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PubMed1988

The Level of Expressed Emotion Scale: a new measure of expressed emotion.

The Level of Expressed Emotion (LEE) scale was developed to provide an index of the perceived emotional climate in a person's influential relationships. Unlike existing measures, the scale was constructed on the basis of a conceptual framework described by expressed emotion theorists. In addition to providing an overall score, the 60-item scale assesses the following four characteristic attitudes or response styles of significant others: Intrusiveness, emotional response, attitude toward illness, and tolerance/expectations. The scale underwent extensive psychometric development procedures: (1) theoretically based item generation; (2) pilot testing with normal and psychiatric populations to select the final items; and (3) construct validation within a schizophrenic population. The results were quite favorable and indicate that the LEE scale has sound psychometric properties of internal consistency; reliability; independence from sex, age, and amount of contacts; and construct validity.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1989

The contributions of self-defeating philosophies, perceived helplessness, and repression to anxiety among psychiatric patients.

Four of the most influential psychological explanations for the development of anxiety attribute it to (1) repressed awareness of undesirable emotions; (2) the emergence of unacceptable feelings from the unconscious; (3) adherence to irrational, self-defeating philosophies; and (4) perceived helplessness/lack of control over one's affairs. To test these theories, the authors administered the Trait Anxiety, Denial, Irrational Beliefs, and Locus of Control scales to 190 psychiatric inpatients. Appropriate zero-order, attenuation-corrected, multiple, and partial correlations were run. Denial was correlated negatively with Trait Anxiety; this is consistent with the view that awareness of unpleasant emotions generates anxiety, but does not support the claim that it is the result of repression. The correlations of Trait Anxiety with the Irrational Beliefs scale were substantial. However, its relationships with Locus of Control were limited and nonsignificant after the effects of the Denial and Irrational Beliefs scales were removed statistically. The findings lend support to the positions that anxiety results from self-defeating philosophies and/or the emergence of unpleasant thoughts about oneself, but give only modest support to the "perceived helplessness" hypothesis and seem to contradict the "excessive repression" explanation.

Adjustment Disorders↗

PubMed1989

WISC-R stability and re-evaluation of learning-disabled students.

This study investigated the temporal stability of WISC-R IQ scores for learning-disabled subjects (N = 113). All study subjects were administered the WISC-R for an initial evaluation (M age = 8 years, 3 months) and a follow-up re-evaluation (M age = 11 years, 7 months). Pearson product-moment correlations yielded coefficients that were considerably lower than those previously reported: r = .55, p less than .001 for the Verbal IQs; r = .63, p less than .001 for the Performance IQs; and r = .58, p less than .001 for the Full Scale IQs. Results of t-test analyses indicated that only the Verbal IQ scores were significantly different when the initial evaluation (M = 89.4) was compared to the re-evaluation (M = 85.3), p less than .001. The results suggest that the WISC-R may be less stable for the learning-disabled population than for other groups and that the average 3-year test-retest time lapse was an influential factor in the reduced reliability of this instrument.

Child↗

PubMed1990

Comparisons of two expressed emotion scales with the Camberwell Family Interview.

The relationship of the Camberwell Family Interview (CFI) with two self-report scales purported to measure levels of expressed emotion was assessed. Fifteen schizophrenic patients and 22 of their relatives completed the Level of Expressed Emotion Scale (LEE) and the Influential Relationships Questionnaire (IRQ). The relatives of patients also participated in Camberwell Family Interviews (CFI). Results supported the value of the self-report measures in evaluating the affective environment of patients with schizophrenia.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

The acceptability of behavioral and emotional feedback depending upon valence and structure in personal growth groups.

Forty-eight students participated in a one-time personal growth group. Subjects were assigned to one of eight groups. Exercises were conducted to promote interpersonal contact, followed by feedback sessions. Four groups generated and exchanged feedback among group members. Statement lists were used as feedback in remaining groups. Within each set, one group delivered positive-behavioral; one, positive-emotional; one, negative-behavioral; and one, negative-emotional feedback. Positive feedback was more credible, desirable, and influential for recipients and donors; positive-behavioral feedback in particular was more credible. Donors rated unstructured feedback as more credible than structured feedback, with negative-structured feedback the least credible with donors and recipients. Findings are discussed in terms of research and application.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Perceived interpersonal attitudes and psychiatric complaints in patients with essential hypertension.

The association between perceived interpersonal attitudes and psychiatric complaints in a group of hypertensives (N = 37) was evaluated. The Influential Relationships Questionnaire (IRQ), which measures perceived care, overprotection, and criticism, was administered to all patients. Hypertensives with psychiatric complaints (n = 14) were not different in terms of age, gender, obesity, smoking, alcohol intake, occupational stress, drug treatment, and baseline systolic and diastolic blood pressures compared to hypertensives without psychiatric complaints. They were, however, different in perceiving their social environment. Hypertensives with psychiatric complaints perceived their social environment as less caring, more overprotective, and more critical. Finally, patients without psychiatric complaints showed better outcome in terms of baseline vs. follow-up measures of systolic and diastolic blood pressures than did patients without psychiatric complaints.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Local opinion leaders: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Both the theory of diffusion of innovations and the social influences model of behaviour change suggest that using local opinion leaders to transmit norms and model appropriate behaviour may improve health professional practice. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects using local opinion leaders on the practice of health professionals or patient outcomes. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched MEDLINE to May 1998, the Research and Development Resource Base in Continuing Medical Education, and reference lists of related systematic reviews and articles. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised trials of the use of local opinion leaders (defined as health professionals nominated by their colleagues as being educationally influential). The participants were health care professionals responsible for patient care. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed study quality. MAIN RESULTS: Eight studies were included involving more than 296 health professionals. A variety of patient problems were targeted, including acute myocardial infarction, cancer pain, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic lung disease, vaginal birth after caesarean section, labour and delivery, and urinary catheter care. Six of seven trials that measured health professional practice demonstrated some improvement for at least one outcome variable, and in two trials, the results were statistically significant and clinically important. In three trials that measured patient outcomes, only one achieved an impact upon practice that was of practical importance: local opinion leaders were effective in improving the rate of vaginal birth after previous caesarean section. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Using local opinion leaders results in mixed effects on professional practice. However, it is not always clear what local opinion leaders do and replicable descriptions are needed. Further research is required to determine if opinion leaders can be identified and in which circumstances they are likely to influence the practice of their peers.

Health Services Research↗

PubMed1976

Community leaders' attitudes toward family planning.

Four separate samples of lawyers, businessmen, ministers, and physicians were requested to complete four separate non-overlapping attitude questionnaires in an effort to assess their attitudes toward sterilization, individual responsibility for contraception, family size, social responsibility, overpopulation, and contraception in the lower class. The data indicated that the four professional groups differed in their attitudes and those differences provided the impetus for suggestions focused on developing and maintaining a positive relationship between the influential members of the community and the family planning clinic.

Community Health Centers↗

PubMed1984

Toward the explication of the value contexts of the community psychologies.

Value issues are inseparable from any scientific pursuit and they become particularly influential in the applied scientific areas of community and behavioral community psychology. The explication of value positions is one way of dealing positively with the ubiquity of value issues. The role of values in community mental health, community psychology, and behavioral community psychology are contrasted. Implicit value positions are entrenched in the terminology of community psychology and community mental health theory while theory in behavioral community psychology, because of its functional rather than structural orientation, does not contain the same level of value positions. Traditionally, value positions have been concerned with the quality of life, i.e., what makes up the "good life." However, the worldwide crises of starvation, nuclear armament, and pollution necessitates an orientation to a more fundamental type of value, i.e., survival of the species or the opportunity for life. Through the explication of quality-of-life values, the public and psychologists designing community helping programs can evaluate the compatibility of quality-of-life and opportunity-for-life values.

Community Mental Health Services↗

PubMed1976

Reflections on the golden age of Columbia psychology.

This paper discusses the Golden Age (1920-1940) of the Columbia University psychology department and analyzes some of the sources of its strengths and weaknesses. Much of the credit goes to Robert S. Woodworth, the dean of American experimental psychology, who set up the objective eclectic orientation of the department, recruited a remarkable group of competent faculty members, and above all kept up a cooperative unified spirit in the department. Because the Columbia University psychology department was so influential during its Golden Age, its organization, staffing and departmental characteristics are analyzed. Probably the key to its success was the capability of a guiding genius, Robert S. Woodworth, who gathered a remarkable group of scholars about him. Woodworth's objective eclectic orientation provided the broadest possible approach within a rigorous experimental-statistical orientation. Woodworth's scholarly approach pervaded the department so that many of his colleagues also wrote pioneering encyclopedic works in their particular fields of specialization. The writings of the Columbia psychologists truly shaped the field.

Faculty↗

PubMed1987

David Hartley's Newtonian neuropsychology.

David Hartley's association psychology has been immensely influential. His vibrationist neurophysiology has, in contrast, been largely overlooked and forgotten. Hartley's vibration theory is examined. On the one hand it is shown how closely it is related to Sir Isaac Newton's mathematical physics and on the other how well it complements the association theory. The vibration theory, indeed, strongly influenced Hartley's associationist psychology and hence is of more than merely antiquarian interest. Although Hartley's understanding of the central nervous system has long been superseded, his general ideas prefigure some aspects of contemporary neurophysiology and philosophy of mind and thus provide a further reason for rescuing his vibrationism from oblivion.

England↗

PubMed1993

Educated insane: a nineteenth-century psychiatric paradigm.

In the 1830s the time-honored notion that excess study could lead to madness underwent a significant change in America. Under the influence of Enlightenment pedagogy and phrenology, influential superintendents like Amariah Brigham and Isaac Ray feared that the "unnatural" overstimulation of children in schools would ruin their development. In the second half of the nineteenth century, as belief in environmental determinism waned and assumptions about what is "natural" changed, this psychiatric etiology was debated; then, overthrown. By the turn of the century, education was thought to aid, not harm, the mentally ill.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1995

Psychology and homosexuality: the British Sexological Society.

The British Sexological Society was a largely unknown society composed of influential people of the early twentieth century in Great Britain. The present research is an archival study of the Society and its work concerning homosexuality. Issues addressed by the British Sexological Society are relevant to the early development of sexual emancipation movements as well as to issues of sexuality today.

Civil Rights↗

PubMed2000

Neurologist or psychiatrist? The public and private domains of Jean-Martin Charcot.

The emergence of neurology as an autonomous, prestigious field in late-nineteenth-century Paris is well known. Less appreciated is the role that neurologists played vis-à-vis the cognate older field of psychiatry. Taking Jean-Martin Charcot, the most influential neurologist of his time, as a test case, this paper contrasts his attitudes and practice in the public setting of teaching and hospital work with his private practice. A staunch defender of a clear distinction between his field and psychiatry, Charcot's private practice displayed more flexibility. Treating hysteria and neurasthenia created a middle ground of nervous diseases for him to cultivate. Unpublished case histories and other materials, especially from the Charcot library, support the conception of neurologists as active agents in constituting a new psychological medicine.

Famous Persons↗

PubMed2000

How Pierre Janet used pathological psychology to save the philosophical self.

According to traditional French historiography, French scientific psychology was born when it differentiated itself from philosophy. This split between the two disciplines is attributed to Taine and Ribot, who, consequently, are considered to be the "founding fathers" of French psychology. In this paper we shall examine the case of Pierre Janet, who, at the turn of the century, was recognized worldwide as the most important French psychologist. It is generally said that he was the follower of Ribot and of Charcot. However, he was also Paul Janet's nephew. Paul Janet was a very well known and influential philosopher of the so-called French "spiritualistic" school, for which psychology was central to philosophy. In 1889, Pierre Janet published his doctoral dissertation, L'Automatisme psychologique, which was immediately considered to be a classic in psychology. We shall argue that this book is as much indebted to the old spiritualistic psychology, which claimed the substantial unity of the self, as to the new psychology at the time, which questioned it. With Pierre Janet, the split between psychology and philosophy in France was reconsidered. It would be more accurate to speak in terms of a compromise between philosophy and the "new" physiological and pathological psychology.

Famous Persons↗

PubMed2000

Individualism and the social in early American social psychology.

In this paper an attempt is made to specify the original conception of the social dimensions of cognition, emotion and behavior-and of a distinctively social psychology-that was held by early American social psychologists, but abandoned by later generations of social psychologists committed to Floyd Allport's individualistic experimental program. Two influential forms of "individualism" in the work of Floyd Allport are distinguished and detailed.

Behavior↗

PubMed2000

IL-10 deficiency prevents IL-5 overproduction and eosinophilic inflammation in a murine model of asthma-like reaction.

Eosinophilic inflammation and bronchial mucus secretion are among the characteristic pathological changes in asthmatic reaction, which is mediated by Th2 type responses. Although it belongs to Th2 cytokines especially in the mouse, IL-10 is often considered an inhibitory cytokine for both Th1 and Th2 cells. In the present study, using a murine asthma model induced by ovalbumin (OVA), we demonstrated that endogenous IL-10 is critical for the development of asthma-like responses. Specifically, in comparison with wild-type controls, IL-10 gene knockout (KO) mice showed significantly reduced IL-5 production, eosinophilic inflammation and mucus production without notable changes in IL-4 and IgE responses following i. p. sensitization and subsequent intranasal challenge with OVA. In addition, Th1-related cytokine (IFN-gamma and IL-12) production in IL-10 KO mice was significantly higher than that in wild-type mice. The results suggest that endogenous IL-10 plays an important role in promoting pulmonary eosinophilic inflammatory reaction and mucus production during asthmatic reaction. The data also argue that IL-10 may be more influential in the development of IL-5-producing Th2 cells which differ from typical Th2 cells producing both IL-4 and IL-5.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Intrusiveness of rheumatoid arthritis on sexuality in male and female patients living with a spouse.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether physical disability, pain, depressive mood, and criticism by the spouse are differentially related to intrusiveness of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on sexuality in male and female patients. METHODS: Physical and psychological aspects of health were assessed in 102 male and 118 female RA patients who were living with a spouse. Patients were classified into 3 levels of intrusiveness of RA on sexuality. The data were analyzed by means of analysis of covariance and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: Greater intrusiveness of RA on sexuality was related to greater physical disability, pain, and depression in male and female RA patients. Female patients, compared with male patients, appeared to have lower levels of mobility and self-care. Male and female patients did not differ in their level of intrusiveness of RA on sexuality. CONCLUSION: Physical disability, pain, and, to a lesser extent, depression were found to contribute to intrusiveness of RA on sexuality. It is suggested that differences in sexual motivation between men and women might have been influential in the absence of gender differences in intrusiveness.

Activities of Daily Living↗