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PubMed1992

Effects on plasma lipoproteins and endogenous sex hormones of substituting lean white fish for other animal-protein sources in diets of postmenopausal women.

A crossover 8-wk study was conducted to compare the effects on plasma lipoproteins and endogenous sex hormones of lean white fish (LWF) and of beef, pork, egg, and milk (BPEM) within a prudent diet in postmenopausal women. Diets provided 8050 kJ as 19% proteins, 52% carbohydrates, 29% lipids (P/M/S (proportion of polyunsaturated, monounsaturated, and saturated fatty acids, 1.1:1:1) and approximately 210 mg cholesterol/d. The LWF diet compared with the BPEM diet significantly induced higher concentrations of plasma cholesterol, LDL-apo B, HDL-C, and HDL3-C, indicating that incorporation of LWF as a substitute for BPEM in a low-fat, high-P:S diet offers little benefit with regard to plasma cholesterol and LDL-apoB in postmenopausal women. Moreover, the LWF diet significantly increased plasma SHBG, suggesting that the divergent effects of substituting LWF for other animal-protein sources on plasma cholesterol and lipoproteins may be partly mediated by variations in plasma sex-hormone status.

Aged↗

PubMed1998

Evaluation of the ovine callipyge locus: II. Genotypic effects on growth, slaughter, and carcass traits.

A resource flock of 362 F2 lambs provided phenotypic and genotypic data to estimate effects of callipyge (CLPG) genotypes on growth, slaughter, and carcass traits. Lambs were serially slaughtered in six groups at 3-wk intervals starting at 23 wk of age to allow comparisons at different end points. Probabilities of CLPG genotypes were calculated at a position 86 cM from the most centromeric marker of chromosome 18. A contrast of CLPG genotypic effects, based on the paternal polar overdominance model, was used to evaluate callipyge and normal phenotypes. Relationships of traits with slaughter age, carcass weight, or 12th-rib fat depth for callipyge and normal phenotypic groups were estimated by regression. Callipyge and normal lambs did not differ for growth traits measured from birth to slaughter. Callipyge lambs produced 55.9% of live weight as chilled carcass weight compared with 51.7% for normal lambs at the same mean live weight of 48.32 kg. Lighter pelt, kidney-pelvic fat, and liver weights contributed to this advantage of callipyge lambs for dressing percentage (P < .001). Estimated accretion rates of carcass protein at the mean slaughter age were 12.5 and 10.2 g/d for callipyge and normal carcasses, respectively. Corresponding values for carcass fat were 35.2 and 42.1 g/d. Compositional differences in favor of callipyge carcasses were detected at constant values of slaughter age, carcass weight, and 12th-rib fat depth. Callipyge carcasses had 2.56 kg greater fat-free lean and 1.39 kg less fat than normal carcasses at the same mean age of 214.9 d (P < .001). The majority of these differences were established before the initial group was slaughtered and were maintained as age increased. Callipyge carcasses consisted of 24.3% fat and 71.3% fat-free lean, compared with 31.5 and 64.0% for normal carcasses at 25.6 kg of carcass weight. When evaluated at .49 cm of 12th-rib fat depth, callipyge lambs were 15.4 d older and produced 4.1 kg heavier carcasses with 4.3% less fat (P < .001). Effects of CLPG genotypic groups on carcass composition were greater than virtually all reported breed substitution effects. Use of the CLPG mutant allele in structured mating systems can dramatically increase production of lean lamb.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1995

Mutational specificity of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo-[4,5-f]quinoline in the hprt locus of CHO-K1 cells.

2-Amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), a food carcinogen formed in cooked meats, can induce gene mutation at the hprt locus of CHO-K1 cells in the presence of hepatic S9 mix. To elucidate the molecular nature of IQ-induced mutation, we characterized the entire coding region of the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl-transferase gene of 23 independent mutants derived from IQ-treated CHO cells by direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction-amplified cDNA. Ten of the 23 IQ-induced mutants examined contained single base substitutions; one mutant had three single-base substitutions. Among the base substitutions, G.C-->C.G (six of 13) and A.T-->C.G (three of 13) transversions predominated. Most of the base-substitution mutations occurred preferentially at a middle G and had a dA in their 3' ends. Of the 13 other mutations (56.5%), 12 missing one or more complete exons were splice-site mutations, and one mutant had a partial deletion of an exon. A high frequency of complete exon deletion (11 of 12) in exons 2-5 was observed. Interestingly, 75% of the mutants (nine of 12) with splice-site mutations were induced by IQ only at higher concentrations (300-500 microM). This was probably due to the occurrence of GC base-substitution mutations that affected hprt mRNA splicing, especially at the intron-exon boundaries.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Peptone, a low-cost growth-promoting nutrient for intensive animal cell culture.

The effect of addition of peptone to serum-free and serum supplemented media for the growth of hybridoma cells in various systems was studied. Supplementation of defined medium with either proteose peptone or meat peptone resulted in significant increases in cell number and specific monoclonal antibody production in batch culture system. Other peptones were either inactive or less effective. In continuous culture, using medium supplemented with new born calf serum, the addition of peptone resulted in 125% and 150% increases in cell and antibody concentrations respectively. Similar increase in cell number (128%) was also obtained in spin-filter perfusion culture when medium was supplemented with peptone. By comparison, the substitution of a defined 1 x MEM amino acids mixture resulted in only a 50% increase. At higher perfusion rates the cell number maintained in steady state using peptone supplement could be increased to 1.3 x 10(7) cells ml-1 while the serum concentration was reduced from 5% to 1% at a perfusion rate of 2.5 volumes per day.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Molecular cloning and functional analysis of porcine SULT1A1 gene and its variant: a single mutation SULT1A1 causes a significant decrease in sulfation activity.

The characterization of the SULT1A1 gene and its variants should have an important impact on the efforts to develop genetic markers to select for low skatole in pigs. Raising intact male pigs would have a significant economic impact on the pork industry; however, the presence of skatole (a major cause of boar taint) in meat from male pigs would be highly objectionable to consumers. It has been shown that the phase II metabolism of skatole metabolites by phenol sulfotransferase is related to the clearance of skatole in the liver. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize the SULT1A1 gene from pig liver, examine its expression, identify genetic polymorphisms, and study how a genetic variation in this enzyme translates into interindividual variation in skatole levels. We show here that a substitution of A-->G at base 546 of SULT1A1 causes a significant decrease in its sulfation activity and thus may be at least partially responsible for a higher level of skatole in pigs. Our findings provide an important basis toward the goal of making it possible to predict the sulfation status in pigs and the development of genetic markers for low skatole.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1995

Automated sample preparation for cholesterol determination in foods.

An automated sample preparation system has been developed for the determination of cholesterol in a wide range of matrices. Isolation of cholesterol is performed with a robotic arm coupled with a series of modular stations. Samples are introduced into the system which adds the appropriate reagents, carries out the saponification, pH adjustment, solid-phase extraction and drying steps. This system was evaluated using 15 different food matrices. The average recovery for NIST standards exceeded 97%. A solution of n-hexane-2-propanol was substituted for the traditional methanol-chloroform extraction. Manual pH adjustment was replaced with a buffer. Manual and automated methods were compared and no difference was observed at the 95% confidence level.

Automation↗

PubMed1998

[Less fat or a different fat?].

Current dietary advice with a view to avoiding cardiovascular pathology is to replace fatty foodstuffs and those rich in saturated fat and cholesterol by food rich in complex carbohydrates. Although substitution of carbohydrates for fat lowers the blood level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, it also lowers the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, thereby adversely influencing the risk profile for cardiovascular disease. Neither does a low fat diet appear to reduce obesity, another risk factor. A modern advice based on published research reads: obese persons should reduce their intake of saturated and trans-fatty acids by lowering the consumption of dairy fat, meat and hardened oils (bakery products and catering products fried in hardened fats), and in addition should consume less products with added sugars and refined starch. Carbohydrates should be provided by fruits, vegetables, leguminous plants and whole-wheat products. Persons of about the ideal weight should replace saturated and trans-fatty acids in their diet by unsaturated plant oils, and products with refined carbohydrates by fruits, vegetables and whole-wheat products.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗

PubMed1994

Infrequent mutation of Ha-ras and p53 in rat mammary carcinomas induced by 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine.

2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) is the most abundant of the heterocyclic amines, a group of potent carcinogens contained in cooked meat and fish. Female F344 rats fed a diet containing 100 or 400 ppm PhIP developed mammary carcinomas within 104 or 52 wk, respectively, at the rate of 47% for each group; these carcinomas were examined for mutations in three members of the ras gene family and in the p53 gene. Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and direct sequencing demonstrated a G-->A transition at the second position of Ha-ras codon 12, with the resultant substitution of glutamic acid for glycine, in two of 10 carcinomas induced by 100 ppm PhIP and in one of seven induced by the 400 ppm dose. No mutations in Ki-ras or N-ras were detected. cDNA polymerase chain reaction-SSCP analysis and direct sequencing demonstrated a G-->T transversion at the third position of p53 codon 130, with the resultant substitution of asparagine for lysine, in one of the 10 carcinomas induced by 100 ppm of PhIP for which freshly frozen samples were available. PhIP-induced rat mammary carcinogenesis can be regarded as a unique system in that rat mammary carcinomas are negative for ras and p53 mutations.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Quantitative correlation of mutagenic and carcinogenic potencies for heterocyclic amines from cooked foods and additional aromatic amines.

Aromatic amines have long been recognized as animal and human carcinogens. Recently heterocyclic aromatic amines (thermic amines) have been found in small amounts in cooked foods, primarily meats, and have proven to be potent mutagens and rodent carcinogens. Availability of quantitative databases for mutagenic potency in Salmonella and for carcinogenic potency in rodents has made possible a study of ten heterocyclic thermic amines and 24 aromatic amines. Potencies on mutagenic and carcinogenic scales were significantly correlated. By multiple linear regression analysis and multivariate analysis of variance, two descriptive structural factors were found to modulate the two modes of biological response. These factors were number of rings and methyl substitution at carbon atoms. The quantitative correlation between mutagenic and carcinogenic potencies and the modulating structural factors suggest a significant similarity of molecular mechanisms and support the utility of the short-term bacterial assay in evaluating hazard levels.

Amines↗

PubMed2004

Identification of two additives, locust bean gum (E-410) and guar gum (E-412), in food products by DNA-based methods.

Locust bean gum (E-410) and guar gum (E-412) are high molecular weight galactomannans used by the food industry as versatile food additives. The compounds, although chemically closely related, do not have the same functional properties when used in foods, and the substitution or unadvertised addition of either could change the desired qualities of the product. Analytical discrimination between E-410 and E-412 is technically difficult since they only differ in their galactose: mannose ratios, being 1 : 4 and 1 : 2 for locust bean gum and guar gum, respectively. A qualitative DNA-based method is reported for the authentication of additives E-410 and E-412 in finished food products (ice cream, dehydrated desserts, milk derivatives, dehydrated soups, salad dressing, marmalade and meat) from small quantities of food. DNA sequences from the nuclear ribosomal spacers of Ceratonia siliqua and Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, the plant sources of E-410 and E-412, respectively, were used to design polymerase chain reaction primers specific for each additive (PA23/PA21 and PG22/PG21). Twenty-two foods were analysed for the presence of E-410 and E-412 additives by this single-step polymerase chain reaction-based method. Positive DNA amplifications with the E-410 and/or E-412 primers were obtained in all 19 samples reported to contain either additive.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Valine needs of male broilers from 42 to 56 days of age.

An experiment was conducted using Ross x Ross 308 males to estimate the proportion of dietary valine needed to optimize performance in broilers from 42 to 56 d of age. All birds received common feeds from 0 to 42 d, and then experimental diets were given to 56 d of age. A diet consisting of corn, soybean meal, and corn gluten meal (17% CP, 3.25 kcal of ME/g) having 0.60% valine served as basal feed. All other essential amino acids were above recommended levels. Successive additions of 0.07% of L-valine were isonitrogenously substituted for L-glutamic acid up to a total of 0.81%. Regression analysis (95% of response) indicated that valine at 0.72% of the diet maximized body weight gain, whereas 0.73% optimized feed conversion. Depot fat removed from the abdominal cavity after processing was unaltered, and weights of resultant chilled carcasses maximized at 0.73% valine in parallel with final live weight. The amount of fillets recovered from chilled carcasses optimized at 0.73% valine; however, the incidence of distinctive blood streaks in the meat (splash) progressively increased with valine as did the level of redness apart from streaking, based on light reflectance. Given lysine at 0.85%, a ratio of 0.86 with valine appears to be adequate. The presently determined requirement of 0.73% total valine (0.67% digestible) for broiler males from 42 to 56 d of age is slightly higher than the 0.70% recommended by the NRC.

Aging↗

PubMed1996

Determination of 2,3,7,8-chlorine-substituted dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans at the part per trillion level in United States beef fat using high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry.

As part of the U.S. EPA Dioxin Reassessment Program, the 2,3,7,8-chlorine-substituted dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans were measured at part per trillion (ppt) levels in beef fat collected from slaughter facilities in the United States. This is the first statistically designed national survey of these compounds in the U.S. beef supply. Analyte concentrations were determined by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry, using isotope dilution methodology. Method limits of detection on a whole weight basis were 0.05 ppt for TCDD and 0.10 ppt for TCDF, 0.50 ppt for the pentas (PeCDDs/PeCDFs)/hexas (HxCDDs/HxCDFs)/heptas (HpCDDs/HpCDFs), and 3.00 ppt for the octas (OCDD/OCDF). Method detection and quantitation limits were established on the basis of demonstrated performance criteria utilizing fortified samples rather than by conventional signal-to-noise or variability of response methods. The background subtraction procedures developed for this study minimized the likelihood of false positives and increased the confidence associated with reported values near the detection limits. Mean and median values for each of the 2,3,7,8-Cl-substituted dioxins and furans are reported, along with the supporting information required for their interpretation. The mean toxic equivalence values for the samples are 0.35 ppt (nondetects = 0) and 0.89 ppt (nondetects = 1/2 LOD).

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Digestion characteristics by beef cattle consuming bermudagrass or bromegrass hay alone or with alfalfa and(or) corn.

Cannulated beef cattle (four cows: 556 kg initial weight; four steers: 504 kg initial weight) were used in an experiment with two simultaneous Latin squares to determine effects of substituting alfalfa and(or) corn for vegetative bermudagrass (BER; 77% neutral detergent fibre and 5.5% acid detergent lignin) or mature bromegrass (BRO; 70% neutral detergent fibre and 6.6% acid detergent lignin) hay on digestion characteristics. For Controls, BER or BRO was fed at 1.32 or 1.54% body weight of cows and steers, respectively; other treatments entailed substitution for hay DM of alfalfa cubes (17%) or ground corn (33%). A protein supplement was given to all animals. In vitro neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestion was slightly greater for BER than BRO. Supplement treatments did not affect the concentration of total volatile fatty acids or the molar proportion of propionate in ruminal fluid. True ruminal organic matter (OM) digestion was similar among diets; greater duodenal microbial OM flow and postruminal NDF digestion for BRO than BER diets were responsible for higher (P < 0.05) postruminal OM digestion for BRO diets. Supplement treatment did not affect duodenal microbial nitrogen flow or efficiency of microbial growth. Corn supplementation increased total tract OM digestion (P < 0.05). Alfalfa addition depressed total tract OM and NDF digestibilities more when added to BER than BRO; depressions in total tract NDF digestion with alfalfa and corn substitutions were additive. With constant DM intake, slightly less than ad libitum, alfalfa or corn substituted alone or together for hay did not improve characteristics of digestion by cattle consuming vegetative bermudagrass or mature bromegrass other than increased postruminal and total tract OM digestibilities with corn.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1996

Plasma lipoprotein profile and lipolytic activities in response to the substitution of lean white fish for other animal protein sources in premenopausal women.

A crossover study was conducted to examine the effects on plasma lipoprotein concentrations of substituting lean white fish (LWF) for beef, port, veal, eggs, and milk products (BPVEM) within prudent isoenergetic diets. Fourteen premenopausal women received 8784 kJ--20% as protein, 50% as carbohydrates, and 30% as lipids [ratio of polyunsaturated to monounsaturated to saturated fatty acids (P:M:S) of 1:1:1 compared with 0.4:1:1 in preexperimental diet]--and 260 mg cholesterol/d. After 4 wk, the BPVEM diet significantly reduced concentrations of plasma cholesterol, low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, HDL-apolipoprotein A-I, and LDL-apolipoprotein B (P<0.05) as well as plasma postheparin hepatic triacylglycerol lipase activity compared with the preexperimental diet. These effects are probably attributable to elevation of the P:M:S. These responses were not observed with the LWF diet, suggesting that fish protein in LWF maintains unchanged plasma cholesterol concentrations despite a high P:M:S. The LWF diet, compared with the preexperimental diet, reduced very-low-density-lipoprotein triacylglycerol (P<0.05) and also the ratio of LDL cholesterol to apolipoprotein B (P<0.05), revealing the presence of denser LDL particles. Compared with the BPVEM diet, the LWF diet induced lower concentrations of very-low-density-lipoprotein triacylglycerols (P<0.05) and higher concentrations of LDL triacylglycerol and LDL apolipoprotein B (P<0.05), which were not associated with any increase in lipoprotein lipase activity. These results suggest that LWF as a substitute for BPVEM in isoenergetic diets with an elevated P:S produces minimal improvement in the lipoprotein profile in premenopausal women.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Transport of organic environmental contaminants to animal products.

A large number of chemical contaminants potentially may be present in agricultural environments, leading to exposure of animals and potential residues in animal products. The contamination may be either widespread, as a result of aerial transport of industrial emissions, or localized, as a result of accidental emissions and spills, improper waste disposal, contaminants in useful products, and areas of past use of products now banned. The halogenated hydrocarbons, including the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and persistent organochlorine insecticides remaining from past use, are the contaminants of most concern. Depending on the degree and pattern of chlorine substitution, these compounds are resistant to degradation and tend to accumulate in the fat of animals and their products. Other classes of environmental contaminants as exemplified by the PAHs, phthalate esters, acid phenolics, and nitrosamines also may occur widely in the environment. These compounds are unlikely to be transported to animal products because the compounds are water-soluble or can be metabolized to water-soluble products, which are excreted in the urine and thus do not bioaccumulate in products such as milk and meat. The points of entry of environmental contaminants into agricultural environments usually are plants and soils. Lipophilic compounds such as the halogenated hydrocarbons are not taken up and translocated by plants. Contamination of plants is mainly a surface phenomenon resulting from aerial deposition of emissions or deposition of compounds volatilized from the surface of contaminated soil. Thus, fibrous roughages used primarily in feeding cattle and other ruminants will be the most important pathway of animal exposure and transport to human foods. The second pathway of animal exposure is by ingestion of contaminated soil while grazing or when confined to unpaved facilities. As in the case of feed sources, cattle is the species most vulnerable to exposure by the soil ingestion pathway under most commercial management systems, but poultry and swine are more vulnerable in those infrequent situations in which these species have access to contaminated soil.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1985

Faecal peritonitis in the rat. An experimental model for evaluation of surgical and adjuvant therapies.

Wistar rats were equipped with two central venous catheters used for parenteral nutrition/antibiotics and blood sampling. The rats were conditioned in special cages and given a meat pellet diet to achieve a bowel flora more similar to man. When the animals after two weeks were adjusted to life in cages, meat pellets and indwelling non-functioning venous catheters, peritonitis was induced with a standardized 3 mm caecal perforation without any ligation or devascularization. Within few hours the animals were severe septic and blood cultures were positive in all with a mixed flora of gram-negative coliforms and anaerobic bacteroides. Important occurrence of circulating endotoxin was detected and found to increase gradually till death. Without any treatment this form of septic peritonitis gave a 100% mortality. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) reduced mortality to 50%. Substitution of TPN with a simple saline/glucose solution gave the same survival rate demonstrating the importance of fluid supply and crystalloids during the early phase of septicaemia. Intravenously given antimicrobial agents active against anaerobes (tinidazole) and aerobes (cefotaxim) will in combination reduce mortality to less than 15%. The lethal effect of a 3 mm caecal perforation was almost abolished when TPN was added to this combination of antimicrobial agents. Continuous peritoneal irrigation did not increase survival rate.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Dietary patterns and breast cancer risk: results from three cohort studies in the DIETSCAN project.

OBJECTIVE: Only a few consistent findings on individual foods or nutrients that influence breast cancer risk have emerged thus far. Since people do not consume individual foods but certain combinations of them, the analysis of dietary patterns may offer an additional aspect for assessing associations between diet and diseases such as breast cancer. It is also important to examine whether the relationships between dietary patterns and breast cancer risk are consistent across populations. METHODS: We examined the risk of breast cancer with two dietary patterns, identified as "Vegetables" (VEG) and "Pork, Processed Meat, Potatoes" (PPP), common to all cohorts of the DIETSCAN project. During 7 to 13 years of follow-up, three of the cohorts--the Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer (NLCS), the Swedish Mammography Cohort (SMC), and the Ormoni e Dieta nella Eziologia dei Tumori (Italy-ORDET)--provided data on 3271 breast cancer cases with complete information on their baseline diet measured by a validated food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: After adjustment for potential confounders, VEG was not associated with the risk of breast cancer across all cohorts. PPP was also not associated with the risk of breast cancer in SMC and ORDET, but a high PPP score tended to be inversely associated with breast cancer in the NLCS study (RR = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.52-0.92, highest versus lowest quartile). PPP differed in one aspect between the cohorts: butter loaded positively on the pattern in all cohorts except NLCS, in which butter loaded negatively and appeared to be substituted by low-fat margarine loading positively. CONCLUSION: In general, the dietary patterns showed consistent results across the three cohorts except for the possible protective effect of PPP in the NLCS cohort, which could be explained by a difference in that pattern for NLCS. The results supported the suggestion derived from traditional epidemiology that relatively recent diet may not have an important role in the etiology of breast cancer.

Adult↗

PubMed1961

Effect of ammonium ion on growth and metabolism of Micrococcus sodonensis.

Campbell, J. N. (American Meat Institute Foundation, Chicago, Ill.), James B. Evans, Jerome J. Perry, and C. F. Niven, Jr. Effect of ammonium ion on growth and metabolism of Micrococcus sodonensis. J. Bacteriol. 82:823-827. 1961.-When Micrococcus sodonensis was grown in a synthetic medium deficient in ammonia, large quantities of alpha-keto acids, chiefly alpha-ketoglutaric, accumulated in the medium. The addition of ammonium chloride to this medium prevented such accumulation and also supported increased growth, even in the presence of excess glutamate. Neither potassium nor sodium would substitute for ammonia in producing this effect. The results indicate that this microorganism has a specific requirement for the ammonium ion in its growth and metabolism. If not supplied exogenously, ammonia is made available by deamination of glutamic acid. The exact route of incorporation of ammonia is unknown.

Ammonium Chloride↗