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PubMed1980

Evaluation of granulated fenbendazole (22.2%) against induced and naturally occurring helminth infections in cats.

A granulated formulation of 22.2% fenbendazole was tested for anthelmintic activity against helminths in cats. The drug was administered in 20 g of canned food on each of 3 days at a dosage of 50 mg/kg of body weight/day. Of 31 young adult cats harboring naturally occurring infections of Toxocara cati, 16 were treated and 15 served as controls. There was 100% clearance of ascarids from all treated cats. Among controls, 18% of the ascarid burden was expelled naturally. Thirty additional cats were acclimated for 2 months prior to infecting them experimentally with Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, Taenia taeniaeformis, and Ancylosatoma tubaeforme. Treatment caused a transitory reduction in the number of lungworm larvae. Histopathologically, cells of developing eggs and of a majority of 1st-stage larvae in lungs of treated cats had evidence of marked degeneration and necrosis, whereas the same stage of larvae in lungs of control cats were normal. Although the number of lung lesions in treated cats was approximately half the number found in controls, there was no significant (P > 0.05) indication that this was due to treatment. Fenbendazole was effective against induced infections of A tubaeforme and Taen taeniaeformis. Greater than 99.9% of hookworms were expelled from 16 treated cats as compared with a 2% natural expulsion from 15 controls. Of 24 cats that developed patent infections of Taen taeniaeformis, 12 were treated and cleared of this parasite, whereas 9 of 12 controls continued to harbor 1 to 10 tapeworms at the time of necropsy. Fenbendazole at a dosage of 50 mg/kg/day x 3 days appeared to be an effective anthelmintic against the common ascarid, hookworm, and tapeworm of cats. Its activity against lungworms was inconclusive at the dosage used, but the data suggest the need for investigating its activity against this parasite at higher dosages, for longer periods of treatment, or both.

Ancylostomiasis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of albendazole and levamisole chemotherapy on prevalence and intensity of common soil-transmitted helminth infections in school children, Sierra Leone.

A comparison of two studies performed in Sierra Leone on the effect of anthelmintic, chemotherapy, levamisole, albendazole or a placebo in children aged 6 to 10 years on the prevalence and intensity of common soil transmitted helminths (S-THs) infections is presented. In total 501 children were screened, and 394 successfully follow-up. At baseline their overall prevalence and intensity (epg) of Ascaris, Necator and Trichuris were 34% (2,877), 22% (284) and 39% (266) respectively. At baseline there was no significant difference in the intensity of S-THs infections in the different treatment groups but the prevalence of Necator was significantly higher in the levamisole than the albendazole group (p < 0.05). At follow-up both albendazole and levamisole significantly reduced prevalence and intensity of Ascaris and Trichuris. Only albendazole significantly reduced those of Necator. The placebo group had no significant change in prevalence but a significant increase in intensity of all S-THs.

Albendazole↗
PubMed2005

Population biology of multispecies helminth infection: interspecific interactions and parasite distribution.

Despite evidence for the existence of interspecific interactions between helminth species, there has been no theoretical exploration of their effect on the distribution of the parasite species in a host population. We use a deterministic model for the accumulation and loss of adult worms of 2 interacting helminth species to motivate an individual-based stochastic model. The mean worm burden and variance: mean ratio (VMR) of each species, and the correlation between the two species are used to describe the distribution within different host age classes. We find that interspecific interactions can produce convex age-intensity profiles and will impact the level of aggregation (as measured by the VMR). In the absence of correlated exposure, the correlation in older age classes may be close to zero when either intra- or interspecific synergistic effects are strong. We therefore suggest examining the correlation between species in young hosts as a possible means of identifying interspecific interaction. The presence of correlation between the rates of exposure makes the interpretation of correlations between species more difficult. Finally we show that in the absence of interaction, strong positive correlations are generated by averaging across most age classes.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Helminths infecting the parthenogenetic whiptail lizard Cnemidophorus nativo in a restinga habitat of Bahia State, Brazil.

A sample of 101 specimens of the unisexual whiptail lizard Cnemidophorus nativo (Squamata; Teiidae) from a coastal site in Bahia State, Brazil were examined for the presence of endoparasites. Of these, 35 (34.7%) harboured helminths. Six helminth species were recovered from C. nativo, including five nematodes (Physaloptera retusa, Physalopteroides venancioi, Subulura lacertilia, Skrjabinelazia intermedia and Parapharyngodon sp., and one cestode (Oochoristica ameivae), all representing new host records. Most lizards were infected by a single species of helminth and none by more than three. Infection rates were neither significantly influenced by host body size nor by environmental factors. The results are compared with data from studies on other whiptail species in both South and North America.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Polyparasitism with Schistosoma haematobium and soil-transmitted helminth infections among school children in Loum, Cameroon.

Prevalence and abundance of Schistosoma haematobium and soil-transmitted helminths (STH) were assessed among a total of 1600 pupils (urine, n = 1190; faecal samples, n = 1454) attending five schools in Loum, Littoral Province, Cameroon, with the specific aim of assessing the extent of polyparasitism and the extent to which infections were focused in particular subsets of the study group. Prevalence of S. haematobium was 62.8% with an abundance (arithmetic mean of egg counts) of 54 eggs/10 ml urine. For the STH these were 47.7% and 619 eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) for Trichuris trichiura, 65.5% and 3636 EPG for Ascaris lumbricoides, and 1.4% and <0.1 EPG for hookworms. Most children (90.3%) were infected with at least one of these four species, the largest proportion (34.3%) carrying two species; 27.4% carried three and 1.1% carried concurrently all four species of parasites. The average number of species harboured increased with age, as did the prevalences of S. haematobium and T. trichiura but not that of A. lumbricoides. All STH showed marked differences in prevalence between the five schools but only T. trichiura varied significantly between sexes. Mean abundance of infection varied significantly between age classes, among schools and between the sexes, with females showing heavier mean EPGs for A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura and males higher mean eggs/10 ml urine for S. haematobium infections. A highly significant association was detected between A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura, that was not context-dependent. This was confirmed in quantitative analyses after controlling for differences in abundance between schools, sexes and age classes. A weaker context-dependent association (prevalence data) was detected between S. haematobium and A. lumbricoides (sex- and age-dependent) but quantitative associations between these two species, as well as between S. haematobium and T. trichiura, were not convincing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

[Observations on the effect of some measures for preventing gastrointestinal helminth infections in sheep].

Prophylactic anthelmintic treatment of ewes about parturition has only a negligible effects on the most important species of helminths when the ewes and their lambs are not grazed on clean pasture. Haemonchus contortus infections were completely prevented in some cases but usually severe infections occurred. As the build-up of these heavy infections in lambs was slightly delayed in comparison with that in the lambs of untreated ewes, treatment about parturition should still be regarded as useful. Treatment of lambs at the time of weaning combined with moving the animals to a clean pasture is a useful though not entirely effective preventive measure. Particularly when the lambs continue to stay on the farm, they have to be moved to clean pasture and/or treated with anthelmintics more frequently.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

The population dynamics of acquired immunity to helminth infection: experimental and natural transmission.

Recently we described a mathematical model of the role of acquired immunity in host-helminth interactions. The model gives a good quantitative description of the results of experiments involving the nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus in laboratory mice. Here we apply the model to the results of two further laboratory studies of the same parasite-host interaction: (i) the repeated experimental infection of a genetically heterogeneous host population, and (ii) the natural transmission of the parasite within mouse populations under different dietary conditions. Numerical simulation again reveals good quantitative agreement between the model predictions and laboratory data. Finally, the model is extended to give a preliminary description of the dynamics of helminth-host interactions of medical and ecological significance in the real world.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Helminth infections of sheep in North Sumatra, Indonesia.

Gastrointestinal tracts of 73 indigenous sheep were obtained from the Medan abattoir in North Sumatra, Indonesia, and examined for the presence of helminths. A total of 13 species of helminths, eight nematodes, one cestode and four trematodes were encountered. All sheep were infected by more than one species of nematodes. Trichostrongylus colubriformis, T. axei and Haemonchus contortus were the most common species. The intensity of the nematode infections was very high: the average burden was over 7500 worms. Trichostrongylus spp. accounted, on average, for 81.5% of the total nematode burden. No influence of age on total nematode burden could be shown. Eurytrema pancreaticum and Schistosoma spindale were found in 23.3% and 4.1% of the examined sheep, respectively. The results are discussed in relation to common management and helminth control systems.

Abattoirs↗