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PubMed1988

Renal clearances of oxypurinol and inulin on an isocaloric, low-protein diet.

In previous studies a low-calorie, low-protein diet caused a sustained reduction in both oxypurinol and uric acid renal clearances (CLR). With the hypothesis that the decrease in CLR was due to the low-protein and not the low-caloric content of the diet, we studied the CLR of oxypurinol, uric acid, creatinine, and inulin in normal subjects during isocaloric (2600 calories per 70 kg per day), normal-protein (150 gm per day), and low-protein (19 gm per day) diets. There were three major findings: (1) the CLR of oxypurinol declined from 26.6 +/- 1.8 ml/min on the normal-protein diet to 13.5 +/- 1.4 ml/min on the isocaloric low-protein diet (p less than 0.05); (2) the CLR of inulin and creatinine fell 14% and 20%, respectively, on the low-protein diet compared with the normal-protein diet (both p less than 0.05); and (3) there was a diurnal variation in the CLR of oxypurinol. We conclude that the decreased CLR of oxypurinol was the result of the reduced protein content of the diet and the CLR of both inulin and creatinine were decreased on the low-protein diet.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Simultaneous analysis of inulin and 15N2-urea kinetics in humans.

To elucidate the physiologic basis of multicompartmental systems used to model drug distribution, we studied inulin and 15N2-urea kinetics after simultaneous intravenous injection in five normal subjects. Distribution of both compounds was characterized by three-compartment models in which the central compartment corresponded to intravascular space. The mean distribution volumes of 0.164 +/- 0.009 L/kg (+/- SD) for inulin and of 0.670 +/- 0.143 L/kg for urea were similar to expected values for extracellular space and total body water, respectively. Distribution from intravascular space was kinetically heterogeneous, presumably reflecting differences in vascular beds supplied by either fenestrated and discontinuous capillaries or capillaries with a continuous basement membrane. Intercompartmental clearances of inulin and urea and the ratio of their free water diffusion coefficients were used to estimate blood flows and permeability coefficient-surface area products for the peripheral compartments. The sum of compartmental blood flows averaged 5.39 +/- 0.49 L/min and was similar to dual-beam Doppler measurements of cardiac output (5.47 +/- 0.40 L/min).

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Inulin is an ideal substrate for a hydrogen breath test to measure the orocaecal transit time.

BACKGROUND: A better substrate is needed for a hydrogen breath test to measure the orocaecal transit time. The currently used substrate, lactulose, accelerates the orocaecal transit time by increasing the osmolality of the gut contents. The recently developed lactose 13C-ureide breath test is reliable, but a hydrogen breath test is preferred, as it allows the simultaneous investigation of the digestion and absorption of nutrients by means of 13C-labelled compounds. METHODS: The usefulness of different types of inulin as a substrate for a hydrogen breath test was studied. Raftilin HP (>99% inulin with a degree of polymerization of between 5 and 60 and <0.5% glucose, fructose and sucrose) was further evaluated and compared with lactulose with regard to its effects on gastric emptying and the digestion of protein and lipids. RESULTS: A good correlation was found between the orocaecal transit times using Raftilin HP (338 min; interquartile range, 300-383 min) and lactose 13C-ureide (353 min; interquartile range, 285-375 min) (r=0.85; P<0.001). The administration of 5 or 10 g Raftilin HP had no influence on the orocaecal transit time, whereas lactulose significantly shortened the orocaecal transit time. Neither inulin nor lactulose had a significant influence on gastric emptying or protein or lipid assimilation. CONCLUSION: Raftilin HP is an ideal substrate for a hydrogen breath test to measure the orocaecal transit time.

Breath Tests↗

PubMed1995

Comparative study of the fermentative characteristics of inulin and different types of fibre in rats inoculated with a human whole faecal flora.

It is known that the physico-chemical characteristics of fibre modify their fermentation characteristics in the colon. Previously we showed the varying effects of inulin and different types of fibre on the hepatic and intestinal xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (XME) in initially germ-free rats inoculated with a human, methanogenic, whole-faecal flora (Roland et al. 1994). The aim of the present work was to assess whether or not these effects could be related to differences in production of fermentation metabolites (gases excreted in vivo and caecal metabolites) due to the different compositions of fibre. The different types of fibres were analysed with regard to their solubility and their composition of neutral monomers and uronic acids. Inulin was totally soluble, carrot (Daucus carota), cocoa (Theobroma cacao) and wheat bran were partially soluble; pea (Pisum sativum) and oat were nearly totally insoluble. Uronic acids were found mostly in carrot and cocoa fibre. Glucose was present as the main neutral monomer in each fibre type. Xylose was found also in wheat bran, pea and oat fibres, and arabinose was found in wheat bran. Inulin consumption led to high levels of H2 production but no CH4 production, to a 4-fold greater caecal concentration of butyrate than with the other fibres and to a decrease in caecal pH. Conversely, rats fed on carrot or cocoa fibre produced a large amount of CH4 but no H2 and generated a different profile of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). The lowest amounts of gases and SCFA were found in rats fed on wheat bran, pea and oat fibre. We observed a relationship between the caecal concentration of SCFA and the activity of hepatic glutathione-S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) but no direct link was shown between the other XME and the fermentation profile.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Effect of fat replacement by inulin or lupin-kernel fibre on sausage patty acceptability, post-meal perceptions of satiety and food intake in men.

The present study examined whether replacing fat with inulin or lupin-kernel fibre influenced palatability, perceptions of satiety, and food intake in thirty-three healthy men (mean age 52 years, BMI 27.4 kg/m(2)), using a within-subject design. On separate occasions, after fasting overnight, the participants consumed a breakfast consisting primarily of either a full-fat sausage patty (FFP) or a reduced-fat patty containing inulin (INP) or lupin-kernel fibre (LKP). Breakfast variants were alike in mass, protein and carbohydrate content; however the INP and LKP breakfasts were 36 and 37 % lower in fat and 15 and 17 % lower in energy density respectively compared with the FFP breakfast. The participants rated their satiety before breakfast then evaluated patty acceptability. Satiety was rated immediately after consuming the breakfast, then over the subsequent 4.5 h whilst fasting. Food consumed until the end of the following day was recorded. All patties were rated above 'neither acceptable or unacceptable', however the INP rated lower for general acceptability (P=0.039) and the LKP lower for flavour (P=0.023) than the FFP. The LKP breakfast rated more satiating than the INP (P=0.010) and FFP (P=0.016) breakfasts. Total fat intake was 18 g lower on the day of the INP (P=0.035) and 26 g lower on the day of the LKP breakfast (P=0.013) than the FFP breakfast day. Energy intake was lower (1521 kJ) only on the day of the INP breakfast (P=0.039). Both inulin and lupin-kernel fibre appear to have potential as fat replacers in meat products and for reducing fat and energy intake in men.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Impact of inulin and oligofructose on gastrointestinal peptides.

In the present paper, we summarise the data supporting the following hypothesis: dietary inulin-type fructans extracted from chicory root may modulate the production of peptides, such as incretins, by endocrine cells present in the intestinal mucosa, this phenomenon being involved in the regulation of food intake and/or systemic effects. To test this hypothesis, male Wistar rats received for 3 weeks either a standard diet or the same diet supplemented with 10 % inulin-type fructans with different degrees of polymerisation. All the effects were most pronounced with the diet containing oligofructose, and consisted of (i) a decrease in mean daily energy intake and in epididymal fat mass; (ii) a higher caecal pool of the anorexigenic glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide (GLP-1), and peptide YY (PYY), due to caecal tissue proliferation; (iii) an increase in GLP-1 and of its precursor - proglucagon mRNA - concentrations in the proximal colon; (iv) an increase in portal serum level of GLP-1 and PYY; (v) a decrease in serum orexigenic peptide ghrelin. Moreover, oligofructose supplementation improved glucose homeostasis (i.e. decreased glycaemia, increased pancreatic and serum insulin content) in diabetic rats previously treated with streptozotocin, a phenomenon that is partly linked to the reduction in food intake and that correlates with the increase in colic and portal GLP-1 content. Based on these results it appears justified to test, in human subjects, the hypothesis that dietary inulin-type fructans could play a role in the management of obesity and diabetes through their capacity to promote secretion of endogenous gastrointestinal peptides involved in appetite regulation.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Dietary fiber, inulin, and oligofructose: a review comparing their physiological effects.

Dietary fiber is a general term. It covers a wide variety of substances that belong to the family of carbohydrates that resist hydrolysis by human alimentary enzymes but are fermented by colonic microflora. The main physiological effects of dietary fiber are primarily on gastric emptying and small intestinal transit time, resulting in an improved glucose tolerance and a decreased digestion of starch: second, on colonic transit time and large bowel functions due to fermentation by ceco-colonic microbial flora or bulking action. The so-called soluble dietary fibers are fermented to a large extent by a wide variety of anaerobic bacteria that result in an increase in bacterial biomass, an increase in fecal mass, a change in intracolonic pH, and production of short chain fatty acids and various gases as metabolic end products. The insoluble fibers are only marginally fermented: they serve almost exclusively as bulking agents that result in shorter transit time and increased fecal mass. The short chain fatty acids resulting from the colonic fermentation of dietary fiber are largely absorbed via the portal blood and reach both the liver and the peripheral tissues. They induce changes in glucose and fat metabolism leading to post-prandial hypoglycemia and long-term hypolipidemia. Inulin and oligofructose are fructans with a degree of polymerization of 2 to 60 and 2 to 20, respectively. Due to the structural conformation of their osidic bridge (beta 2-1), they both resist the hydrolysis by human alimentary enzymes. Moreover, when reaching the colon, both inulin and oligofructose are almost quantitatively fermented almost exclusively by colonic bifidobacteria and bacteroides. Such an extensive fermentation causes an increase in fecal bacterial biomass, a decrease in ceco-colonic pH, and produces a large amount of fermentation products among which the short chain fatty acids that exert systemic effects on lipid metabolism. Thus, both inulin and oligofructose have most of the characteristics of a dietary fiber and the proposal is made to classify them as such. Moreover, they are bifidogenic factors, because, due to still unknown reasons, they are primarily fermented by bifidobacteria. It is concluded from this review that "nondigestible fructo-oligosaccharides," even though they are not included in the carbohydrate fraction that is quantified as dietary fiber by classic analytical methods, have most of the physiological effects of a dietary fiber.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Nutritional responses to the presence of inulin and oligofructose in the diets of domesticated animals: a review.

Inulin and oligofructose are prebiotic oligosaccharides fermented in the large intestine. This article provides an extensive review of the effects of these oligosaccharides on gastrointestinal characteristics (microflora, pathogen control, epithelial cell proliferation, putrefactive compound production, fecal characteristics, and nutrient digestibility) and systemic metabolism of carbohydrates, nitrogen, lipids, and minerals in dogs, cats, horses, calves, pigs, poultry, and rabbits. In addition, intake of inulin and oligofructose and considerations in their supplementation to animal diets are discussed. Growth performance and meat production in livestock in response to inulin and oligofructose supplementation are addressed. Finally, the possible substitution of antibiotics with fructans in animal diets and directions for future research are presented.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1998

The bifidogenic nature of chicory inulin and its hydrolysis products.

Research data on the bifidogenic effect of beta(2-1)fructans, which at present are commercialized in the U.S., Japan and Europe as food ingredients, are presented. These food ingredients originate from two different sources. Short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides are synthesized from sucrose and are composed of GFn [n beta(2-1) linked fructose moieties bound to a glucose molecule; 2 </= n </= 4]. The longer chain length molecule inulin is extracted with hot water from chicory roots (Cichorium intybus) and is also composed of GFn molecules (with 2 < n < 60). Oligofructose is a partial hydrolysate of inulin and is composed of GFn and Fm molecules (n and m indicate the number of fructose moieties with 2 </= n, m </= 7). All types of beta(2-1)fructans are well fermented by intestinal bacteria. For a given chain length, there is no difference in fermentation rate between GFn- and Fm-type beta-fructans. In vitro fermentation of inulin revealed that molecules with a chain length (degree of polymerization or DP) > 10 are fermented on average half as quickly as molecules with a DP < 10. All beta(2-1)fructans are bifidogenic and classified as biobiotics.

Bifidobacterium↗

PubMed1999

Methods to determine food inulin and oligofructose.

The fructans, inulin and oligofructose, were known to possess many of the physiologic properties of dietary fiber (DF) but were not listed as DF on the labels of foods that contained them because they did not precipitate in 78% ethanol as prescribed in the AOAC International methods for DF. In the latter part of 1995, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) agreed to consider fructans as DF if an AOAC-accepted analytical method could be successfully developed for fructans. Six blind duplicate pairs of foods, containing from 4 to 40% of inulin or oligofructose, were sent to nine collaborators in five countries for assay. These foods included a low fat spread, cheese spread, chocolate, wine gum, dry ice mix powder and biscuits. In the proposed method, the samples were treated with amyloglucosidase and inulinase, and the sugars released were determined by ion-exchange chromatography. The concentration of the fructan was calculated by the difference in sugars present in the two enzymic treatments and the initial sample. The repeatability standard deviations (RSDr) for the inulin and oligofructose ranged from 2.9 to 5.8% and the reproducibility standard deviations (RSDR) for these fructans ranged from 4.7 to 11.1%. The method was accepted by the AOAC as an official first action.

Chromatography, Ion Exchange↗

PubMed1999

Caloric value of inulin and oligofructose.

Dietary carbohydrates, which are absorbed as hexose, (glucose, fructose) have a caloric value of 3.9 kcal/g (16.3 kJ/g), and their cellular metabolism produces approximately 38 mol ATP/mol. However, chicory inulin and oligofructose resist digestion and they are not absorbed in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract. After oral ingestion, they reach the colon intact where they become hydrolyzed and extensively fermented by saccharolytic bacteria, which produce short-chain carboxylic and lactic acids as electron sinks. Depending on both the degree of their colonic fermentation and the assumptions of the model used, the caloric value of such nondigested but fermented carbohydrates varies between 0 and 2.5 kcal/g. Through the catabolism of the absorbed short-chain carboxylic and lactic acids, they may produce up to 17 mol ATP/mol of fermented sugar moiety. Because the daily intake of these dietary carbohydrates is likely to remain relatively small (<10% and probably often not >5% of total daily calorie intake), it is of low relevance nutritionally to give them a precise caloric value. On the basis of biochemical balance charts for carbon atoms, metabolic pathways and energy yields to the host, the caloric value of a fructosyl residue in chicory inulin and oligofructose has been calculated to be approximately 25-35% that of a fully digested and absorbed fructose molecule. For the purpose of food labeling, it is recommended that chicory inulin and oligofructose, like all the other carbohydrates that are more or less completely fermented in the human colon, should be given a caloric value of 1.5 kcal/g (6.3 kJ/g).

Caloric Tests↗

PubMed2002

Acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis increases lumbar spinal cord incorporation of epidurally administered [(3)H]-D-mannitol and [(14)C]-carboxyl-inulin in rabbits.

UNLABELLED: We sought to determine whether acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) alters the incorporation of epidurally administered [(3)H]-D-mannitol and [(14)C]-carboxyl-inulin into the lumbar spinal cord in rabbits. Acute EAE is an experimental model for demyelinating spinal cord diseases such as multiple sclerosis. It was induced in rabbits by footpad inoculation with rabbit spinal cord homogenate, resulting in hind limb paresis or paralysis. Animals were classified into four study groups: Control, Paraparesis, 1-Day Paraplegia, and 5-Day Paraplegia. Ten microCi each of [(3)H]-D-mannitol and [(14)C]-carboxyl-inulin were administered epidurally for 90 min. After infusion, animals were perfused with saline. The lumbar cord was dissected and divided into 11 segments. Compared with other groups, animals in the 5-Day Paraplegia group had greater incorporation of [(3)H]-D-mannitol and [(14)C]-carboxyl-inulin in lumbar segment 8, corresponding to the location of the epidural catheter tip. Compared with the Control group, EAE animals had increased [(3)H]-D-mannitol incorporation in various lumbar segments. Increases in the spinal cord incorporation of epidural drugs with EAE suggest that demyelination may render the spinal cord susceptible to larger amounts of substances administered in the epidural space. These findings may have implications regarding neurotoxicity in association with demyelinating spinal cord disease. IMPLICATIONS: Acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, a disease model for multiple sclerosis, increased spinal cord incorporation of radioactive drugs administered in the epidural space. We conclude that demyelinating disease processes may expose the spinal cord to larger amounts of substances administered neuraxially.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2004

Inulin-derived adjuvants efficiently promote both Th1 and Th2 immune responses.

There has been a recent resurgence of interest into new and improved vaccine adjuvants. This interest has been stimulated by the need for new vaccines to combat problematic pathogens such as SARS and HIV, and to counter potential bioterrorist attacks. A major bottleneck in vaccine development is the low immunogenicity of purified subunit or recombinant proteins, creating the need for safe human adjuvants with high potency. A major problem in the search for the ideal adjuvant is that adjuvants that promote cell-mediated (Th1) immunity (e.g. Freund's complete adjuvant) generally have unacceptable local or systemic toxicity that precludes their use in human vaccines. There is a need for a safe, non-toxic adjuvant that is able to stimulate both cell-mediated and humoral immunity. Inulin-derived adjuvants that principally stimulate the innate immune system through their ability to activate the alternative complement pathway have proven ability to induce both cellular and humoral immunity. With their excellent tolerability, long shelf-life, low cost and easy manufacture, they offer great potential for use in a broad range of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. Based on successful animal studies in a broad range of species, human trials are about to get underway to validate the use of inulin-based adjuvants in prophylactic vaccines against hepatitis B, malaria and other pathogens. If such trials are successful, then it is possible that inulin-derived adjuvants will one day replace alum as the adjuvant of choice in most human prophylactic vaccines.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed2004

Effects of feeding a probiotic preparation (SIM) containing inulin on the severity of colitis and on the composition of the intestinal microflora in HLA-B27 transgenic rats.

An overly aggressive immune response to the intestinal microflora in a genetically susceptible host background has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. We measured the impact of a probiotic preparation (SIM) containing inulin on the severity of colitis and on intestinal microflora profiles of HLA-B27-beta(2)-microglobulin transgenic (TG) rats. SIM is a mixture of lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, and inulin. Two-month-old TG rats received either SIM or water. Control TG rats received metronidazole, alone or in combination with SIM, for 8 weeks. Nontransgenic rats received SIM or water. The cecal content was removed for analysis of the intestinal microflora by PCR combined with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. The colon was scored for histological evidence of inflammation, colonic myeloperoxidase activity and interleukin-1beta RNA levels were measured photometrically or by real-time quantitative PCR. At 4 months, the colonic inflammation of TG rats treated with SIM was histologically diminished compared to that in untreated TG rats (2.2 +/- 0.2 versus 2.9 +/- 0.1; P </= 0.03). The administration of SIM altered the microflora profiles of TG rats by increasing the diversity and stimulating specifically the growth of Bifidobacterium animalis. The probiotic bacteria added to SIM were below the detection level in cecal stool samples at the end of the study period. The administration of SIM resulted in a measurable impact on the cecal microflora profiles of TG rats with attenuation of colitis. The lack of detection of any added probiotic bacteria in the cecal content suggests that prebiotic inulin is the major effective compound.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Mechanism of L-glucose, raffinose, and inulin transport across intact blood-brain barriers.

Brain capillary permeability-surface area products (PS) of hydrophilic solutes were evaluated in terms of a conventional two-compartment model. In rats whose blood-brain barrier (BBB) was presumed to be intact, metabolically inert carbohydrates with different molecular weights were injected in pairs to elucidate whether their transfer into the brain proceeds by diffusion through water- or lipid-filled channels or by vesicular transport. The distribution volume of 70 kDa dextran 10 min after intravenous injection was used as a measure of the residual volume of plasma in brain tissue after death. The two-compartment model yielded larger PS values for inulin and raffinose than for L-glucose, and the PS values of inulin and L-glucose were found to decrease as the labeling time was lengthened (10, 30, and 60 min). These observations were interpreted to mean that a rapidly equilibrating compartment was present between blood and brain, rendering the two-compartment model inadequate for computing true transfer rate constants. When multiple-time uptake data were reanalyzed using the three-compartment graphical analysis of Patlak, Blasberg, and Fenstermacher (J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 3: 1-7, 1983), solutes of differing molecular size were found to enter the brain at approximately equal rates. This observation suggested that the predominant transport mechanism across an intact BBB is vesicular. Specifically, unidirectional transport is likely to be initiated by solute binding to the glycocalyx on the luminal surface of brain capillary endothelium. Apparently more inulin than L-glucose is absorbed, which may account for its slightly faster transfer across the BBB. We suggest that this adsorptive surface is the location of the rapidly equilibrating compartment on the plasma side of the BBB.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Biliary and total extrarenal clearance of inulin and iohexol in pigs. A source of error when determining gfr as body clearance.

Biliary clearance, total extrarenal clearance, body and renal clearance of inulin and iohexol were determined in 11 normal and 11 nephrectomized pigs. The biliary clearance of inulin, calculated as biliary excretion divided by the plasma concentration, was 0.04 and 0.01 ml min(-1) 10 kg(-1) and of iohexol 0.21 and 0.1 ml min(-1) 10 kg(-1), in normal, respectively, nephrectomized pigs (p < 0.05). The extrarenal clearance of inulin, calculated as body minus renal clearance, was 2.7 and 0.7 ml min(-1) 10 kg(-1) and of iohexol 3.7 and 0.7 ml min(-1) 10 kg(-1) in normal, respectively, nephrectomized pigs (p < 0.05). Some hours after injection of the markers their plasma concentrations were much higher in the nephrectomized pigs. This higher plasma concentration was not matched by an equally higher biliary excretion and therefore biliary clearance decreased. The smaller total extrarenal clearance in nephrectomized pigs, i.e. the overestimation of GFR when calculated as body clearance, indicates that this source of error decreases with decreasing renal function.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Nontoxic potentiation of cancer chemotherapy by dietary oligofructose or inulin.

Our previously published results indicated that dietary treatment with oligofructose or inulin inhibited malignant tumor growth in experimental animals. Thus it appeared to be interesting to investigate whether the same treatment could have a positive influence on tumor chemotherapy. The chemotherapy-potentiating effect of 15% oligofructose or inulin incorporated into the basal diet for experimental animals was investigated on a transplantable mouse liver tumor. This dietary adjuvant therapy was started seven days before intraperitoneal transplantation of transplantable liver tumor and was continued until the end of experiments. A single, subtherapeutic dose of six different cytotoxic drugs commonly utilized in treatment of human cancer was intraperitoneally injected 48 hours after tumor transplantation. In all experiments, dietary oligofructose or inulin significantly potentiated the therapeutic effects of six different cytotoxic drugs. Such dietary treatment potentiating cancer chemotherapy could be introduced into classical protocols of human cancer treatment as a new, nontoxic, and easily applicable adjuvant cancer therapy without any supplementary risk for patients.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1987

Effect of phenothiazines, disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and diethyl maleate on in vitro rat colonic transport of cefmetazole and inulin.

An in vitro rat colonic sac method developed in this study was found to be suitable for frequent collection of samples and determination of transport of compounds from serosal and mucosal medium, since the volume of both was large. Under no a treatment condition, both cefmetazole and inulin penetrated the intestinal mucosa via the paracellular route, but did so very poorly. Phenothiazines as well as disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid increased the transport of cefmetazole and inulin, probably via the paracellular route, while diethyl maleate increased the transport of only cefmetazole, probably via the intracellular route. The effect of phenothiazines in increasing the clearance rate for both cefmetazole and inulin showed dependency on their initial concentrations in the mucosal medium with maximum action at a concentration of 30 microM for trifluoperazine, 20 microM for perphenazine, 75 microM for profenemine and 50 microM for propericiazine.

Animals↗