[Notes on neurlogical semeiology. VII. 1. Peripheral nerves. a) Cranial nerves. 9th and 10th cranial pairs: the glossopharyngeal and pneumogastric nerves].
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Cranial Nerves↗
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Results for “NERVES, GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL”
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Are there interactions between acetylcholine- and ATP-induced responses at the level of a visceral sensory ganglion?
We investigate possible interactions between acetylcholine (ACh)- and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-induced responses of petrosal ganglion, where the perikarya of most sensory neurons of the glossopharyngeal nerve are located. Experiments were performed on petrosal ganglia excised from pentobarbitone-anesthetized cats, desheathed and perfused in vitro. Separate applications of ACh and ATP to the exposed surface of the ganglion induced bursts of antidromic potentials recorded from the carotid (sinus) nerve branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve, which frequencies were dependent on the dose of the applied agonists. The simultaneous application of previously determined ED50s of ACh and ATP provoked responses corresponding closely to the simple addition of the responses elicited by the separate application of each agent. Responses usually subsided within 1 min of stimuli application but were followed by periods of refractoriness to subsequent application of the same agent. After determining the timing for recovering from desensitization to the ED50s of ACh and ATP applied separately, ACh was applied while the preparation had been desensitized to ATP and then ATP was applied during desensitization to ACh, but responses obtained were similar to control responses induced by each agent separately. In summary, ACh- and ATP-induced responses of petrosal ganglion neurons are simply additive, followed by a few minute lasting desensitization, but cross-desensitization was not observed. Thus, ACh and ATP seem to operate through independent receptors, activating separate ionic channels, whose coincident currents do not interfere each other.
Acetylcholine↗
Cranial and cervical nerve injuries after repeat carotid endarterectomy.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The incidence of cranial and/or cervical nerve injuries after primary carotid endarterectomy (CEA) ranges from 3% to 48%; however, the clinical outcome of these injuries after repeat CEA has not been thoroughly analyzed in the English-language medical literature. This prospective study analyzes the incidence and outcome of cranial nerve injuries after repeat CEA. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study includes 89 consecutive patients who had repeat CEAs. Preoperative and postoperative cranial nerve evaluations were performed, including clinical examinations (neurologic) and direct laryngoscopy. Patients with vagal or glossopharyngeal nerve injuries also underwent comprehensive speech evaluations, video stroboscopy, fluoroscopy, and methylene blue testing for aspiration. Patients with postoperative cranial nerve injuries were followed up for a long time to assess their recovery. RESULTS: Twenty-five cranial and/or cervical nerve injuries were identified in 19 patients (21%). They included 8 hypoglossal nerves (9%), 11 vagal nerves or branches (12%) (6 recurrent laryngeal nerves [7%], 3 superior laryngeal nerves [3%], and 2 complex vagal nerves [2%]), 3 marginal mandibular nerves (3%), 2 greater auricular nerves (2%), and 1 glossopharyngeal nerve (1%). Twenty-two (88%) of these injuries were transient with a complete healing time ranging from 2 weeks to 28 months (18 of 22 injuries healed within 12 months). The remaining three injuries (12%) were permanent (1 recurrent laryngeal nerve, 1 glossopharyngeal nerve, and 1 complex vagal nerve injury). The recurrent laryngeal nerve injury had a longer healing time than the other cranial nerve injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Repeat CEA is associated with a high incidence of cranial and/or cervical nerve injuries, most of which are transient. However, some of these have a long healing time, and a few can be permanent with significant disability.
Adult↗
Salt taste responses of the IXth nerve in Sprague-Dawley rats: lack of sensitivity to amiloride.
To explore characteristics of the salt taste function of taste receptor cells located on the posterior tongue, we recorded electrophysiological responses from the whole glossopharyngeal nerve in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. For all salts, relative response magnitudes increased with increased stimulus concentrations (0.2-2.0 M) of NH4+, K+, and Na+ salts. The order of effectiveness of stimulation for Cl- salts was NH4Cl > KCl > NaCl. For sodium salts, relative response magnitudes were anion dependent. Sodium salts with small anions (NaCl, NaSCN, and NaNO3) had a much stronger stimulating effect than sodium salts with large anion groups (Na2SO4, C2H3O2Na, and C6H11O7Na). The responses of the glossopharyngeal nerve to the Na+ salts of NaCl, C2H3O2Na, and C6H11O7Na were not inhibited by the lingual application of the epithelial sodium transport blocker amiloride. This is in contrast to large amiloride sensitivity of the chorda tympani nerve. Amiloride also failed to inhibit the responses to K+ salts (KCl and KC2H3O2) and to NH4Cl. These results demonstrate that taste receptors innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve in SD rats lack amiloride sensitivity as observed in the glossopharyngeal nerve of spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats. Furthermore, the difference between the small-anion group and the large-anion group of Na+ salts in their effectiveness to produce responses in the glossopharyngeal nerve parallels the effects noted for the anion dependence in the portion of the taste response resistant to amiloride in the chorda tympani nerve. Sodium salts with the smaller anion produced the larger responses in both glossopharyngeal and chorda tympani nerves after amiloride.
Amiloride↗
MULTIPOLAR NERVE CELLS WITHIN THE LINGUAL GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL AND HYPOGLOSSAL NERVES IN THE ADULT HUMAN TONGUE.
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Cell Biology↗
Behavioral discrimination between quinine and KCl is dependent on input from the seventh cranial nerve: implications for the functional roles of the gustatory nerves in rats.
The rat glossopharyngeal nerve (GL), which innervates posterior tongue taste buds, contains several physiologically defined taste fiber types; at least one type is primarily responsive to certain alkaloids (such as quinine), and another is primarily responsive to acids and salts. In contrast, the chorda tympani (CT), which innervates anterior tongue taste buds, does not appear to contain fibers that differentially respond to quinine relative to salts and acids. It was therefore predicted that GL transection should disrupt behavioral discriminations between quinine and either acids or salts. Water-restricted rats were trained to press one of two levers if a sampled taste stimulus was quinine (0.1-1.0 mM) and the second lever if the sampled stimulus was KCl (0.1-1.0 M). Sham surgery, GL transection, and sublingual and submaxillary salivary gland extirpation were found to have no effect relative to presurgical performance. Both CT transection and combined GL and CT transection caused a substantial and approximately equal decrement in discrimination performance. Removal of the gustatory branches of the seventh cranial nerve [CT and greater superficial petrosal (GSP)] nearly eliminated the discrimination of the taste stimuli, and combined transection of the CT, GL, and GSP unequivocally reduced performance to chance levels. Although these findings were not presaged by the known electrophysiology, they nonetheless compare favorably with other studies reporting little effect of GL transection on behavioral responses to quinine. These results, in the context of other discrimination studies reported in the literature, suggest that, in rats, the neural coding of taste quality depends primarily on the input of the facial nerve.
Alkaloids↗
Anesthesia of the chorda tympani nerve and taste phantoms.
The chorda tympani nerve innervates the anterior two-thirds and the glossopharyngeal nerve, the posterior one-third, of each side of the tongue. Previous work showed that anesthesia of one chorda tympani increased the perceived intensity of quinine applied to an area innervated by the contralateral glossopharyngeal nerve, but decreased the perceived intensity of NaCl applied to an area innervated by the ipsilateral glossopharyngeal nerve. The data presented here corroborate that earlier finding and show that if both chorda tympani nerves are anesthetized, the taste of quinine is intensified and the taste of NaCl diminished at areas innervated by the glossopharyngeal on both sides of the tongue. In about 40% of the subjects, tastes occurred in the absence of stimulation (we call these tastes phantoms). The phantoms were usually localized to the posterior tongue contralateral to the anesthesia and they were abolished when a topical anesthetic was applied to the area where they were perceived. Phantoms like these may be a source of clinical dysgeusia in patients with localized taste damage. The phantoms may result because the anesthesia releases inhibition normally occurring between the central projection areas of different taste nerves.
Adult↗
Tactile and taste sensory maturation of the frog larvae tongue.
The maturation process of organs in the oral cavity of the larvae of bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana, corresponding to the larval stages XVIII to XXV distinguished by Taylor and Kallros Anat. Rec., 94 (1946) 7-25, were investigated. In this study, these larval stages were divided by the width of the mouth slit into A1, A2, B and C stages. The A1 and A2 stages corresponded to larval stages XVIII-XIX and XX, respectively. The B and C stages corresponded to stages XXI and XXII-XXV, respectively. In stage A1, mechanical and chemical stimulation of the tongue rudiment, in most larvae, failed to elicit afferent discharges in glossopharyngeal nerves. However, in a small number of larvae, obvious afferent discharges of these nerves were generated. In stage A2, glossopharyngeal nerves in most larvae began responding to the same stimulations. The amplitude increased with decreasing duration of afferent discharges, resembling those of the adult. In stage B, the first glossopharyngeal-hypoglossal nerve reflex (G-H reflex) was elicited by mechanical stimulation of the tongue. In stage C, the G-H reflex was also induced by chemical stimulation and the latency of the G-H reflex elicited by mechanical stimulation decreased. In this stage, expansion and extension of the tongue increased. Therefore, the natural function of this reflex for the intake of food may follow this stage.
Animals↗
Posttonsillectomy taste distortion: a significant complication.
OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS: Tonsillectomy is among the most commonly performed procedures. As with any surgery, head and neck surgeons must be aware of possible complications and their potential affects. At our smell and taste center, we have been referred several patients in a 6-month period with the complaint of taste distortion after tonsillectomy. We report in this article a patient that complains of taste distortion after a right tonsillectomy for unilateral tonsillar hypertrophy. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective study documenting taste distortion after tonsillectomy using clinical, subjective, and objective evaluation. METHODS: The clinical course of a patient with taste distortion after a tonsillectomy is described. The gustatory function was investigated by conducting electrogustometry and spatial taste testing. Threshold measurements were determined at three left- and three right-side tongue regions: 1) the tongue tip region (innervated by the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve), 2) the lateral margin of the tongue (anterior to the foliate papillae), and 3) the posterior tongue region (innervated by the lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve). RESULTS: After a complete clinical evaluation and taste testing, it was found that the patient suffered an injury to the right lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve. The close anatomic relationship between the palatine tonsil and lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve makes the nerve vulnerable during tonsillectomy. This injury has caused the patient to suffer ageusia to the right posterior one third of the tongue, compensated by a contralateral phantogeusia (phantom taste) with clinical dysgeusia. The phantogeusia was abolished by application of anesthetic to the area where the phantom was perceived. We propose that the phantogeusia is the result of release-of-inhibition in the contralateral glossopharyngeal nerve. CONCLUSION: Taste distortion (including, phantogeusia and dysgeusia) after tonsillectomy is rarely reported as a complication but has a significant impact on quality of life. This article examines the taste distortion presence as a complication after tonsillectomy to make head and neck surgeons aware of this serious complication and the pathophysiology of taste distortion.
Dysgeusia↗
[A study on the recording of gustatory-evoked potentials using an electrogustometer].
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether gustatory-evoked potentials are useful or not for an objective evaluation of taste. METHODS: Fifteen healthy subjects were selected. Electrical stimulation was delivered to the taste buds area of the tongue (chorda tympani, glossopharyngeal nerve area) and the soft palate (greater petrosal nerve area). Electric taste threshold and quality of judgment were measured under 7 conditions of stimulus duration (1,000, 500, 300, 200, 120, 100, and 70 msec). Electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded at 19 sites of the 10-20 International System standard. The results from 40 presentations were averaged. RESULTS: Electric taste threshold was significantly higher when below 100 msec (chorda tympani nerve area), 120 msec (glossopharyngeal nerve area), and 200 msec (greater petrosal nerve area). In taste quality judgment, the number of subjects in whom taste was induced decreased in the stimulus duration condition of less than 100 msec (chorda tympani, glossapharyngeal), and decreased in all of the stimulus duration conditions (greater petrosal nerve area). In the cerebral-evoked potentials noted at 9 sites, three peaks (P1, N1, P2) were observed when taste was induced in the subjects. On the other hand, P2 wave was indistinct when only touch was induced. As stimulus intensity increased, peak latencies could not be seen to change significantly, but N1-P2 amplitude increased significantly. The latencies in these peaks were similar to typical potentials in the literature (K-H Plattig, 1971). CONCLUSION: P2 was considered to be a gustatory-evoked potential. Investigation of this response has shown it to be a useful method for objective examination of taste.
Adult↗
[A case of Möbius syndrome presenting with symptoms of severe infantile form of congenital muscular disorder].
Möbius syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by congenital bilateral facial nerve palsy. Abducent palsy or other cranial nerve palsy, facial malformations, limb malformations, and skeletal malformations are common features associated with this syndrome. We report a 9-month-old infant in whom congenital muscular disorder was previously suspected because of facial muscle involvement (mask-like face), respiratory and swallowing disturbances, and hypotonia since birth. After an improvement in the respiratory infection, she showed slightly exaggerated deep tendon reflexes and an improvement in muscle tone. The occurrence of combined facial nerve palsy, glossopharyngeal nerve palsy, vagus nerve palsy, and hypoglossal nerve palsy strongly suggested that she had Möbius syndrome. Finally, the absence of the roots of bilateral facial nerves on an MRI confirmed that the disorder was Möbius syndrome. We propose that a thin slice MRI should be obtained to observe the cranial nerves around the brain stem if patients show symptoms of congenital myopathy or congenital myotonic dystrophy as well as facial nerve and other cranial nerve paralyses.
Brain Stem↗
The paraganglia within the carotid bifurcation regions of young and old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) after exposure to chronic hypobaric hypoxia. II. The carotid body-like organs.
The following paraganglia in the carotid bifurcations regions of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were studied: Endoneural paraganglia within the external carotid nerve, the carotid sinus nerve, the glossopharyngeal nerve, and the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve, the so-called periadventitial type I cells, and so-called miniglomera. Number and distribution of these paraganglia vary among different individuals. After chronically hypobaric hypoxia the volume of these paraganglia was increased but their number remained unchanged. The increase of volume was dependent on the duration of hypoxia. There were no differences between young and old SHR when the hypoxia-time was the same.
Animals↗
The role of vagal and glossopharyngeal afferent nerves in respiratory sensation, control of breathing and arterial pressure regulation in conscious man.
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Autonomic Nerve Block↗
[Oto-neuro-surgical approach and accessibility to the cochlear nuclei. Significance in auditory brain stem implant].
The auditory brainstem implant (ABI) is now used to stimulate the cochlear nucleus to obtain auditory perception in patients with type 2 neurofibromatosis. Only electrical stimulation of the cochlear nucleus complex, in the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle, can achieve auditory rehabilitation of these profound bilateral retrocochlear deafness. With 20 standard translabyrinthine approaches, our personal anatomical study propose to describe surgical landmarks of the cochlear nuclear complex and surgical accessibility of the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle. The root of vestibulocochlear nerve, the glossopharyngeal nerve and the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle might have surgical significance because of their reliability.
Brain Stem↗
Somatosensory stimulation causes autonomic vasodilatation in cat lip.
1. Electrical stimulation of the infra-orbital nerve and the maxillary buccal gingiva caused an increase in ipsilateral lip blood flow in a stimulus intensity-dependent manner in anaesthetized cats. 2. The reflex vasodilator response was resistant to blockade by antimuscarinic (atropine), antiadrenergic (phentolamine and propranolol) and antihistaminergic (tripelennamine) but sensitive to ganglionic blocking agent (hexamethonium). 3. The reflex vasodilator response was unaffected by section of the ipsilateral cervical sympathetic trunk and facial nerve root, but was completely abolished by ipsilateral section of the glossopharyngeal nerve root. 4. The vasodilator response elicited by stimulation of the facial and glosso-pharyngeal nerves was never affected by lesion of the ipsilateral pterygopalatine ganglion. 5. Local anaesthesia or section of the inferior alveolar nerve abolished the vasodilator effects of stimulation of the facial and the glossopharyngeal nerves. 6. These results suggest that there is a somato-autonomic reflex vasodilator system mediated via final neurons that are not cholinergic, and that the parasympathetic vasodilator fibres emerge from the brain stem with the glossopharyngeal nerve and reach the blood vessels via the otic ganglion and the inferior alveolar nerve in the cat mandibular lip.
Animals↗
Interaction of upper airway reflexes on protective laryngeal closure.
Reflex responses evoked in the adductor branches of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) by stimulation of the afferent nerves in the upper respiratory tracty were studied on anesthetized cats for the purpose of elucidating the mechanisms of the protective laryngeal closure reflex. A single pulse stimulation to each of the infraorbital branch of the trigeminal nerve (ION), the glossopharyngeal nerve (GPN) and the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) elicited reflex responses in RLNs on both sides. The frequency-dependent attenuation of reflex responses in right RLN elicited by repetitive stimulation of ipsilateral SLN began at frequencies of 40-50/sec; on the other hand, that elicited by repetitive stimulation of ipsilateral GPN or ION was attenuated at frequencies of 5-10/sec. Furthermore, interactions among the reflexes in right RLN elicited by stimulation of ipsilateral ION, GPN and SLN were observed by using the technique of double shock stimulation (the "conditioning-testing" technique). The effect of conditioning stimulation of ION was a short facilitation followed by a long-lasting inhibition of RLN reflex responses elicited by test stimulation of SLN and GPN. conditioning stimulation of GPN elicited a similar effect on RLN reflex responses evoked by test stimulation of SLN. These results indicate an important role of the interactions among upper airway afferent activities for the performance of laryngeal defense action.
Animals↗
[Peculiarities of the investigation, clinics and treatment of stylohyoid syndrome and glossopharyngeal neuropathy].
UNLABELLED: The aim of the study was to investigate the causes and the clinics of stylohyoid syndrome and its tendency to convert into glossopharyngeal nerve neuropathy; to investigate clinical peculiarities of glossopharyngeal neuropathy; to estimate differential diagnosis criteria for the glossopharyngeal neuropathy and stylohyoid syndrome; as well as to propose optimal treatment of the neuropathy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty-five patients with stylohyoid syndrome and 53 patients with glossopharyngeal neuropathy have been treated on. The diagnosis was estimated according to the data of clinical and X-ray investigation. For the localization of affected zone we performed modified facial straight plain radiograms of the patients in open bite position, facial oblique contact radiograms, orthopantomograms and cervical spondylograms. RESULTS: The majority of the patients were females; they comprised 61.5% of patients with stylohyoid syndrome and 56.6% of glossopharyngeal neuropathy sufferers. Older persons had neuropathy, younger--stylohyoid syndrome. The mean age of neuropathy patients was 63.8 years, and of stylohyoid syndrome--57.1 years. Seven years and longer duration of disease was observed in 73.3% of glossopharyngeal neuropathy patients, while duration of 7 and more years was observed in only 3.1% of stylohyoid syndrome patients. The mean duration of glossopharyngeal neuropathy was 10.9 years, and of stylohyoid syndrome--2.6 years. The analysis of etiological factors showed they are the same for both diseases. CONCLUSIONS: The core of the glossopharyngeal neuropathy pathogenesis is destruction at the glossopharyngeal nerve or at the perivascular plexus of carotid artery, because of elongation or dislocation of styloid processus in case of neck osteochondrosis and compression by ossified styloid ligament. In case of stylohyoid syndrome, inflammatory processes occur at the above-mentioned nervous elements.
Anticonvulsants↗
Glossopharyngeal and tectal influences on tongue-muscle motoneurons in the Japanese toad.
Anuran tongue-muscle motoneurons receive excitatory inputs both from the glossopharyngeal nerve afferents and from the optic tectum. As a step toward elucidating the neural bases for controlling the tongue movements, we searched intracellularly for the neuronal pathways from the glossopharyngeal afferents to the tongue-muscle motoneurons in paralyzed Japanese toads. The electrical stimuli applied to the glossopharyngeal nerve (ipsilateral lingual branch) evoked polysynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in tongue-protractor motoneurons and mixed mono- and polysynaptic EPSPs in tongue-retractor motoneurons. Furthermore, we investigated the mode of the convergency of the excitatory inputs from the glossopharyngeal nerve and those from the optic tectum. A spatial facilitation was observed between the tectal EPSPs and the glossopharyngeal EPSPs in some motoneurons tested. These results suggest the existence of common excitatory premotor interneurons, on which the tectal descending volleys and the glossopharyngeal afferent volleys converge.
Animals↗