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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Do malaria preventive interventions reach the poor? Socioeconomic inequities in expenditure on and use of mosquito control tools in Sudan.

OBJECTIVES: To determine levels of socioeconomic inequities in the prevention of malaria, and to examine the implications of the findings for improving the equitable control of malaria in the Sudan. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey using a pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire was administered to 720 randomly selected householders from six localities in Gezira and Khartoum States. A socioeconomic status (SES) index, which was developed using principal components analysis, was used to examine socioeconomic inequity in the prevention of malaria. FINDINGS: Socioeconomic status was positively related to expenditures and use of vector control tools. The poorest households spent the least amounts of money to prevent malaria and were the least likely to own mosquito nets. CONCLUSION: The inequity in the prevention of malaria in the study areas has to be redressed before malaria can be effectively controlled in Sudan. Malaria control managers should continually determine the extent to which malaria preventive tools reach the poorest socioeconomic groups, and fashion strategies that will ensure that equity is always maintained.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

An evaluation of the mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, and the inland silverside, Menidia beryllina, as mosquito control agents in California wild rice fields.

The mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, and the inland silverside, Menidia beryllina, were evaluated in experimental, one-tenth hectare wild rice plots in Lake County, California, for their impact on densities of Culex tarsalis, Anopheles freeborni and Anopheles franciscanus. Gambusia affinis were tested at 0.6 and 1.7 kg/ha and the silversides at ca. 0.9 kg/ha. The silversides did not survive well in the rice field system and none of the silverside guts examined contained mosquito larvae. The mosquitofish increased steadily throughout the season and mosquito larvae were found in 9% of the fish dissected. Analysis of variance did not reveal significant differences among the mosquito populations in the 3 fish treatments and controls on any sampling date. More than 40 species of aquatic insects were collected and population densities of selected aquatic insects were similar among the 4 treatments.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Protocol for the introduction of new Bacillus thuringiensis Israelensis products into the routine mosquito control program in Germany.

The efficacy of new and frequently used formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (B.t.i.) has been evaluated in the laboratory and in the field conditions under which they will be used in Germany. The principles governing the successful introduction of new formulations of microbial control agents into routine programs have been highlighted. The potency of the formulations in use (Teknar, Bactimos, and Vectobac) and their efficacy against the indigenous mosquito species Aedes vexans, Aedes cantans, and Culex pipiens have been assessed to determine the minimum effective dosage in the laboratory and the optimum effective dosage in small field trials. These results should ensure the proper selection of the most appropriate formulation and dosage for the particular climatic and ecological conditions.

Aedes↗
PubMed2003

Ice granules containing endotoxins of microbial agents for the control of mosquito larvae--a new application technique.

This study investigated a new method for delivering microbial mosquito control agents into aquatic sites as ice granules for mosquito control. Solutions containing powder formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) or Bacillus sphaericus were transformed into ice pellets (named IcyPearls) using a special ice-making machine. This new technique was demonstrated to have the following advantages over Bti sand granules: 1) the Bti ice pellets melted on the water surface and released the microbial crystals there; 2) the control agent remained inside the ice pellets during the application and were not lost by friction in the spraying equipment; and 3) the ice formulation resulted in increased swath widths, significantly reducing the cost of application. In large field tests. IcyPearls have been applied at dosages of 5 and 10 kg/ha containing 400 g as well as 100, 200, and 400 g of VectoBac WDG (3,000 ITU/mg), respectively, against larvae of Aedes vexans. Mortality rates of 91-98% were achieved.

Aedes↗
PubMed2005

Analysis of Bacillus sphaericus in controlling mosquito populations in urban catch basins.

The West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne infection that can be fatal to humans, equines, and avians, among others. WNV was first introduced to the United States in 1999 and is rapidly spreading across the country. Urban catch basins are thought to be prime breeding sites for mosquitoes, especially those identified as WNV carriers. The pilot study reported here was conducted in a city in southeastern Pennsylvania where there are 70,000 catch basins. The purpose of the study was 1) to determine whether catch basins are breeding sites for mosquitoes and 2) to test the effectiveness of a larvicide that uses a bacteria, Bacillus sphaericus, to eliminate mosquitoes in urban catch basins. The two-pronged study determined that catch basins are ideal locations for mosquitoes, especially Culex pipiens, and that B. sphaericus is an effective larvicide.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Laboratory evaluation of the bioinsecticide Spinosad for mosquito control.

Spinosad, a naturally occurring product of the fermentation of the bacterium Saccharopolyspora spinosa, is a highly effective bioinsecticide against a broad range of agriculturally important insect pests, and this agent has an excellent environmental and mammalian toxicological profile. In this study the efficacy of a Spinosad-based product (Laser 4.8% emulsifiable concentrate) was evaluated in laboratory bioassays against laboratory-reared mosquito strains of 3 species of medical importance: Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, and Culex pipiens. Spinosad was particularly effective against larval Aedes and Culex, with a less marked activity against anophelines (24-h median lethal concentration = 0.0096, 0.0064, and 0.039 mg/liter, respectively), showing a persistence of the insecticide action of about 6 wk in laboratory containers. The activity of the Spinosad-based product against adult mosquitoes (toxicity by ingestion and a possible irritant or repellent effect on gravid females) also was evaluated. Results are discussed and compared with those available in the literature.

Aedes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[An evaluation of the possibility of using Romanomermis iyengari Welch mermithids for mosquito control in Uzbekistan].

Mermithid nematodes Romanomermis iyengari were released into 13 natural water bodies of various types at a ratio of 300-8000 invasive preparasites per 1 m2 of water surface in Tashkent region of Uzbekistan. Infected larvae of Anopheles martinius, An. hyrcanus, Culex modestus were found in 6 water bodies with low content of dissolved salts (Ca2+ + + Mg2(+)-3.8-6.7 mg equivalent/l, Cl(-)-38.3-160.2 mg/l). The infection rates of mosquito larvae were 9-67%. In laboratory tests mermithids infected up to 100% of mosquito larvae of the above-mentioned species as well as An. superpictus and Cx. pipiens from natural populations. Aedes caspius were resistant to mermithid infection. It is expected that in Tashkent region these mermithids can be used only in water bodies with low salt content.

Animals↗