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PubMed2001

[A new triterpene from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum].

AIM: To study the chemical constituents of the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. METHODS: Individual constituents, isolated and repeatedly purified on silica gel column, were identified by physicochemical constants and structurally elucidated by spectral methods. RESULTS: From the alcohol extract, compound 2 was obtained and identified as 3 beta,7 beta-dihydroxy-4,4,14 alpha-trimethyl-11,15-dioxo-5 alpha-chol-8-en-24-oic acid. In addition, two known compounds, lucidenic acid A (1) and C (3) were obtained. CONCLUSION: Compound 2 is a new triterpene compound.

Cholic Acids↗
PubMed2002

[Effect of lugu Ganoderma lucidum on low-density lipoprotein oxidation and monocyte adhesion to endothelium].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of Lugu Ganoderma Lucidum (LGL) on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and monocyte adhesion to endothelium (AdM-E) induced by oxydative LDL and advanced glycosylation endproducts (AGE) by using serum pharmacological technique. METHODS: LDL oxidation was determined by measuring the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the supernatants, and AdM-E was determined by measuring myeloperoxidase activity of adherent monocyte. RESULTS: Serum derived from rats 0.5 hrs, 1 hr, 2 hrs, 3 hrs after LGL administering 0.12 g/kg once and 0.5 hrs, 1 hr after LGL administering twice showed no significant effect on LDL oxidation, but the serum from rats 2 hrs, 3 hrs after LGL 0.12 g/kg administering twice or from rats after 10 successive days LGL administering in dose of 0.12 g/kg, 0.24 g/kg and 0.72 g/kg, all could lower the LDL oxidation (P < 0.05). Besides, the serum from rats with 10 days LGL administering of all dosages also could inhibit AdM-E induced by AGE (P < 0.05), and those of 0.24 g/kg and 0.72 g/kg could inhibit AdM-E induced by oxydative LDL (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: LGL could decrease LDL oxidation and AdM-E induced by AGE or oxydative LDL.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Regulatory effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on cytotoxic T-lymphocytes induced by dendritic cells in vitro.

AIM: To study the regulatory effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (Gl-PS) on cytotoxicity and mechanism of specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) induced by dendritic cells (DC) in vitro during the stage of antigen presentation. METHODS: Cultured murine bone marrow-derived DC were pulsed with P815 tumor cell lysates and co-incubated with or without various concentrations of Gl-PS (0.8, 3.2, or 12.8 mg/L) at the same time. P815 specific CTL were induced by spleen lymphocytes stimulated with mature DC. Non-adherent cells and culture supernatants were harvested on d 5 for analysis of specific cytotoxicity with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity assay, mRNA expression of IFNgamma, granzyme B with RT-PCR assay, and protein expression of IFNgamma, granzyme B with ELISA or Western blot assay, respectively. RESULTS: Three concentrations of Gl-PS promoted LDH activities released into culture supernatants (P<0.01). It also increased mRNA expression of IFNgamma in CTL (Gl-PS 12.8 mg/L vs RPMI medium 1640, P<0.05) and granzyme B in CTL (P<0.01). Protein production of IFNgamma in culture supernatants (P<0.05) and protein expression of granzyme B in CTL (Gl-PS 12.8 mg/L vs RPMI medium 1640, P<0.05) were also augmented by Gl-PS. CONCLUSION: Gl-PS is shown to promote the cytotoxicity of specific CTL induced by DC which were pulsed with P815 tumor antigen during the stage of antigen presentation, and the mechanism of cytotoxicity is believed to be going through IFNgamma and granzyme B pathways.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Antioxidant effect of Ganoderma polysaccharide peptide].

AIM: To study the antioxidant effect of Ganoderma polysaccharide peptide (GLPP) and its mechanism. METHODS: Copper was used as oxidant to induce low lipoprotein (LDL) oxidative modification, and alloxan was given i.v. to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) injury in mice. RESULTS: GLPP decreased oxidation of LDL and the relative electrophoretic mobility (REM) of oxidative product of LDL. After GLPP was given i.p. for 20 days, the concentration of malondialdehyde(MDA) in serum and heart of mice was decreased. The GSHpx enzyme activity was increased, while the SOD level was decreased. The catalase(CAT) levels were not significantly changed by GLPP. CONCLUSION: GLPP showed antioxidant effect by scavenging ROS or enhancing the enzyme activity of GSHpx in vivo and in vitro.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Anti-inflammatory and analgesic actions of artificial and fermentative Ganoderma sinense (AFGS)].

Both AFGS and natural Ganoderma sinense (NGS) have obvious anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects for arthritis in rats induced by carrageenan and the pain reaction in mice induced by hot scalding as well as HAC-induced writhing. AFGS also can reduce the edematous swelling of mice's ears, reduce the capillary permeability of mice skin and obviously inhibit cotton pellets granuloma implanted in rats. It can promote cytophagy capacity of the reticular endothelial cells in mice. No irritation on the gastric mucosa in rats has been observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Chemical studies on immunologically active polysaccharides of Ganoderma lucidum(Leyss. ex Fr.) Karst].

BN3B, the polysaccharide component of the fruit of Ganoderma lucidum, has been shown to have immune activity. From BN3B four homogeneous polysaccharides were separated and purified. Chemical studies on the main components BN3B1 and BN3B3 indicated that BM3B1 contained only glucose and should be a glucan containing beta-(1----6) and (1----3)glycoside bonds and that BN3B3 was an arabinogalactan containing beta-(1----6) and (1----3)glycoside bonds.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1992

Effect of Ganoderma polysaccharides on T cell subpopulations and production of interleukin 2 in mixed lymphocyte response.

Mixed lymphocyte response was used as a main model through all the experiments In a series of concentrations (25, 50, 100, and 200 micrograms/ml), Ganoderma polysaccharides (GL-B) promoted the production of interleukin 2 (IL-2) in a concentration-dependent manner after initiation of culture for 12 h and increased the total cell recovery as well as that of Lyt 2+ and L3T4+ cells after 4 days of culture. The data also show that the polysaccharides markedly enhanced the cytotoxicity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which was increased by 100% at the concentration of 200 micrograms/ml.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Effectiveness of Dp2 nasal therapy for Dp2- induced airway inflammation in mice: using oral Ganoderma lucidum as an immunomodulator.

Nasal immunotherapy with allergen has been reported to be effective for airway allergic disease. A group of 50 male Balb/c mice were immunized intraperitoneally with recombinant Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus group 2 (rDp2), then oral feeding with Ganoderma lucidum (known as "Ling Zhi," LZ OT) and intranasal therapy with native Dp2 (Dp2 NT) were given, the mice then received intratracheal challenge with rDp2 at 28 days and 35 days after immunization. Airway hypersensitivity to methacholine was measured 30 min (early phase) and 24 h (late phase) after the second challenge. The cytokine producing CD4 cells in PBL and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and sera were measured on 37 days after immunization. Both Dp2 NT and LZ OT downregulated total inflammatory cell infiltration in the airway. Dp2 NT reduced IL-5+/CD4+ cells and increased IFN-gamma+/CD4+ cells. When LZ OT was added to Dp2 NT, the reduction of IL-5+/CD4+ cells was diminished and the increment of IFN-gamma+/CD4+ cells was increased. LZ OT alone increased both IL-5+/CD4+ cells and IFN-gamma+/CD4+ cells. When LZ OT was added to Dp2 NT, IgG2a was further increased to a significant level. LZ OT alone significantly suppressed IgG1 and increased IgG2a production. When lung function was measured after therapy, early phase airway hypersensitivity to methacholine significantly suppressed by Dp2 NT, while late phase hypersensitivity was suppressed but not to a significant level. When LZ OT was added to Dp2 NT, the suppression of late phase airway hypersensitivity to methacholine reached a significant level. In this mouse model of Dp2-induced airway hypersensitivity, Dp2 NT downregulated airway inflammatory cell infiltration and decreased immediate airway hypersensitivity to methacholine. When LZ OT was coadministered, the airway lymphocytes and circulatory IFN-gamma+/CD4+ were both increased and late phase airway hypersensitivity was decreased. These results suggest that Dp2 NT might have a therapeutic effect on Dp2-induced airway hypersensitivity and LZ OT might also have an effect on Dp2 NT immunotherapy.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2004

Hypoglycemic effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides.

AIM: To investigate the hypoglycemic effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (Gl-PS) in the normal fasted mice and its possible mechanism. METHODS: Normal fasted mice were given a single dose of Gl-PS 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg by i.p. and the serum glucose was measured at 0, 3, and 6 h after administration. Gl-PS 100 mg/kg were also given by i.p. and the serum glucose and insulin levels were measured at 0 min, 30 min, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, and 12 h. Pancreatic islets were isolated and incubated with glucose 5.6 mmol/L and different concentration of Gl-PS, the insulin content of islets and insulin release were examined. The islets fluorescent intensity of [Ca2+]i was also studied with a confocal microscope. Verapamil and egtazic acid were used to testify whether the insulin-releasing effect of Gl-PS was mediated by its ability to raise the Ca2+ influx. RESULTS: Gl-PS dose-dependently lowered the serum glucose levels at 3 h and 6 h after administration. Gl-PS 100 mg/kg raised the circulating insulin levels at 1 h after administration. In vitro, Gl-PS had no effect on islets insulin content, but it stimulated the insulin release after incubation with glucose 5.6 mmol/L. Confocal microscope showed that Gl-PS 100 mg/L had the capacity to raise the [Ca2+]i. The insulin-releasing effect of Gl-PS was inhibited by verapamil/egtazic acid. CONCLUSION: Gl-PS possesses the hypoglycemic effect on normal mice; one mechanism is through its insulin-releasing activity due to a facilitation of Ca2+ inflow to the pancreatic beta cells.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of Ganoderma lucidum on induction of differentiation in leukemic U937 cells.

Ganoderma (G.) lucidum is a herbal medicine with tumoricidal activity capable of inhibiting the proliferation of mouse Sarcoma 180 cells both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we investigated the effect of the polysaccharide fraction of G. lucidum (PS-G) on the proliferation and differentiation of human monocytic leukemia cell line, U937. Using an in vitro liquid culture system, we found that the conditioned medium from PS-G-stimulated human blood mononuclear cells (PSG-MNC-CM) contained an activity that could significantly inhibit the growth of U937 cells and induce them to differentiate into mature monocytes/macrophages which had functions of phagocytosis and producing cytoplasmic superoxide. Neither PS-G nor normal (untreated) MNC-CM was found to have a differentiating effect on the target cells. The optimal condition for stimulating the in vitro production of MNC-derived differentiation-inducing activity was to use PS-G at a low concentration of 50 micrograms/ml and to incubate MNC for a short period of 24 hours. Long-term (greater than 3 days) incubation resulted in a decrease in the differentiating activity of the conditioned media.

Cell Differentiation↗
PubMed2003

[Study on preparation process and analytical methods of ESAC from Ganoderma lucidum].

OBJECTIVE: To develop the procedure for separating the ethanol-soluble and acidic components (ESAC) from Ganoderma lucidum, and to establish a method for quantifying ESAC in G. lucidum. METHOD: The ethanol extract of G. lucidum was extracted with a saturated NaHCO3 solution, acidified and re-extracted by chloroform to obtain ESAC. The quantitative analysis of ESAC was based on the characteristic color reaction between ESAC and H2SO4. RESULT: The optimal conditions for separating ESAC on a 10 g scale are as follows: ratio of material and ethanol (mL), 1:15; immersing time, 24 h; volume of saturated NaHCO3 and chloroform, 1300 mL; extract 3 times. The condition for measuring ESAC is as follows: sample weight, 1 g; solution volume, 1.5 mL; immuersing time, 0.5 h; detecting reagent, 50% H2SO4 in ethanol; heating time in 100 degrees C water bathe, 3 min; measuring wavelength, 490 nm. CONCLUSION: The procedure for ESAC preparation is simple and well-designed, and the established method for ESAC can be used for the qualitative analysis of the G. lucidum related products.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal↗
PubMed2004

Antitumor and anti-angiogenic activity of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides peptide.

AIM: To investigate the antitumor and anti-angiogenic activity of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides peptide (GLPP). METHODS: Antitumor effect of GLPP was observed in tumor-bearing mice in vivo. At the same time, the effects of GLPP on proliferation of tumor cells and human umbilical cord vascular endothelial cell (HUVEC) were detected by MTT assay in vitro. Subsequently, spleen lymphocytes proliferation of nude mice was stimulated by LPS or ConA. To investigate the anti-angiogenic effect of GLPP, GLPP 80 microg per disc and GLPP-treated serum 10 microL per disc were added to the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) respectively in vivo. RESULTS: GLPP 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg inhibited growth of Sarcoma 180 in BALB/c mice markedly by 35.2 %, 45.2 %, and 61.9 %, respectively. GLPP which was directly added to the cultured medium did not inhibit PG cell proliferation in vitro; but GLPP-treated serum 50, 100, 200 mg/kg potently inhibited PG cell proliferation by 22.5 %, 26.8 %, and 30.3 %, respectively; and reduced the xenograft (human lung carcinoma cell PG) in BALB/c nude mice greatly in vivo by 55.5 %, 46.0 %, and 46.8 %, respectively. Lymphocytes proliferation of nude mice could be stimulated by LPS 5 mg/L but not by ConA 2.5 mg/L, indicating that GLPP could not promote the T lymphocyte proliferation and neutral red phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages of nude mice. The CAM assay showed that GLPP and GLPP-treated serum had anti-angiogenic effect. GLPP (1, 10, and 100 mg/L) inhibited HUVEC proliferation in vitro with the inhibitory rate of 9.4 %, 15.6 %, and 40.4 %, respectively. CONCLUSION: GLPP has antitumor and anti-angiogenic activity. The anti-angiogenesis of GLPP may be a new mechanism underlying its anti-tumor effects.

Angiogenesis Inhibitors↗
PubMed2004

[Activation of mouse macrophages by the alkali-extracted polysaccharide from spore of Ganoderma lucidum].

AIM: To investigate the activation of mouse macrophages by the alkali-extracted polysaccharides from the spore of Ganoderma lucidum (LZSBS). METHODS: The mouse macrophages cultured in-vitro were stimulated by LZSBS. IL-1beta and TNF-alpha in the culture supernatants were detected by ELISA. NO production was detected by Griess assay. The percentage of phagocytosis of latex beads by mouse macrophages was counted under microscope. RESULTS: The mouse macrophages stimulated by LZSBS increased in volume and darkened in appearance under phase-contrast microscope. LZSBS-activated mouse macrophages secreted IL-1beta and TNF-alpha produced a large amount of NO. The percentage of phagocytosis of latex beads by mouse macrophages was also significantly increased in the presence of LZSBS. CONCLUSION: LZSBS can activate markedly the mouse macrophages.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Xylanase production by Ganoderma lucidum on liquid and solid state fermentation.

Ganoderma lucidum, a white rot fungus, was exploited for its potentials to produce xylanase employing shake and solid-state culture conditions. Different culture conditions such as pH, temperature, carbon and nitrogen requirements for its growth and production of xylanase were optimized. The culture media pH 6.0-7.0 and temperatures 30 degrees-35 degrees C significantly promoted the growth as well as xylanase secretion into the media. Xylan and peptone were found to be the suitable carbon and nitrogen sources. Among the different agrowastes used, wheat bran was found to be the best substrate for the test fungus for the production of xylanase than sugarcane bagasse and rice bran in solid-state fermentation.

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel↗
PubMed2004

Isolation and characterization of alpha-glucosidase inhibitor from the fungus Ganoderma lucidum.

An alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, SKG-3, was isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum and its physico-chemical properties were characterized. It was a highly specific and effective reversible inhibitor of alpha-glucosidase. It showed very potent inhibitory activity against alpha-glucosidase with an IC50 value of 4.6 micro g/ml, but no activity for any other glycosidases tested. Enzyme activity could be recovered upon dialysis, thus providing evidence for the reversibility of the inhibition. A Lineweaver-Burk plot indicated that the SKG-3 inhibition of alpha-glucosidase was competitive.

Binding, Competitive↗
PubMed2004

Anti-tumor and immunoregulatory activities of Ganoderma lucidum and its possible mechanisms.

Ganoderma lucidum (G lucidum) is a medicinal fungus with a variety of biological activities. It has long been used as a folk remedy for promotion of health and longevity in China and other oriental countries. The most attractive character of this kind of medicinal fungus is its immunomodulatory and anti-tumor activities. Large numbers of studies have shown that G lucidum modulate many components of the immune system such as the antigen-presenting cells, NK cells, T and B lymphocytes. The water extract and the polysaccharides fraction of G lucidum exhibited significant anti-tumor effect in several tumor-bearing animals mainly through its immunoenhancing activity. Recent studies also showed that the alcohol extract or the triterpene fraction of G lucidum possessed anti-tumor effect, which seemed to be related to the cytotoxic activity against tumor cells directly. Preliminary study indicated that antiangiogenic effect may be involved antitumor activity of G lucidum.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Protective effects of a water-soluble extract from cultured medium of Ganoderma lucidum (Rei-shi) mycelia and Agaricus blazei murill against X-irradiation in B6C3F1 mice: Increased small intestinal crypt survival and prolongation of average time to animal death.

Radioprotective effects of a water-soluble extracts from cultured medium of Ganoderma lucidum (Rei-shi) mycelia (designed as MAK) and Agaricus blazei (Agaricus) against the shortening of survival time or the injury of crypt by X-irradiation were investigated in male B6C3F1 mice. MAK and Agaricus at three different doses were mixed into basal diet into biscuits at 5, 2.5 and 1.25% and administered from 1 week before irradiation. MAK (5% group) significantly prolonged animal survival as compared with basal diet group (control group) after 7 Gy of X-ray irradiation at a dose rate of 2 Gy min(-1). At doses of 8, 10 and 12 Gy X-irradiation at a dose rate of 4 Gy min(-1) MAK (5% group) significantly increased crypt survival as compared to other groups. These results suggest that MAK can act as a radioprotective agent.

Agaricus↗