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PubMed1997

School and neighborhood characteristics associated with school rates of alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use.

Previous research has noted that schools vary in substance use prevalence rates, but explanations for school differences have received little empirical attention. We assess variability across elementary schools (N = 36) in rates of early adolescent alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use. Characteristics of neighborhoods and schools potentially related to school prevalence rates are examined, as well as whether these characteristics have independent effects or whether neighborhood characteristics are mediated by school characteristics. Neighborhood and school characteristics were measured using student, parent, and archival data. The findings show substantial variation across schools in substance use. Attributes of neighborhoods and schools are statistically significantly related to school rates of lifetime alcohol use, lifetime cigarette use, and current cigarette use. Contrary to expectations, lifetime alcohol and cigarette use rates are higher in schools located in neighborhoods having greater social advantages as indicated by the perceptions of residents and archival data. Neighborhood effects are expressed both directly and indirectly through school characteristics. The findings are discussed in light of contagion and social disorganization theories.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Cigar and marijuana use: their relationship in teens.

There is evidence of a substantial increase in teen use of both cigars and marijuana over the last decade. The theoretical concept of sensation seeking suggests a conceptual relationship between teen use of the substances. The hypothesis was that a relationship existed between the use of cigars and marijuana. Data for this study were gathered during the evaluation in a local school district of a teen tobacco-use reduction program. Questionnaire data and focus group results supported the study hypothesis and provided the direction for peer tobacco education to include an emphasis on this significant relationship. Identified associations between use of different substances supplies cues for the school nurse and other health providers to pursue specific areas of substance use practices when assessing students.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence to young adulthood: predictors and outcomes.

Semiparametric group-based mixture modeling was used with data from an adolescent school sample (N = 1205) for three purposes. First, five trajectory groups were identified to characterize different patterns of change in the frequency of marijuana use across four waves of assessment during adolescence. These trajectory groups were labeled Abstainers, Experimental Users, Decreasers, Increasers, and High Chronics. Second, trajectory group comparisons were made across eight adolescent risk factors to determine distinctive predictors of the trajectory groups. Findings indicated, for example, that the High Chronic group, relative to the other trajectory groups, had higher levels of delinquency, lower academic performance, more drug using friends, and more stressful life events. Third, adolescent trajectory group comparisons were made across 10 risk behaviors in young adulthood (average subject age = 23.5 years) and the occurrence of psychiatric and substance abuse disorders. Findings indicated some consistency across adolescence to young adulthood with regard to risk factors, and specificity with regard to the prediction of disorders. Adolescent trajectory group membership was significantly associated in young adulthood with cannabis and alcohol disorders but not with major depressive disorders or anxiety disorders.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Does elementary school alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use increase middle school risk?

PURPOSE: To assess whether alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) use in elementary school may have serious implications for continued ATOD use in middle school and beyond. METHODS: Longitudinal analyses were conducted on questionnaire data from 331 middle school students who had previously provided ATOD-use data during elementary school. Non-school personnel administered questionnaires in three participating school districts in three different states. The sample of students was ethnically and geographically diverse, including students from a range of low socioeconomic status backgrounds living in rural, urban or inner-city environments. RESULTS: Middle school alcohol use was almost three times as likely to occur if alcohol use had occurred in elementary school (OR = 2.94, p <.001). Elementary school use of tobacco and marijuana also greatly increased the likelihood of middle school use (OR = 5.35, p <.001 and OR = 4.25, p <.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Early use of ATOD is associated with greatly increased odds of later use, which has important implications for the timing of drug prevention programs. Preventive interventions designed for use in pediatric practice settings should commence no later than elementary school, during the middle childhood years.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Joint trajectories of gambling, alcohol and marijuana use during adolescence: a person- and variable-centered developmental approach.

The usefulness of Moffitt's (1993) [Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100, 674-701.] theory of antisocial behavior was examined regarding gambling, alcohol and marijuana use. We assessed 903 Caucasian boys' developmental trajectories of these behaviors annually from age 11 through age 16. Severity of problems with these behaviors were assessed at ages 17 and 23. As correlates of these behaviors, teacher-rated personality and self-reported parenting were assessed at age 10. Self-reported autonomy was measured at ages 11 and 14. A cluster analysis on the correlates yielded two clusters. Membership in the cluster without adult problems was associated with either late onset of gambling and/or alcohol use trajectories or consistently low involvement in each of the behaviors. This cluster may correspond to Moffitt's adolescence-limited group and uninvolved adolescents, respectively. Membership in the cluster with subsequent adult problems was associated with early initiation of at least one of the three behaviors and involvement in each of them during adolescence. This cluster may correspond to Moffitt's life-course-persistent group. Findings indicate that early assessment of correlates used in the cluster analysis may be useful for screening and preventive purposes.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Marijuana use among women--an anthropological view.

This paper suggests that the concept of intra cultural diversity is a more useful framework for understanding non-conforming behavior among Jamaican rural women than social psychological explanations of deviance from culturally approved sex roles. A comparison of female cannabis smoking in two rural communities, permits us to identify some of the social processes which underly variation in the nature and extent of marijuana use by women in the two settings.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Decomposing the total variation in a nested random effects model of neighborhood, household, and individual components when the dependent variable is dichotomous: implications for adolescent marijuana use.

Multilevel modeling techniques have become a useful tool that enables substance abuse researchers to more accurately identify the contribution of multiple levels of influence on drug-related attitudes and behaviors. However, it is difficult to determine the relative importance of the different hierarchical levels because, in the case of dichotomous outcomes, the variance components estimation involves calculations using a log-odds metric at the lowest level of estimation. We present methods introduced by Goldstein and Rasbash [Goldstein, H., Rasbash, J., 1996. Improved approximations for multilevel models with binary responses. J. Roy. Stat. Soc. A 159, 505-513.] to convert the variance components from the log-odds to the probability metric. This method provides a more logical and interpretable way to examine variation for nonlinear outcomes, which tend to be heavily utilized in substance use research. Using data from the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse [Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 2001. 1999 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. Data Collection Final Report. Office of Applied Studies (OAS), Rockville, MD. Available at . Accessed on July 1, 2003.], we partition variation among individual, household, and neighborhood levels for the binary outcome of past year marijuana use to illustrate this approach. We also conduct a stability analysis to examine the robustness across different estimation procedures commonly available in commercial multilevel software packages. Finally, we partition the variance components using a conventional continuously distributed outcome and compare the relative magnitudes across binary and continuous outcomes.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of past and recurrent marijuana use by a modified GC/MS procedure.

A published gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for detecting 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) in urine was modified. In the new procedure, five GC/MS ion peaks of a pentafluoropropylpentafluoropropionyl derivative of THC-COOH are monitored in the multiple-ion mode for improved reliability; two ion peaks of the trideuterated internal standard are used for greater quantitative precision; and methanolic KOH is employed instead of NaOH in the hydrolysis and extraction steps to produce a cleaner extract. Finally, the new procedure is designed to keep THC-COOH either in basic solution or in an organic solvent at all times to prevent adsorption onto glass or plastic, so that disposable, non-silanized glassware may be used. Patient urines were analyzed by both the new procedure and the EMIT method. For 32 specimens, the average and range of EMIT/GC/MS concentration ratios were 2.8 and 0.9-7.2, respectively. Concentrations of THC-COOH measured by the GC/MS procedure may be more indicative of recent marijuana use than the EMIT semi-quantitative concentration values.

Cannabis↗

PubMed1986

Alcohol and marijuana use in relation to adolescent stress.

This study was aimed at investigating the role of alcohol and drug use in relation to emotional self-regulation in 15- and 18-year-old adolescents. It was found that the stronger this link, the heavier the use of alcohol and marijuana. The findings suggest that the experience of strained social relationships and a heightened sense of powerlessness/helplessness may induce adolescents to rely more heavily on substance use as a means of emotional self-regulation which requires little effort and ability, promises instant effects, and provides a sense of control.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

The association of marijuana use with outcome of pregnancy.

We analyzed interview and medical record data of 12,424 women to evaluate the relationship between marijuana usage and adverse outcomes of pregnancy. Low birthweight, short gestation, and major malformations occurred more often among offspring of marijuana users. When we used logistic regression to control for demographic characteristics, habits, and medical history data, these relationships were not statistically significant. The odds ratio for the occurrence of major malformations among marijuana users was 1.36, higher than odds ratios for other exogenous variables, and the 95 per cent confidence interval was 0.97-1.91. More data are needed to establish firmly or rule out an association between marijuana usage and major malformations. Until more information is available, women should be advised not to use marijuana during pregnancy.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗

PubMed1979

Beliefs among college students on settings and emotions conducive to alcohol and marijuana use.

Two hundred college student alcohol and marijuana users rated their desire to drink alcohol and desire to smoke marijuana in or after different settings shown via color photographic slides. Contrary to the compensation hypothesis (that these drugs are used to escape from unpleasant circumstances), desire for both alcohol and marijuana was greater both in and after more pleasant settings than unpleasant ones. These results were more consistent with an amplification hypothesis, that alcohol and marijuana intensify emotions already present.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed2003

Associations among sexual attraction status, school belonging, and alcohol and marijuana use in rural high school students.

Analysis of data collected from 1725 9th graders from 25 rural high schools revealed that students reporting same-sex attraction or uncertainty about their attraction status also reported significantly lower GPAs, lower school belonging, and higher marijuana and alcohol use. Regression analyses confirmed that beyond the effects of GPA and biological sex, sexual minority attraction status was negatively associated with school belonging. Further, while higher school belonging significantly decreased the odds of alcohol and marijuana use, sexual attraction status did not significantly contribute to the model. Post-hoc analyses indicated that sexual minority students systematically reported that they perceived less privacy in completing the survey, lending support to the notion that these adolescents may feel less trusting of their school environments. These findings are discussed in light of the need for interventions to address the developmental challenges of sexual minority students.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

History of marijuana use and tobacco smoking topography in tobacco-dependent adolescents.

Adolescent tobacco smokers have higher rates of marijuana (MJ) use than nonsmokers. Because MJ smoking typically involves deeper inhalation and longer breathholding than tobacco smoking, we hypothesized greater puff volume, longer puff duration and puff interval, and higher puff velocity during tobacco smoking among (1) MJ-using teens; (2) teens whose onset of MJ smoking occurred before tobacco (MBT). One hundred and three tobacco-dependent adolescents presented for smoking cessation treatment (66.0% female, 71.0% European American, mean age 15.3+/-1.25 years) smoked one cigarette of their own brand in the laboratory prior to study entry. Topography and associated physiological measures among current recreational (<5 days in a 14-day period) MJ users (n=25), current heavy (>/=5 days in a 14-day period) MJ users (n=22) and current non-MJ-smoking teens (n=56) were compared. There were no differences in tobacco smoking topography or physiological measures by recent MJ-smoking history or by order of substance initiation. Significantly more African American than European American adolescent smokers reported MJ use before tobacco. Our findings in adolescent smokers are consistent with results from adult studies in which history of MJ smoking was not associated with changes in tobacco smoking topography.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Cocaine and marijuana use by medical students before and during medical school.

A survey of alcohol and other drug-use patterns of 300 second- and third-year students at a mid-Atlantic private medical school was undertaken in 1987. Two hundred sixty-three (88%) of the medical students surveyed completed the anonymous questionnaire. Tobacco use decreased from 11% before to 4% during medical school. Before entry into medical school, 21% of the respondents had smoked marijuana 10 times or more, usually at least monthly, while 9% had smoked marijuana 10 times or more during medical school. Six percent had smoked marijuana daily in high school or college, while 1% smoked marijuana daily in medical school. Few students who used cocaine before medical school abstained from it during medical school. Cocaine was used by 17% of the respondents before and during medical school. Frequent use of cocaine (greater than 10 times) during medical school, reported by 5% of the students, was directly related to excessive alcohol intake, tobacco dependence, frequent use of marijuana before and during medical school, and medical and behavioral problems related to alcohol and other drug use. Less than 25% of medical schools have a formal policy aimed at identifying impaired students, and only 12% have formal treatment protocols for helping impaired students. We propose that all medical schools initiate programs to diagnose alcohol and other drug-abuse problems in medical student candidates and in the students themselves, and that intervention for any alcohol or other drug problem be encouraged and supported by formal medical school policies designed to help the impaired student.

Alcoholism↗

PubMed1983

Youth at risk: marijuana use among Native American and Caucasian youths.

An exploration is undertaken of the relationships between legal control, peer and parental influences, and perceptions of marijuana smoking as risk-taking behavior; and of the use of marijuana in a rural school district that serves a culturally diverse community. Specifically, data were obtained from the school district by means of an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire. A total of 605 questionnaires were obtained from the district, including 104 completed by Native American youth. The linkages between the social control variables, personal biographical data, risk assignments, and self-reported marijuana smoking were significantly different for each of the groups studied. In fact, the variables that revealed the most about Caucasian marijuana smoking revealed the least about this activity among the Native Americans, and vice versa. These findings and their implications are explored.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Possible risk of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis with marijuana use during chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer.

Bacterial and fungal contaminants have been identified in marijuana samples and thus are a potential risk factor in the immunocompromised patient using it as an antiemetic. We describe the development of an invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a patient using illicitly obtained marijuana as an antiemetic during combination antitumor therapy for small cell lung cancer. Although this patient had multiple risk factors implicated in the development of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, the infectious potential of inhaled marijuana must be recognized. Further study of this potential health risk in needed.

Antiemetics↗

PubMed1977

The effect of long-term chronic marijuana use on neuropsychological functioning.

Ten normal subjects who smoked marijuana daily for an average of 5 years and who denied other drug use were examined on a neuropsychological test battery. When compared with normal nonsmoking Ss, minimal differences were observed. It was concluded that long-term cannabis use does not cause a generalized decrement in adaptive abilities which might be related to cerebral impairments.

Adult↗

PubMed1981

Adult marijuana use and Becker's social controls.

Adults who smoke marijuana regularly but who are conventional in other respects are the subjects of study. The objective was to determine how a sample of adults handle the three social controls facing marijuana smokers depicted by Becker. A content analysis of the results of a self-administered questionnaire show that while some subjects are more concerned than others about these controls, they all use coping devices to deal with them.

Adult↗