ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channel, was mandatory for optimal adaptation capacity under stress. Genetic deletion of Kir6.2 disrupted K(ATP) channel-dependent adjustment of membrane excitability and calcium handling, compromising the enhancement of cardiac performance driven by sympathetic stimulation, a key mediator of the adaptation response. In the absence of Kir6.2, vigorous sympathetic challenge caused arrhythmia and sudden death, preventable by calcium-channel blockade. Thus, this vital function identifies a physiological role for K(ATP) channels in the heart.
Adaptation, Biological↗
Scientific foundations of hormesis. Part 2. Maturation, strengths, limitations, and possible applications in toxicology, pharmacology, and epidemiology.
The notion of hormesis has undergone numerous modifications in the course of the 20th century. Because of its unfortunate association with homeopathy, hormesis did not gain acceptance among biomedical professionals. The lack of a plausible mechanism for its occurrence may have contributed much to the rejection of this concept. This treatise outlines the conceptual struggle for an understanding of the widespread occurrence of low dose effects that appear to be opposite to those caused by high doses as also seen in hormesis. An incomplete conceptualization of time as a fundamental variable of effects (in addition to dose) is identified as one of the major reasons why hermetic responses were not observed more frequently than was reported by Calabrese and Baldwin. The definition of hormesis as an (over)compensation response to an inhibitory signal lacks a designation for (over)compensation responses to stimulatory signals in the other direction. Hormoligosis, which was coined by Luckey for all low-dose stimulatory responses of toxins, is suggested as a suitable term for generalizing the latter types of effects. Both types of effects are recognized as originating in a homeostatic overcompensation response that optimizes the ability of an organism to meet challenges beyond the limits of normal (unexercised) adaptation. Thus, repeated biochemical/physiologic/immunological, etc. exercises like physical exercise make an organism more fit and hence both hormetic and hormoligotic effects will have life-prolonging consequences. A more complete generalization was developed by linking hormesis/hormoligosis with the vast literature on Selye's general adaptation syndrome to stress. According to this broader view, stress is just one type of homeostatic exercise making organisms more fit for future biochemical/physiological/immunological, etc.challenges. Therefore, both hormesis and hormoligosis are manifestations of two nonmutational evolutionary principles--homeostasis and optimization.
Adaptation, Physiological↗
Functional electron microscopy in studies of plant response and adaptation to anaerobic stress.
This article reviews the contribution made by functional electron microscopy towards identifying and understanding the reactions of plant roots and shoots to anaerobic stress. Topics examined include: (1) unexpected hypersensitivity, rather than hyper-resistance, to anoxia of root tips of flooding-tolerant plants; (2) protective, rather than damaging, effects of a stimulated energy metabolism (glycolysis and fermentation) under anaerobic conditions; (3) the concept of two main strategies of plant adaptation to anaerobic environments, namely avoidance of anaerobiosis on the whole plant level, termed 'apparent' tolerance, and metabolic adaptation at the cellular and molecular levels, termed 'true' tolerance; (4) the importance of protein synthesis during hypoxia and anoxia for enhanced energy production and metabolic adaptation; (5) a general adaptive syndrome in plants to stress at the ultrastructural level and a possible molecular mechanism for its realization under anoxia; (6) the physiological role of anaerobically synthesized lipids and nitrate as alternative electron acceptors in an oxygen-free medium; and (7) the selection of cell lines derived from callus cultures that possess enhanced tolerance to anoxia and can regenerate whole plants with improved tolerance of soil waterlogging.
Adaptation, Physiological↗
Managing patient stress in endoscopy.
Most patients experience a certain degree of stress as they prepare for and undergo endoscopy procedures. The stress they experience is correlated to Hans Seyle's General Adaptation Syndrome theory in this article. Stressful events that occur pre-, intra-, and postprocedure are identified. Examples of patient coping skills are discussed. Several nursing interventions such as patient teaching, relaxation techniques, and communication skills are described. All of these interventions assist the nurse in promoting a positive outcome for the patient. As a patient experiences a positive outcome from a stressful event, coping mechanisms are strengthened and developed. These coping mechanisms enable the patient to adapt to future stressors.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
A physiological analysis of stress and chronic illness.
Hans Selye's theoretical propositions and empirical findings provided many of the principles currently used in stress research, and are often cited as scientific bases for nursing theory, research and practice. His General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) has been a useful model for realizing the physiologic processes involved in the relationship between stress and acute illness, and the evolution of diseases such as cancer. The GAS can also serve as a useful paradigm for understanding the symptomatic expression and progression of a chronic physical illness, however. This paper analyses the physiologic processes of stress from this perspective, proposing that individuals with a chronic illness are at risk for experiencing acute symptomatic distress and/or exacerbations of their illness in response to stress. Specific examples involving chronic disease are cited and several additional insights gained from this approach are proposed.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Immunity to the afflictions of old age.
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Aged↗
Do Selye's mammalian "GAS" concept and "co-stress" response exist in plants?
Converging data indicate the possible existence of a general adaptation syndrome (GAS) in which different types of stress evoke identical coping mechanisms. In Selyean terms, this implies a "co-stress" response whereby one type of stress resistance may impart co-resistance to others. Common coping denominators may be physiological or morphological. The former include oxy-free radical scavenging, osmoregulation, ABA, jasmonates, chaperones, HSPs, and phytochelatins. Morphological GAS adaptations include leaf pubescence, movements and stance, and rooting characteristics. The feasibility, with certain reservations, of the GAS hypothesis is discussed here.
Abscisic Acid↗
Early contributions of Russian stress and exercise physiologists.
In Russia, the free development of scientific ideas was suppressed in 1950 as a result of the actions of the Joint Session of the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR. Hans Selye's theory on the general adaptation syndrome was considered unscientific. From 1956 to 1958, Pjotr Anokhin and Pjotr Gorizontov presented definitive arguments for having the theory accepted by scientists while the significance of hormones in adaptation became a topic of endocrine studies (Boris Aleshin, Igor Eskin, Vassily Komissarenko, Samuel Leites, and Michael Kolpakov). Later, Felius Meerson made essential contributions to the adaptive significance of protein synthesis and stress-limiting systems. The area of exercise physiology dealing with acute and chronic adaptation to strong physiological stressors was founded by Leon Orbeli and developed by Aleksei Krestovnikov. Significant contributors to this area were Vladimir Farfel, Nikolai Yakovlev, and Nikolai Zimkin. Although the majority of their publications have remained unknown outside of Russia, it is interesting that many of their results have been "rediscovered" by others. Yakovlev also deserves recognition because he was among the founders of contemporary exercise biochemistry and because his research has provided the foundation for current investigations. Several generations of young scientists have been inspired by the above-mentioned Russian scientists. Today, however, the research activities of scientists are no longer limited by political pressures but by financial resources instead.
Animals↗
Influence of stress in acute pancreatitis and correlation with stress-induced gastric ulcer.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In the general adaptation syndrome, gastric lesions are the first manifestation of stress. We hypothesized that acute pancreatitis (AP), an inflammatory acute disease, will be exacerbated if unchained following stress. Visceral hypersensitivity will be enhanced due to catecholaminergic discharges leading to an over-induction of the intrapancreatic cholinergic tone with increased response of the pancreocyte to cholecystokinin (CCK). Our aim was to investigate the influence of stress before AP on the later AP, and the effect of AP on underlying diseases such as gastric ulceration. METHODS: The model of stress induced by restraint was followed by the bilio-pancreatic duct outlet exclusion closed duodenal loops model. The effect of autonomous arc reflex (AAR) interruption by anesthetics after stress but before AP was assessed. The participation of the vagal and sympathetic pathways and involvement of CCK-A receptors were considered. The degree of severity was evaluated using biochemical and histopathological analyses. RESULTS: Induction of AP after stress was more severe than in its absence. Acinar and fat necrosis, hemorrhage and neutrophil infiltrate foci were evenly distributed, being significantly greater in size and number after stress. Gastric ulceration evolved to ulcer, hemorrhage and gastric necrosis after AP triggering. Serum amylase, lipase, C-reactive protein, IL-6, IL-10 and plasmatic hsp72 as well as pancreatic and lung myeloperoxidase were significantly elevated in AP after stress while pancreatic amylase and lipase were significantly reduced. AAR blockage ameliorated AP after stress. CONCLUSIONS: Stress aggravates pancreatic pathology while AP deteriorates gastric pathology, and anesthetic treatment was beneficial for both. Restraint in other animal models can be useful to study the influence of stress in the evolution of other diseases.
Acute Disease↗
The meaning of stress, anxiety and collective panic in clinical settings.
The physician is often confronted with questions about the meaning of symptoms or diseases. One of the tasks of those practicing psychosomatic medicine is to delve into the answers to these questions. Anxiety is a common phenomenon in everyday practice, and it is evoked in the most different situations. The relationships of this kind of anxiety (i.e. when having to consider painful or life-threatening diseases or medical or surgical procedures) to both neurotic anxiety and normal anxiety (i.e. the one expressed in poetry or artistic creativity or present in the biographies of outstanding men and women who by no means could be considered as psychiatric cases) leads to define anxiety as the psychological equivalent of stress. Anxiety is the unspecific response to a threat induced by too sudden or too extreme variations in the environment (life changes, stressful situations, life events). Such mechanisms, so important for survival, can become self-destructive, paving the way for the appearance of diseases represented by unsuccessful coping mechanisms. The analogy with the diseases of the general adaptation syndrome of Selye (i.e. autoimmune diseases) and with reactions in collective panics in disasters becomes evident under this perspective. The physician has to face anxiety with the same attitude that he faces pain, that is to say, going beyond a consideration of its 'normality' (it is quite normal to feel chest pain in acute heart infarct), keeping in mind its role in survival.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Anxiety Disorders↗
Understanding stress in the ICU setting.
This article discusses the physiological effects of stress on patients, relatives and staff in the intensive care unit (ICU). It examines the short- and long-term effects of cortisol on various systems in the body. The information contained in this article encompasses the recognition and understanding of the general adaptation syndrome as described by Seyle (1975). Many nurses working in ICU may identify with the symptoms and subsequent physiological and psychological responses to stress and thus enable informed discussion when planning the care of their patients or support of the relatives, colleagues and themselves.
Autonomic Nervous System↗
Acute morphological and physiological effects of lead in the neotropical fish Prochilodus lineatus.
The present study investigated lead effects on gill morphology, hematocrit, blood sodium, glucose, lipids, protein, and cholesterol of Prochilodus lineatus exposed to two sublethal lead concentrations for 96 h. Preliminary series of short-term static toxicity tests were run to determine LC50 (96 h) of lead in P. lineatus, which was 95 mg Pb.L-1. Therefore, lead concentrations tested in the sublethal experiments were 24 and 71 mg Pb.L-1, which correspond to 25% and 75% of the LC50 (96 h), respectively. Gills of P. lineatus exposed to both lead concentrations during 96 h presented a higher occurrence of histopathological lesions such as epithelial lifting, hyperplasia, and lamellar aneurism. P. lineatus did not show significant alterations in hematocrit during exposure to both lead concentrations. Fish exposed to the highest lead concentration showed a significant decrease in Na+ plasma concentration after 48 h, possibly reflecting a sodium influx rate decrease. P. lineatus exposed to both lead concentrations presented a "classical general adaptation syndrome to stress", as hyperglycemia associated with lowered lipids and proteins was reported. Stress-response magnitude was dose-dependent. While the response to the lowest lead concentration might represent adaptation, the highest concentration seems to characterize exhaustion.
Adaptation, Physiological↗
Behavioral aspects of stress.
Many researchers view stress theory as having evolved from a specific response for each specific stimulus, through a standardized general adaptation syndrome for a wide variety of stressors, to a newly hypothesized model that suggests a standardized physiological response for psychological stressors and specific homeostatic responses for physical stressors. Stressors can originate from within an individual (endogenous) or from the environment (exogenous). A sense of control over one's environment (exogenous stimuli) and predictability of stimuli are extremely important in determining the potency of psychological stressors. The performance of highly repetitive, stereotyped behaviors has been shown to help animals cope with environments containing little or unvaried stimulation. Chronic psychological stressors are the most problematic area of stress research and animal care. Animals may respond behaviorally to chronic stressors by either achieving adaptation or by showing such conditions as learned helplessness, intensification of drives, stereotyped behavior, and absence of normal behaviors. A chronic endogenous buildup of motivation to perform specific behaviors that an animal has been prevented from performing can be quantified and result in animals displaying signs of chronic stress, i.e., altered metabolism (hormones), suppressed immune system, and learned helplessness. It is of paramount importance that the behavioral and physiological variables utilized in stress research be relevant to the particular species and questions under study.
Acute Disease↗
[Clinical examination of the conception '86 of "Canoer Multistep-Therapie" (CMT) by M. v. Ardene. First communication: the standard, the control-parameters, and the course of therapy (author's transl)].
It is reported about the clinical testing of the "Cancer Multistep Therapy" (CMT) by M. von Ardenne (CMT Concept '74). It was made in 1974/75 on 42 tumour-patients. At first we demonstrate in this publication clinical and paraclinical findings, which may be relevant for the therapy-standard, but the results of the therapy-efficiency will be given later. On the base of findings and observations we verify a program-true employment of the CMT Concept '74 and we demonstrate the pathophysiological reaction-patterns in connection with the longterm-hyperglycemia (glucose-utilization, spontaneous hyperthermy with tachycardia, spontaneous leukocytosis with typical deviations in the hematogram). These reaction-patterns are described particularly as "general adaptation syndrome" (Selye). Further we give an assessment of compatibility, tolerableness, and practicability of the CMT.
Antibody Formation↗
[Metabolism and toxicity of therapeutic chelating agents. 14. Effect of DTPA on hematopoiesis].
By use of 3-H-thymidine it is shown that toxic doses of Ca-DTPA lead to a reversible inhibition of DNA-synthesis in the lymphocytes, erythro- and myelopoietic cells of the rat. The incorporation of 59-Fe into the erythrocytes is markedly imparied. The hematological reaction, i. e. granulocytosis, lympho- and eosinopenia, is ascribed to the general adaptation syndrom. Zn-DTPA proved to be ineffective in all respects.
Animals↗
[Not Available].
Considering the accumulation of many facts, actually, in all branches of science the lack is felt of extensive and fundamental generalizations, of theories which would be in a position to explain these facts. The same holds true for medicine, where, periodically discussions are resumed on various theories of diseases and on the general theory of pathology. Pathology is determined by four elements: accumulation of experimental data, specific research ethods, hypotheses and theories and philosophical basis of the pathological theory--its methodological principles. These elements are not uniformly developed, the first anticipating the remainder. Such a controversy proves to be an internal source of the theory development. As a science, general pathology undergoes constant differentiation. However, the process of differentiation presupposes also integration of the knowledge within the limits of pathology, i.e. the creation of a scientific theory of the disease, which constitutes a rather complex task. The marx-leninist philosophy teaches us that the scientific explanation of the essence of the disease and the general pathologic doctrine of modern medicine as well should be based on the following methodological principles: evolution, complexity, structure, determinism and dynamism. The general pathological doctrine of living systems' reactivity meets these principles, since reactivity is their commonest property and therefore should be considered as a unified general pathological doctrine of modern medicine. It involves not merely the cited above, previous theories, but also the theory for the general adaptational syndrome of G. Sellier and the reflex theory of I. P. Pavlov. ...
Communism↗