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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Comparing contents of a knowledge base to traditional information sources.

Physicians rely on the medical literature as a major source of medical knowledge and data. The medical literature, however, is continually evolving and represents different sources at different levels of coverage and detail. The recent development of computerized medical knowledge bases has added a new form of information that can potentially be used to address the practicing physician's information needs. To understand how the information from various sources differs, we compared the description of a disease found in the QMR knowledge base to those found in two general internal medicine textbooks and two specialized nephrology textbooks. The study shows both differences in coverage and differences in the level of detail. Textbooks contain information about pathophysiology and therapy that is not present in the diagnostic knowledge base. The knowledge base contains a more detailed description of the associated findings, more quantitative information, and a greater number of references to peer-reviewed medical articles. The study demonstrates that computerized knowledge bases, if properly constructed, may be able to provide clinicians with a useful new source of medical knowledge that is complementary to existing sources.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2003

Sociocultural and household factors impacting on the selection, allocation and consumption of animal source foods: current knowledge and application.

This paper reviews the literature on cultural and household level constraints on the consumption of animal source foods (ASF). Food proscriptions do not appear to significantly limit food consumption in the areas where this question has been examined, with the possible exception of adult women in some settings. Preferential food allocation patterns, based on economic contribution, social valuation and other factors do play a role in limiting the intake of animal source foods for children and women in some settings. Economic factors limit access to ASF at the household level. Child care patterns in different cultural settings can also serve to enhance or limit the consumption of ASF. Social marketing and positive deviance approaches have had some success in increasing the intake of ASF by using formative research and participatory approaches. The paper concludes with a series of research questions for further investigation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Skin cancer prevention by parents of young children: health information sources, skin cancer knowledge, and sun-protection practices.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To describe and evaluate parents' skin cancer prevention knowledge, sun-protection practices for themselves and their children, and use of health information sources. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: A medium-sized (population 700,000) metropolitan area in the southwestern United States. SAMPLE: 205 adults, ages 19-56, with children under age 13. Fifty-three percent of the subjects were female, 72% were Caucasian, 22% were Hispanic, 69% were educated beyond high school, and 80% were married. METHODS: Adults were recruited from the county's randomly selected Superior Court jury pool. Jurors were approached by a researcher and asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Parents' levels of sun-protection practices for themselves and their children, skin cancer knowledge, and skin sensitivity to sun; amount of health information parents received from healthcare providers, family and friends, schools, employers, and the media; and parents' perceptions of the information's accuracy, utility, and comprehensibility. FINDINGS: Parents are more likely to practice skin cancer prevention for their children than themselves. Parents' own protection is positively related to protection for children. Parents who were knowledgeable about skin cancer prevention received the most information from healthcare providers and family and friends. Parents who more frequently received information from healthcare providers practiced more prevention strategies. CONCLUSIONS: Parents need to improve their practices of protecting their children from the sun, particularly by limiting their sun exposure and having them wear protective clothing. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Nurses in schools, work sites, and healthcare organizations should be active in skin cancer prevention. Nurses can teach parents that children are at risk, encourage parents to teach children to protect themselves, and address barriers to prevention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Judgement of odor intensity is influenced by subjects' knowledge of the odor source.

Odor perception, including intensity, is affected by knowledge of odor source. For 76 subjects tested with 24 everyday odorants, ratings of intensity, pleasantness and familiarity were enhanced when subjects either could identify the odor source themselves or were provided with the name by the experimenter. Ratings were highest when subjects judged that the names provided matched their own perception, suggesting an interaction between individuals' cognitive representation of odors and their immediate perceptual experience.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Oral contraceptive patient information. A questionnaire study of attitudes, knowledge, and preferred information sources.

A questionnaire was designed to assess attitudes, knowledge, and views and sources of drug information on oral contraceptives, with particular attention to the role of the patient-oriented package insert. An analysis of 828 completed questionnaires shows that many women are apprehensive about the safety of oral contraceptives. The impact of the patient-oriented oral contraceptive insert on the women surveyed appears to be positive. The present labeling is read and found useful by most oral-contraceptive users. Patients were variably informed about the correct use and side effects discussed in current labeling, suggesting a need for improved transmission of important drug information. Patients preferred information from health professionals and printed sources over media sources. Balanced label information about risks of oral contraceptives should be made available to improve the likelihood of sound risk-benefit judgments.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Accurately computing the optical pathlength difference for a michelson interferometer with minimal knowledge of the source spectrum.

Astrometric measurements using stellar interferometry rely on precise measurement of the central white light fringe to accurately obtain the optical pathlength difference of incoming starlight to the two arms of the interferometer. One standard approach to stellar interferometry uses a channeled spectrum to determine phases at a number of different wavelengths that are then converted to the pathlength delay. When throughput is low these channels are broadened to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. Ultimately the ability to use monochromatic models and algorithms in each of the channels to extract phase becomes problematic and knowledge of the spectrum must be incorporated to achieve the accuracies required of the astrometric measurements. To accomplish this an optimization problem is posed to estimate simultaneously the pathlength delay and spectrum of the source. Moreover, the nature of the parameterization of the spectrum that is introduced circumvents the need to solve directly for these parameters so that the optimization problem reduces to a scalar problem in just the pathlength delay variable. A number of examples are given to show the robustness of the approach.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Knowledge, attitudes and sources of information regarding HIV/AIDS in Iranian adolescents.

The World Health Organization recently reported an 'alarming trend' of increasing Human Deficiency Virus (HIV) infection in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Adolescents form a particularly important target group for primary prevention. An anonymous questionnaire, derived from standard surveys such as the Safer Choices questionnaire and the 2001 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, was distributed to 1227 Iranian students attending 19 randomly selected high schools in Hashtgerd in 2002. Students reported that television (84%) and school teachers (66%) were the best sources of HIV/AIDS information, while parents (27%) and school books (15%) were least informative. Most students knew that heterosexual intercourse (90%) and shared intravenous needles (94%) can cause HIV infection; however, salient misconceptions were revealed. Only 53% were aware that condoms protect against infection through sexual intercourse. More effective school-based HIV/AIDS education is needed in Iran.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Adverse events following hexavalent vaccine (Hexavac): knowledge and informative sources.

This report describes adverse events to vaccination in eight children in southern Italy. These children were seen in the Emergency Room of a hospital of the Local Health Unit SA2 (Salerno, Italy) after administration of hexavalent vaccine (Hexavac, Aventis-Pasteur). On analysing available documentation on the adverse reactions (label instructions, Medline), the Authors concluded the cases reported were to be expected. However, the label instructions did not give sufficient information on the type and frequency of adverse reactions. If the label instructions are to furnish complete, operative information for the vaccination units, the Italian instructions for the Hexavac vaccine can be considered inadequate.

Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine↗
PubMed2004

Biological nomenclatures: a source of lexical knowledge and ambiguity.

There has been increased work in developing automated systems that involve natural language processing (NLP) to recognize and extract genomic information from the literature. Recognition and identification of biological entities is a critical step in this process. NLP systems generally rely on nomenclatures and ontological specifications as resources for determining the names of the entities, assigning semantic categories that are consistent with the corresponding ontology, and assignment of identifiers that map to well-defined entities within a particular nomenclature. Although nomenclatures and ontologies are valuable for text processing systems, they were developed to aid researchers and are heterogeneous in structure and semantics. A uniform resource that is automatically generated from diverse resources, and that is designed for NLP purposes would be a useful tool for the field, and would further database interoperability. This paper presents work towards this goal. We have automatically created lexical resources from four model organism nomenclature systems (mouse, fly, worm, and yeast), and have studied performance of the resources within an existing NLP system, GENIES. Using nomenclatures is not straightforward because issues concerning ambiguity, synonymy, and name variations are quite challenging. In this paper we focus mainly on ambiguity. We determined that the number of ambiguous gene names within the individual nomenclatures, across the four nomenclatures, and with general English ranged from 0%-10.18%, 1.187%-20.30%, and 0%-2.49% respectively. When actually processing text, we found the rate of ambiguous occurrences (not counting ambiguities stemming from English words) to range from 2.4%-32.9% depending on the organisms considered.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2001

Adolescent's knowledge about AIDS--perspective from Islamabad.

OBJECTIVE: To study the adolescent student's knowledge and its sources about AIDS, and its mode of spread in Islamabad. SETTING: One boys and two girls schools in Islamabad. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted, using an anonymous, self-administered, brief Urdu questionnaire which was distributed among 100 boys and 182 girls. RESULTS: The response rate was 100% and the average age of respondents was 14.6 years in boys and 12 years in girls. Most respondents knew about AIDS and reported television as their main source of knowledge. Most respondents also correctly believed that AIDS patient can pass on the disease to others, however, they had erroneous beliefs about its mode of transmission. CONCLUSION: This study testifies to the effectiveness of the successful television based health education campaign regarding AIDS in the adolescent boys and girls, in Islamabad.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2001

Evaluating the UMLS as a source of lexical knowledge for medical language processing.

Medical language processing (MLP) systems rely on specialized lexicons in order to recognize, classify, and normalize medical terminology, and the performance of an MLP system is dependent on the coverage and quality of such lexicons. However, the acquisition of lexical knowledge is expensive and time-consuming. The UMLS is a comprehensive resource that can be used to acquire lexical knowledge needed for medical language processing. This paper describes methods that use these resources to automatically create lexical entries and generate two lexicons. The first lexicon was created primarily using the UMLS, whereas the second was created by supplementing the lexicon of an existing MLP system called MedLEE with entries based on the UMLS. We subsequently carried out a study, which is the primary focus of this paper, using MedLEE with each of the two lexicons and also the current MedLEE lexicon to measure performance. Overall accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity using the lexicon primarily based on the UMLS were.86,.60, and.96 respectively. Those measures using the MedLEE lexicon alone were.93,.81, and.93, which was significantly better except for specificity; performance using the supplemental lexicon was exactly the same as performance using solely the MedLEE lexicon.

Natural Language Processing↗