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PubMed1997

An overview on the effectiveness of natural family planning.

Recent years have witnessed important developments in natural family planning (NFP), which is based on the observation of fertile and infertile periods of the menstrual cycle, so that the couple is able to know when sexual intercourse may lead to a pregnancy. A review of the main studies regarding the effectiveness of NFP showed a decrease in the Pearl Index and life table values from the early 1980s to date, indicating that progress both in the teaching and in the application of these contraception, methods has been achieved. The main cause of lack of success seems to be the misapplication of NFP rules, whereas the errors due to the method itself are few. Furthermore, it seems that the symptothermal method might give better results than the ovulation method, even though no comparative study has been carried out, and that the first studies on the lactational amenorrhea method show encouraging results. Finally, it seems that NFP is best suited for 'spacers' of pregnancies, rather than for 'limiters'. Indeed, the former are more likely to show good compliance, since the sexual abstinence periods are limited and an unwanted pregnancy is not regarded as a completely negative event.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1999

Knowledge on lactational amenorrhoea and contraception in Kocaeli, Turkey.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the knowledge of women about lactational amenorrhoea and contraceptive properties of breastfeeding. DESIGN: A prospective, randomised descriptive study. SETTING: Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. SUBJECTS OR PARTICIPANTS: Nine hundred and twenty-two women in their reproductive ages. INTERVENTION: A questionnaire was filled by doctors or nurses during face to face interview. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: There was significantly less knowledge for the importance of frequency and duration of suckling (p < 0.0001). The education increases the knowledge of lactational amenorrhoea as a interruptus contraceptive method. RESULTS: More than fifty-three per cent of women were using one of the modern contraceptive methods, 23.86% were using natural methods and 22.78% not using any family planning method. Intrauterine devices (30.15%), coitus interuptus (21.69%) and condom (16.48%) were the most common contraceptive methods. Nearly fifty-two per cent of women were not aware of the contraceptive property of breastfeeding, 25.68% of women knew lactation had a protective effect from pregnancy, 48.16%, did not know the importance of frequency and duration of suckling on fertility reducing effect of lactation. CONCLUSION: The level of knowledge on lactational amenorrhoea and frequency of suckling was significantly low in our study, especially in the illiterate group. Since efficacy of natural family planning depends on the compliance of women, education of women about lactation is very important. Family planning programmes should be focussed on breastfeeding and type of breastfeeding practices used, especially where there are no contraceptive alternatives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[An introductory clinical trial of three-monthly injectable contraceptive-depot medroxyprogesterone acetate].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate contraceptive efficacy, continuative rate of use, side effects and acceptability of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) injectable contraception preparation in Chinese women. METHOD: This was an open study. One thousand nine hundred and eighty-five women acquiring contraception received DMPA injection after obtaining informed consent and were followed-up every 3-month up to one year. RESULTS: The total experience accumulated was 1,731.7 women-year with DMPA for 1,985 users. The one year continuation rate was 77.4%. Three subjects became pregnant, the one year accumulative life table failure rate was 0.2%. The accumulative discontinuation rates at one year for other reasons were amenorrhoea (4.8%), bleeding related (13.4%), other medical reasons (2.6%), other personal reasons (2.1%) and lost to follow-up (1.6%). The main complaints were irregular bleeding, amenorrhoea and prolonged bleeding. Lactating women had significantly lower rate of complaint. CONCLUSION: DMPA is a highly effective long-acting contraceptive, it could have good acceptability, especially for lactating women, under the well consultation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Nutritional problems in developing countries.

Nutritional problems in children constitute the major health problem in developing countries. Impact of a factors leading to different kinds of nutritional problems in developing countries are reviewed. Prevention and treatment of some special disease states are discussed. Outlines for some solutions to the greatest nutritional problems are presented.

Bottle Feeding↗