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PubMed2004

Continuous and robust measures of the overweight epidemic: 1971-2000.

This article considers alternate measures of the overweight epidemic that are more robust to measurement error, continuous in the body-mass index (BMI) at the overweight threshold, and sensitive to changes in the BMI distribution. The measures suggest that prevalence rates may understate the severity of the overweight problem. Since 1971, the prevalence of overweight has increased by 37%, while the distribution-sensitive measure has increased by 173%. Furthermore, although Hispanics have the highest prevalence of overweight, the distribution-sensitive measures reveal that overweight Hispanics exceed the overweight threshold by the smallest proportion (21%), whereas overweight non-Hispanic blacks exceed the threshold by 33%, on average.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

The relation of overweight to cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study.

BACKGROUND: Although overweight and obesity in childhood are related to dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertension, most studies have examined levels of these risk factors individually or have used internal cutpoints (eg, quintiles) to classify overweight and risk factors. OBJECTIVE: We used cutpoints derived from several national studies to examine the relation of overweight (Quetelet index, >95th percentile) to adverse risk factor levels and risk factor clustering. DESIGN: The sample consisted of 9167 5- to 17-year-olds examined in seven cross-sectional studies conducted by the Bogalusa Heart Study between 1973 and 1994. RESULTS: About 11% of examined schoolchildren were considered overweight. Although adverse lipid, insulin, and blood pressure levels did not vary substantially with the Quetelet index at levels <85th percentile, risk factor prevalences increased greatly at higher levels of the Quetelet index. Overweight schoolchildren were 2.4 times as likely as children with a Quetelet index <85th percentile to have an elevated level of total cholesterol. Odds ratios for other associations were 2.4 (diastolic blood pressure), 3.0 (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol), 3.4 (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), 4.5 (systolic blood pressure), 7.1 (triglycerides), and 12.6 (fasting insulin). Several of these associations differed between whites and blacks, and by age. Of the 813 overweight schoolchildren, 475 (58%) were found to have at least one risk factor. Furthermore, the use of overweight as a screening tool could identify 50% of schoolchildren who had two or more risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Because overweight is associated with various risk factors even among young children, it is possible that the successful prevention and treatment of obesity in childhood could reduce the adult incidence of cardiovascular disease.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Overweight among low-income preschool children associated with the consumption of sweet drinks: Missouri, 1999-2002.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between sweet drink consumption and overweight among preschool children. METHODS: A retrospective cohort design was used to examine the association between sweet drink consumption and overweight at follow-up among 10904 children who were aged 2 and 3 years and had height, weight, and Harvard Service Food Frequency Questionnaire data collected between January 1999 and December 2001 and height and weight data collected 1 year later. Sweet drinks included vitamin C-containing juices, other juices, fruit drinks, and sodas as listed on the Harvard Service Food Frequency Questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to adjust for age; gender; race/ethnicity; birth weight; and intake of high-fat foods, sweet foods, and total calories. Results were stratified by baseline BMI. RESULTS: Among children who were normal or underweight at baseline (BMI <85th percentile), the association between sweet drink consumption and development of overweight was positive but not statistically significant. Children who were at risk for overweight at baseline (BMI 85th-<95th percentile) and consumed 1 to <2 drinks/day, 2 to <3 drinks/day, and > or =3 drinks/day were, respectively, 2.0 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3-3.2), 2.0 (95% CI: 1.2-3.2), and 1.8 (95% CI: 1.1-2.8) times as likely to become overweight as the referent (<1 drink/day). Children who were overweight at baseline (BMI > or =95th percentile) and consumed 1 to <2 drinks/day, 2 to <3 drinks/day, and > or =3 drinks/day were, respectively, 2.1, 2.2, and 1.8 times as likely to remain overweight as the referent. CONCLUSIONS: Reducing sweet drink consumption might be 1 strategy to manage the weight of preschool children. Additional studies are needed to understand the mechanism by which such consumption contributes to overweight.

Beverages↗

PubMed1997

Prevalence of overweight among preschool children in the United States, 1971 through 1994.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence of overweight among US preschool children 2 months through 5 years of age between the years 1971 through 1974 and 1988 through 1994. DESIGN: Nationally representative cross-sectional surveys with a physical examination, including measurement of stature, length, and weight. Between 1200 and 7500 children younger than 6 years were examined in each of four different surveys during 1971 through 1974 (first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [NHANES I]), 1976 through 1980 (NHANES II), 1982 through 1984 (Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey), and 1988 through 1994 (NHANES III). RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight increased among some sex and age groups of preschool children between 1971 through 1974 and 1988 through 1994. More than 10% of 4- and 5-year-old girls were overweight in 1988 through 1994 compared with 5.8% in 1971 through 1974. However, there was no change during this period in the prevalence of overweight among 1- and 2- to 3-year-old children. During 1988 through 1994, the prevalence of overweight among children 2 months through 5 years of age was consistently higher in girls than boys. Mexican-American children had a higher prevalence of overweight than non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white children. These results parallel what has been reported for older children and adults in the United States. CONCLUSION: These results show that in the last 20 years the prevalence of overweight has increased among 4- and 5-year-old children but not among younger children. These findings suggest that efforts to prevent overweight, including encouragement of physical activity and improved diets, should begin in early childhood.

Body Height↗

PubMed2004

[Epidemiology of overweight and obesity and its determinants in Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil: a cross-sectional population-based study].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity and to study potential risk factors for these conditions in persons over 18 years of age in the metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. METHODS: Data were obtained from a population-based study conducted in 1996 and 1997 by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, IBGE) with a random sample of 1 105 individuals. Height and weight were measured by trained personnel. Overweight (body mass index [BMI] > or = 25.0 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI > or = 30.0 kg/m2) were the dependent variables. Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify potential risk factors for overweight and obesity. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 31.1% (95% confidence interval 195% CI]: 27.3 to 35.2) and 5.7% (95% CI: 4.0 to 8.1), respectively, in men, and 25.9% (95% CI: 22.4 to 29.8) and 14.7% (95% CI: 11.9 to 17.9), respectively, in women. Multivariate analysis revealed that age and marital status were independent risk factors for overweight, whereas age, sex, and education were independent risk factors for obesity. Being female and well-educated showed a protective effect against overweight (odds ratio [OR] = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.33 to 0.83), but not against obesity (OR = 3.01; IC 95%: 1.14 to 7.94). Women with low education had a significantly greater risk (OR = 5.95; 95%CI: 2.51 to 14.12) of developing obesity than men having a high educational level. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that overweight and obesity may be serious public health problems in the metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. It is important to carry out further studies in order to explore the potential relationship between overweight and obesity on the one hand, and behavioral variables, such as smoking and alcohol consumption, on the other.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Activity level and risk of overweight in male health professionals.

OBJECTIVES: This study undertook to examine relationships between nonsedentary activity level, time spent watching television (TV)/videocassette recorder (VCR), and risk of overweight among men. METHODS: Men participating in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study were mailed surveys. Cross-sectional analyses examined the prevalence and odds of being overweight, prospective analyses determined cumulative incidence rates and relative risks of becoming overweight over 2 years of follow-up. RESULTS: Cross-sectionally, odds of being overweight were 50% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 45%; 55%) lower for men in the highest quintile of nonsedentary activity level when compared with men in the lowest quintile. Among men watching 41 or more hours of TV/VCR per week, the odds of being overweight were 406 (95% CI = 2.67, 6.17) times greater than those for men watching no more than 1 hour per week. Prospectively, higher levels is of nonsedentary activity and lower levels of TV/VCR viewing were independently associated with lower relative risks for becoming overweight between survey years. CONCLUSIONS: Both a lack of nonsedentary activity and time spent watching TV/VCR contribute to the development of overweight in men. Sedentary and nonsedentary activities represent separate domains, each with independent risks for overweight.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Correlates of overweight and obesity in 644 patients with bipolar disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Overweight and obesity are common clinical problems encountered in the treatment of bipolar disorder. We therefore assessed the prevalence and clinical correlates of overweight, obesity, and extreme obesity in 644 bipolar patients. METHOD: 644 outpatients with DSM-IV bipolar disorder in the Stanley Foundation Bipolar Treatment Outcomes Network were evaluated with structured diagnostic interviews and clinician- and self-administered questionnaires to determine bipolar disorder diagnoses, demographic and historical illness characteristics, comorbid Axis I diagnoses, medical histories, health habits, and body mass indices (BMMs). RESULTS: Fifty-eight percent of the patients with bipolar disorder were overweight, 21% were obese, and 5% were extremely obese. American patients had significantly higher mean (p < .0001) BMIs and significantly higher rates of obesity (p < .001) and extreme obesity (p < .001) than European patients. Significant associations (p < or = .001) were found between overweight, obesity. and extreme obesity and gender, age, income level, comorbid binge-eating disorder, hypertension, arthritis, diabetes mellitus, exercise habits, and coffee consumption. Current BMI and weight were each correlated with the number of weight gain-associated psychotropics to which patients had been exposed. Multinomial logistic regression (adjusted for site and eating disorder diagnosis and corrected for multiple comparisons) showed that (1) overweight was significantly associated with male gender and hypertension (p < .001), (2) obesity was significantly associated with hypertension (p < .001), and (3) extreme obesity was significantly associated with hypertension and arthritis (p < .001). CONCLUSION: Overweight, obesity, and extreme obesity were common in this group of bipolar patients, although it was unclear that their prevalence rates were truly elevated, because overweight and obesity are increasingly common public health problems among the general population. Correlates of overweight and obesity in bipolar disorder include patient and treatment variables such as gender, geographical location, comorbid binge-eating disorder, age, income level, degree of exposure to weight gain-associated psychotropics, medical disorders associated with obesity, and health habits.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The prevalence of obesity and overweight in 1-18-year-old Saudi children.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to review the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Saudi children with ages ranging up to 18 years. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study was a cross-sectional national epidemiological household survey, and the study group included 12071 children (boys 6281; girls 6420), with ages ranging from 1-18 years. Their height and weight were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. The study group was classified as obese or overweight, using age- and sex-specific cut-off points for BMI for determining overweight and obesity in children. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of overweight was 10.7% and 12.7% in the boys and girls, respectively, and obesity was 6.0% and 6.74% in the two groups, respectively. The children were grouped according to the province to which they belonged, and prevalence of obesity and overweight were calculated for each province. The highest frequency was in the Eastern Province, while the lowest was in the Southern Province. The children were further grouped into 1-6, 6-12 and 12-18-year-olds and prevalence of obesity and overweight was calculated. In addition, at yearly intervals, the prevalence of obesity and overweight was calculated. Among the boys and girls, the maximum prevalence of obesity was in the 2-3 year-olds. A decrease in prevalence was found in both males and females up to the age group of 8-13 years, and then the prevalence increased again up to the 18 years age. CONCLUSION: This epidemiological household survey shows the overweight and obesity trends in Saudi children based on the international sex-specific cut-off points for BMI. It also shows a variable prevalence in different age groups until after 13 years, when the prevalence rate increases.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2000

Who's overweight? Comparison of the medical definition and community views.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the extent to which people who are medically defined as overweight perceive themselves to be overweight. DESIGN: Secondary data analysis of the National Health Survey and the National Nutrition Survey conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 1995. PARTICIPANTS: 10,652 people aged 18 years and over (5076 men, 5576 women) in a multistage cluster sample of households throughout Australia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Body mass index (BMI) based on measured height and weight; self-reported perception of body weight (underweight, acceptable weight, or overweight). RESULTS: Among people with a measured BMI > or = 25, 49.3% of men (95% CI, 48.1%-50.5%) and 72.0% of women (95% CI, 70.8%-73.1%) considered themselves overweight. Among those with a measured BMI < 25, 3.4% of men (95% CI, 2.8%-4.1%) and 12.4% of women (95% CI, 11.4%-13.3%) considered themselves overweight. Older women were less likely to perceive themselves as overweight than younger women. The lowest BMI at which at least half the respondents considered themselves overweight was 26 to < 27 for women aged 18-59 years, and 28 to < 29 for older women and men. CONCLUSION: For many people, particularly men and older women, the meaning of "overweight" differs from the medical definition. Clinical and public health weight reduction programs which do not take this into account are unlikely to be successful.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Australian children and adolescents: reassessment of 1985 and 1995 data against new standard international definitions.

OBJECTIVE: To review the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Australian children and adolescents in two national samples, 10 years apart, using the new standard international definitions of the International Obesity Task Force Childhood Obesity Working Group. DESIGN: Body mass index (BMI) cut-off points defining overweight and obesity were applied to the individual BMI values in the two cross-sectional samples. SETTING: Australian community. PARTICIPANTS: 8,492 schoolchildren aged 7-15 years (Australian Health and Fitness Survey, 1985) and 2,962 children aged 2-18 years (National Nutrition Survey, 1995). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Prevalence of overweight and obesity. RESULTS: In the 1985 sample, 9.3% of boys and 10.6% of girls were overweight and a further 1.7% [corrected] of boys and 1.6% [corrected] of girls were obese. In the 1995 sample, overall 15.0% of boys (varied with age from 10.4% to 20.0%) and 15.8% of girls (varied with age from 14.5% to 17.2%) were overweight, and a further 4.5% of boys (2.4%-6.8%) and 5.3% of girls (4.2%-6.3%) were obese. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the 1995 sample peaked at 12-15 years in boys and 7-11 years in girls. In schoolchildren aged 7-15 years, the rates represent a relative risk of overweight in 1995 compared with 1985 of 1.79 (95% CI, 1.59-2.00) and of obesity of 3.28 (95% CI, 2.51-4.29). Compared with previous estimates from these samples, the revised prevalence data are slightly higher for the 1985 data and considerably higher for the 1995 data. CONCLUSION: The secular trend of increasing overweight and obesity in the decade from 1985 and the high prevalence rates in Australian children and adolescents are a major public health concern.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

[Fasting insulin level and hypertensive family history in overweighted children].

In order to analyze the relationship between fasting insulin level and body mess index (BMI), blood pressure and lipids, and to discuss the effect of hypertensive family history, 317 healthy children aged 8-11 years including 74 overweighted and 243 non-overweighted were selected randomly from 4 primary schools in Beijing. Anthropometry, fasting insulin and lipids were measured, and the family history of hypertension (FHH) was recorded. After adjusting of age and sex, the levels of blood fasting insulin, cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly higher (P < 0.01) and the ratio of HDL/LDL and apoA/apoB were significantly lower (P < 0.01) in the overweighted than that in non-overweighted children. After controlling BMI, the partial correlation coefficients between fasting insulin and TG, systolic pressure was 0.20 (P < 0.01) and 0.12 (P < 0.01) respectively. Moreover, among the overweighted children, but not among non-overweighted children, those with FHH had a significantly higher fasting insulin than those without FHH (P < 0.01). It is concluded that hypertensive family history may play an important role in contributing to the higher level of serum insulin of overweighted children, and higher serum insulin may concerted with some metabolic disorders in overweighted children.

Body Mass Index↗

PubMed2002

Temporal trends in overweight and obesity in Canada, 1981-1996.

OBJECTIVE: To assess changes in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Canadian children and adults between 1981 and 1996 using recent recommendations for the classification of overweight and obesity. DESIGN: Epidemiological study comparing the prevalence of overweight and obesity from the 1981 Canada Fitness Survey (CFS) to the 1996 National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY) and the 1996 National Population Health Survey (NPHS). SUBJECTS: Adults 20-64 y of age and children 7-13 y of age from the CFS, NLSCY and NPHS. MEASUREMENTS: BMI was calculated from directly measured or self-reported body mass and height. For adults 20-64 y of age, overweight and obesity were defined as BMI > or = 25 kg/m2 and BMI > or = 30 kg/m2, respectively. Age- and sex-specific cut-off points for children that correspond to the adulthood categories were used to define overweight and obesity for children 7-13 y of age. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight increased from 48 to 57% among men and from 30 to 35% among women, while the prevalence of obesity increased from 9 to 14% in men and from 8 to 12% in women. The corresponding increases were from 11 to 33% in boys and from 13 to 27% in girls for overweight and from 2 to 10% in boys and from 2 to 9% in girls for obesity. CONCLUSION: The results indicate dramatic increases in the prevalence of both overweight and obesity in Canada over the last 15 y, and the problem is particularly pronounced among children.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

[Overweight and obesity in urban population in Poland in years 1983-1999].

There is a shortage of up-to-date data on the extent of the problem of overweight and obesity in Poland, although obesity is commonly considered as the 'epidemic of the end of the 20th century'. The aim of the study was to compare the percentages of overweight (BMI > or = 25) and obese (BMI > or = 30) adults from Wrocław population in particular categories of age, sex and social status. Material comprised the data of 15,641 men and 19,121 women aged 21-60, occupationally active inhabitants of Wrocław, examined in the DCDM 'DOLMED' in 1983-1999. BMI was used as a measure of general obesity (according to WHO categories). It was revealed that age, sex and social status significantly differentiated BMI of examined inhabitants of Wrocław. In the subsequent decades of life mean BMI values increased, hence an increase of percentages of overweight and obese persons was observed. More than the half of men exceeded their proper relative mass before 40 years of age, whereas the 2/3 of them had BMI over 25 before the age of 50 (independently on their social background). The process of increasing percentages of overweight women was socially differentiated; between the 3rd and the 6th decade of life the percentages of overweight women increased among intelligence from 16 to 60%, among clerks from 18 to 72% and among workers from 27 to 83%. A sexual dimorphism resulted in fact that in men an age-related increase of overweight subjects (25 > or = BMI < 30) was observed, whereas in women an age-related increase of obese persons (BMI ? 30) was found. In an urban population in Poland in the 1990s the percentage of overweight persons (BMI ł 25) exceeded 70% after the age of 50. Therefore--in the context of essential relationships between overweight and both mortality and morbidity--the health status of urban population in Poland is highly disturbing.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Provider practice, overweight and associated risk variables among children from a multi-ethnic underserved community.

Two hundred and eight medical records subdivided into two age groups, < 2 years (n = 49), and two to 17 years (n = 159) were used to assess providers' practice of documentation and intervention for overweight and associated risk variables, among children from a multi-ethnic inner-city population. The Body Mass Index (BMI) and/or weight to height ratio > or = 90th percentile for age and sex were used to define overweight, or at risk for overweight. Documentation for excessive weight and intervention, resident-physician training level, demographics, blood pressure, and cholesterol values were recorded. Overweight was identified in 36% of the pediatric patients. Twenty-nine percent of the affected children were documented, and all but two had an intervention. Exercise, nutritional and/or behavioral counseling were prescribed with nutritional counseling being the most frequent. Blood pressure and cholesterol levels were measured more frequently in overweight children than in normal weight children. Children < two years of age with BMI or weight/height ratios > or = 90th percentile had no documentation or intervention for suspected overweight. We conclude that childhood overweight was highly prevalent, and under-recognized as determined by medical record documentation. Further study is needed to determine effective provider education programs for preventing, detecting and managing overweight during childhood.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Ethnic group differences in overweight and obese children and young people in England: cross sectional survey.

AIMS: To determine the percentage of children and young adults who are obese or overweight within different ethnic and socioeconomic groups. METHODS: Secondary analysis of data on 5689 children and young adults aged 2-20 years from the 1999 Health Survey for England. RESULTS: Twenty three per cent of children (n = 1311) were overweight, of whom 6% (n = 358) were obese. More girls than boys were overweight (24% v 22%). Afro-Caribbean girls were more likely to be overweight (odds ratio 1.73, 95% CI 1.29 to 2.33), and Afro-Caribbean and Pakistani girls were more likely to be obese than girls in the general population (odds ratios 2.74 (95% CI 1.74 to 4.31) and 1.71 (95% CI 1.06 to 2.76), respectively). Indian and Pakistani boys were more likely to be overweight (odds ratios 1.55 (95% CI 1.12 to 2.17) and 1.36 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.83), respectively). There were no significant differences in the prevalence of obese and overweight children from different social classes. CONCLUSION: The percentage of children and young adults who are obese and overweight differs by ethnic group and sex, but not by social class. British Afro-Caribbean and Pakistani girls have an increased risk of being obese and Indian and Pakistani boys have an increased risk of being overweight than the general population. These individuals may be at greater combined cumulative risk of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease and so may be a priority for initiatives to target groups of children at particular risk of obesity.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Dietary intake, perceptions regarding body weight, and attitudes toward weight control of normal weight, overweight, and obese Black females in a rural village in South Africa.

OBJECTIVES: To determine dietary intake and attitude toward weight control of normal weight, overweight, and obese Black women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Rural village in KwaZulu province, South Africa. PARTICIPANTS: A convenience sample (N=187) of 25- to 55-year-old women, of whom 28.9% (N=54) were of normal weight, 41.2% (N=77) were overweight, and 29.9% (N=56) were obese. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Dietary intake, attitude toward weight control, perceived causes of overweight, perceived health risks, and self-reported health status. RESULTS: Dietary intake did not differ among the three groups. Overweight and obese women did not view weight control differently than women of normal weight. Most women were unconcerned about their weight. Only 2% of overweight and 30% of obese women thought they were too fat. Most women (96%) agreed that obesity was caused by biological disorders, while 39% and 9% agreed that it was caused by poor eating habits and eating too much food, respectively. Most women did not recognize the relationship between food consumed and degenerative diseases. Compared to normal-weight and overweight women, obese women had a significantly higher prevalence of self-reported high blood pressure and suffered more from back pain. CONCLUSIONS: Most of these rural women were unconcerned about their weight and most overweight and obese women did not want to lose weight. The acceptance of overweight and obesity can hinder the effectiveness of weight control programs. A special attempt should be made to target such programs to rural woman.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

[Study on the relations between overweight, obesity, blood pressures, serum lipids and glucose in schoolchildren of Shijiazhunag].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clustering character of overweight and obesity with multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors such as blood pressure, serum lipids and glucose, and to provide evidence for intervention in childhood. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 913 children aged 7-13 years in urban area of Shijiazhuang. Measurements included height, weight, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and fasting serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and serum glucose (GLU). RESULTS: Overall prevalence rate of overweight and obesity was 29.24% (boys: 34.98% vs. girls: 24.23%). When compared with normal children, children with overweight or obesity had significantly higher levels of SBP, DBP, TC, TG but low HDL-C. The prevalence rates of high SBP, DBP, TC, TG, GLU and low HDL-C in overweight and obese children were higher than in normal children. After adjusted for gender and age, the odds ratios of overweight and obese children for high SBP, DBP, TC, TG, GLU and low HDL-C were 6.77, 3.22, 2.55, 6.42, 3.85 and 2.94 (95% CI: 4.15-11.04, 1.38-7.49, 1.59-4.11, 3.46-11.92, 1.69-8.78 and 1.83-4.73), respectively. Odds ratios of overweight and obese children holding any one, two or three of the selected six risk factors appeared to be 2.74, 13.15 and 15.33 (95% CI : 1.92-3.92, 6.69-25.87 and 4.17-56.39), respectively. CONCLUSION: Childhood overweight and obesity increased the clustering of children's risk factors on cardiovascular diseases, as well as increasing the risk of children acquiring multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors. Controlling overweight and obesity would help early prevention on children from getting cardiovascular diseases.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Exploring the association between overweight and dental caries among US children.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between age-specific body mass index (BMI-for-age) and dental caries among US children. METHODS: Body measures data and oral health data came from the 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Outcome measures for primary and permanent dentitions were: (1) dental caries prevalence; and (2) severity (geometric mean dft and DMFT). Covariates included: (1) age; (2) gender; (3) race/ethnicity; and (4) poverty status. Analysis was limited to children 2 to 17 years old. RESULTS: Approximately 36% of overweight children 2 to 6 years old and 39% of overweight children 6 to 17 years old had dental caries. Geometric mean dental caries scores for overweight children were dft=3.3 and DMFT=2.5 for primary and permanent dentitions, respectively. Controlling for covariates, there was no significant association between BMI-for-age and dental caries prevalence in either dentition. In addition, among children with a positive history of dental caries, BMI-for-age was significantly associated with dental caries severity in the permanent dentition - overweight children had a lower geometric mean DMFT than did normal weight children. CONCLUSIONS: Although it was hypothesized that age-specific body mass index would be associated with increased dental caries prevalence and severity, these associations were not found. Rather, overweight was found to be associated with lower geometric mean DMFT. Future studies should address which factors specific to overweight in children might be protective against dental caries in the permanent dentition. Given the importance of overweight as a public health problem, however, clinicians are encouraged to continue providing health education and dietary counseling to their overweight child patients.

Adolescent↗