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PubMed1988

The influence of physical exercise on susceptibility to noise-induced temporary threshold shift.

In order to investigate whether physical exercise would influence susceptibility to temporary threshold shift (TTS), 9 subjects were exposed to a narrow-band noise at 105 dB SPL for 10 min three times in each of four test conditions. In three of the test conditions, noise exposure was combined with physical exercise at a level of 40% of the individual subject's maximum work capacity. Under these conditions, subjects were exposed to the noise before, during, or after exercise. In the fourth condition, subjects were exposed to the noise only. The results indicated that noise with simultaneous exercise increased the TTS susceptibility when compared with the other test conditions (p less than or equal to 0.05).

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Changes of expression of complement 3bi receptors on granulocytes after physical exercise in rats.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of physical exercise on the expression of clusters of differentiation (CD)11b, CD18 and CD 54 on granulocytes and complement 3bi (C3bi)-dependent functions in rats. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The rats were separated into two groups: the control group (n = 21) and the training group (n = 14). The rats in the training group were subjected to a program that consisted of swimming 6 days in a week for 7 weeks. MEASURES: The phagocytic and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generating activities and the expression of receptors on granulocytes were measured using flow cytometric techniques. RESULTS: The acute swimming and the 7 weeks of swim training caused high C3bi-dependent phagocytic activity of granulocytes. Swim training led to an increase of H2O2 generating activity together with C3bi-dependent phagocytosis both immediately after and 24 hrs after the 120 min swimming. The 24 hrs recovery from the 120 min swimming in trained and untrained rats caused an increase of H2O2 generating activity of granulocytes. In the training group, an increase in this activity could be observed immediately after the 120 min swimming exercise. The upregulation of the CI1b on granulocytes was induced by the 120 min of swimming regardless of swim training. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the increase of C3bi receptor-dependent phagocytosis and H2O2 generating activities induced by the physical exercise might depend on the upregulation of the CD11b that is the component of C3bi receptor.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Effects of physical exercise training on cardiac function and graft patency after coronary artery bypass grafting.

The effects of physical exercise training after coronary artery bypass grafting on recovery of cardiac function and graft patency were studied in 115 patients. The patients were divided into Group I (N = 60) with and Group II (N = 55) without a scheduled rehabilitation program. The rate of graft patency was 98% in Group I and 80% in Group II. After operation, the exercise cardiac index and stroke index were significantly higher in Group I than in Group II. The exercise stroke index increased significantly in Group I, but not in Group II. The variables affecting graft patency, examined by a stepwise method, included double product, cardiac index, stroke index, and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure during postoperative exercise conditions, and postoperative exercise training. The multiple coefficient for these five variables was 0.459 (p less than 0.01). Our findings suggest that physical exercise training should be started as early as possible after coronary artery bypass grafting to improve graft patency and recovery of cardiac function.

Cardiac Output↗

PubMed1992

Regular physical exercise and low-fat diet. Effects on progression of coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: Significant regression of coronary and femoral atherosclerotic lesions has been documented by angiographic studies using aggressive lipid-lowering treatment. This study tested the applicability and effects of intensive physical exercise and low-fat diet on coronary morphology and myocardial perfusion in nonselected patients with stable angina pectoris. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients were recruited after routine coronary angiography for stable angina pectoris; they were randomized to an intervention group (n = 56) and a control group on "usual care" (n = 57). Treatment comprised intensive physical exercise in group training sessions (minimum, 2 hr/wk), daily home exercise periods (20 min/d), and low-fat, low-cholesterol diet (American Heart Association recommendation, phase 3). No lipid-lowering agents were prescribed. After 12 months of participation, repeat coronary angiography was performed; relative and minimal diameter reductions of coronary lesions were measured by digital image processing. Change in myocardial perfusion was assessed by 201Tl scintigraphy. In patients participating in the intervention group, body weight decreased by 5% (p less than 0.001), total cholesterol by 10% (p less than 0.001), and triglycerides by 24% (p less than 0.001); high density lipoproteins increased by 3% (p = NS). Physical work capacity improved by 23% (p less than 0.0001), and myocardial oxygen consumption, as estimated from maximal rate-pressure product, by 10% (p less than 0.05). Stress-induced myocardial ischemia decreased concurrently, indicating improvement of myocardial perfusion. Based on minimal lesion diameter, progression of coronary lesions was noted in nine patients (23%), no change in 18 patients (45%), and regression in 13 patients (32%). In the control group, metabolic and hemodynamic variables remained essentially unchanged, whereas progression of coronary lesions was noted in 25 patients (48%), no change in 18 patients (35%), and regression in nine patients (17%). These changes were significantly different from the intervention group (p less than 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In patients participating in regular physical exercise and low-fat diet, coronary artery disease progresses at a slower pace compared with a control group on usual care.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

[Study of effective antiobesity project in diet and physical exercise for patients with simple obesity].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effective antiobesity project in diet and physical exercise for patients with simple obesity. METHODS: 30 volunteers with body-mass index (BMI) >25 were investigated by questionnaire. The analysis was focused on such factors as dietary history, diet habits and physical activities. They were enrolled and received diet and physical exercise program for 3 months. Their BMI were measured before and after test respectively. The results were analyzed using statistical method. RESULTS: The total intake of energy and fat per day in obesity group in the past was significantly higher than that of the recommended dietary allowance. The percentage of always eating too much and favoring sweetmeat in obesity group was 64% and 62%. While less physical activities were found in obesity group. It showed that the total intake of energy, fat and protein per day in obesity group before test was significantly higher than that after test (P < 0.05 ). BMI, The waistline, the hip, the line of upper arm were significantly higher before than after test (P < 0.05) in the study group. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that diet rich in high energy and fat, bad diet habits of always eating too much and favoring sweetmeat, less physical activities were the important factors of triggering obesity.

Body Mass Index↗

PubMed1988

Pain clinic #11. Physical exercise in the treatment of low back pain. Part III: A practical regimen of strengthening exercise.

The first and second articles in this three-part series reviewed the research evidence for physical exercise in the treatment of low back pain and outlined a specific and practical program of stretching exercise. In this final paper, we will present and illustrate the remaining component of a physical exercise regimen utilized in the treatment of a large population of patients suffering either nonsurgical or postsurgical low back pain.

Back Pain↗

PubMed1993

Effect of submaximal physical exercise performed by sedentary men and women on some parameters of the immune system.

Submaximal physical exercise by sedentary men and women on a bicycle ergometer for 60 min at 58% (men) and 55% (women) of VO2 max. was evaluated for its effect on the number of total leukocytes (WBC), lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils and the percentages of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD19+ lymphocyte subpopulations, as well as on IgA, IgG and IgM serum immunoglobulin levels as one measure of B-lymphocyte function. Blood samples were collected before, immediately after, and 15 minutes after physical exercise. Exercise did not significantly change the total number of WBC, lymphocytes, monocytes or neutrophils, or the percentages of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD19+ positive cells and the IgA and Ig M immunoglobulins. However the serum level of IgG immunoglobulins immediately after exercise was significantly lower than both before (p < 0.001) and 15 min later (p < 0.05). No differences in the results between men and women were detected.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Hormonal supply during physical exercise in elderly patients with ischemic heart disease.

30 males, suffering from ischemic heart disease (IHD), and stable exertional angina pectoris, whose age ranged from 60 to 74 years and also 15 apparently healthy volunteers of the same age participated in the study. The IHD patients' blood displayed increased basal levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and met-enkephalins. During graded physical exercise two types of hormonal system response were established: in the first group of patients the plasma ACTH and cortisol levels were seen to rise at maximal threshold load, while in the second group the content of the above hormones declined. The first group of patients showed a less economical hemodynamic response to standard loading in comparison to the second group. A relation was found between changes in hemodynamic system and function of pituitary-adrenal system in elderly IHD patients during physical exercise. Inadequate ACTH and cortisol increase in the course of effects of stress contributed to IHD aggravation in old age, along with reduced tolerance to physical exercise. beta-Adrenoblocker, propranolol, influenced both types of hormonal response, thereby diminishing their shifts in physical stress.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗

PubMed1993

Plasma ANP and cyclic GMP after physical exercise in patients with mitral valve disease and in healthy subjects.

Plasma levels of both atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and cyclic GMP are elevated in patients with various heart diseases as compared to healthy subjects. In this study patients with advanced mitral valve disease (Group A) and healthy subjects (Group B) were exposed to symptom-limited upright stepwise physical exercise on a cycle ergometer. Concentrations of ANP and cyclic GMP were measured in plasma at rest (20 min in supine position) or 5 min after physical exercise by specific radioimmunoassays. Here we show that short dynamic exercise caused a significant increase in plasma levels of ANP and cyclic GMP, in both groups. In Group A strong correlation between plasma ANP and cyclic GMP was found at rest (r = 0.91, P < 0.001, n = 11) and after physical exercise (r = 0.85, P < 0.001, n = 11). In contrast, there was no correlation between plasma concentrations of ANP and cyclic GMP in Group B at rest (r = -0.16, P > 0.05, n = 10) or after exercise loading (r = 0.14, P > 0.05, n = 10). Absolute increases in circulating levels of both substances were not found to correlate in either group. These data suggest that exercise-induced elevations in plasma cyclic GMP may be due not only to ANP release but also to an as yet undetermined factor, possibly EDRF/NO.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Five-year follow-up of pulmonary function and peak oxygen uptake in 16-year-old boys with cystic fibrosis, with special regard to the influence of regular physical exercise.

Eight Norwegian boys with cystic fibrosis (CF) 16 years of age were included in a 5-year follow-up study. They underwent pulmonary function and bicycle exercise tests 2-16 times each. The individual's habitudinal level of physical exercise was registered by interviews and training diaries to study whether it could be correlated to the developments in lung function, peak oxygen uptake (peak VO2), and Shwachman score. The boys were characterized by a large interindividual variation in both lung function, peak VO2, and Shwachman score at the first test in the study. Four boys trained regularly 3-9 h weekly, while the four others had no regular exercise. Two of the latter, who also had the lowest Shwachman scores, died during the study. The other two in the non-training group deteriorated significantly in clinical scores, lung function variables, and peak VO2 during the study period of 5 years. The four boys in the training group improved in lung function and peak VO2 in accordance with or even better than expected in healthy adolescent boys during the same growth period. Even though the material is small, and several factors might influence the results, the study indicates that regular physical exercise has beneficial long-term effects on lung function, physical fitness, and Shwachman score in adolescent CF boys.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

Acute effect of physical exercise on glycogen content and lipoprotein lipase activity in untrained diabetic rats.

The effect of acute physical exercise on skeletal muscle glycogen content and on lipoprotein lipase activity of muscle, adipose and lung tissues was studied in streptozotocin diabetic and control rats. Rats were accustomed to treadmill running for two weeks after streptozotocin treatment. For an exercise bout of moderate intensity rats were randomly divided into two groups: one was sacrificed immediately after exercise and the other 24 hours afterwards. In addition there was a nonexercised sedentary group. No depletion of glycogen was observed after exercise in the vastus lateralis muscle of control (nondiabetic) rats. No difference in glycogen utilization was found in soleus muscle between diabetic and control rats. In diabetic rats a slight decrease occurred in the lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue immediately after exercise, while in control rats there was a significant decline 24 hours after exercise. In soleus muscle a slight but significant increase of lipoprotein lipase activity occurred 24 hours after exercise in diabetic rats but not in control rats. The results suggest that nonketotic streptozotocin diabetes of short duration does not influence muscle glycogen in the resting state, but glycogen utilization is disturbed in white muscle during moderate treadmill running in untrained diabetic rats. The increase in lipoprotein lipase activity after physical exercise in red muscle of diabetic rats occurs during the recovery phase.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2001

Vascular adhesion molecule-1 and markers of platelet function before and after a treatment with iloprost or a supervised physical exercise program in patients with peripheral arterial disease.

Platelet function and levels of vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) were investigated in 24 patients with peripheral arterial disease at Fontaine stage II undergoing a 2 weeks treatment with iloprost (0.5-2 ng/kg/h i.v. infused, 6 h/day) or a 2 weeks supervised physical training, randomly assigned. Patients were studied before (T0) and after (T14) treatments and 10 days later (T24). The adhesion of washed platelets to fibrinogen coated microwells was reduced after treatment both with iloprost (1.9+/-0.4 vs 6.8+/-0.7%; T24 vs T0; M+/-SEM; p<0.05) and physical exercise (3.0+/-1.0 vs 6.7+/-0.7; p<0.05) while adhesion to human plasma coated microwells was reduced only after treatment with iloprost (1.9+/-0.8 vs 5.8+/-0.9; p<0.05). The expression of fibrinogen receptor (glycoprotein IIb/IIIa) on platelets, measured by flow-cytometry was also reduced after iloprost treatment (17.1+/-1.5 vs 31.8+/-4.8 AU; p<0.05) and physical exercise (14.6+/-1.5 vs 34.0+/-3.3; p<0.05). Theurinaryexcretion of platelet thromboxane A2 metabolite 2,3-dinor-thromboxane B2 decreased only in patients treated with iloprost (154.7+/-97.9 vs 256.2+/-106.4 pg mg creatinine(-1); p<0.05). Similarly plasma VCAM-1 was lower in patients who were treated with iloprost (827.7+/-77.4 vs 999.0+/-83.8 ng ml(-1); p<0.05). In conclusion, both iloprost and physical exercise seem to act on reversible phenomena such as the expression of adhesion molecules or ex vivo adhesion, whereas only iloprost reduces thromboxane A2 biosynthesis in vivo. This anti-platelet activity seems to be extended in time and to be associated with an improvement in vascular function.

Aged↗

PubMed1995

[Hemodynamic assessment at rest and during dynamic physical exercise in young subjects with and without hypertensive parents].

The aim of this research was to identify any early cardiovascular changes that may be predictive of future hypertension in young subjects with family history of hypertension. The study was conducted on 25 offspring of hypertensive parents, mean age 17 years (22 with hypertension only in 1 parent and 3 with both hypertensive parents) and 20 offspring of both normotensive parents, matched by age. Subjects were divided into children (7-13 years) and young adults (19 years on). All subjects underwent three office blood pressure measurements with a mercury sphygmomanometer. On the third control, BoMed thoracic electrical bioimpedance at rest and during upright bicycle exercise was performed. Physical characteristics were similar in subjects matched by age in the two groups. Systolic blood pressure was similar in offspring of normotensives and hypertensives, both at rest and during exercise; diastolic blood pressure was greater in offspring of hypertensive parents at rest (73.1 +/- 10.5 vs 63.5 +/- 7.1 mmHg, p < 0.05), during the first minutes of exercise and during the recovery phase (p < 0.05). Moreover, at the third blood pressure measurement at rest, diastolic blood pressure decreased, with respect to the first measurement, only in children and young adult offspring of normotensive parents, while systolic blood pressure decreased in the two groups of child subjects. No differences in heart rate were observed, both at rest and during physical exercise, between offspring of normotensives and hypertensives. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume, stroke volume, ejection fraction, cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance at rest and their response to decubitus changes and exercise were normal and similar in offspring of normotensive and hypertensive parents both in children and young adults. In conclusion, a different behavior of diastolic blood pressure was found in offspring of hypertensive parents compared to that of normotensive parents, both in children and, to a higher degree, in young adults. This may be an expression of early vascular change in subjects with a genetic predisposition to hypertension.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

Activity of two components of serum ribonuclease under conditions of physical exercise.

Serum ribonuclease activity before and after physical exercise in healthy persons was estimated. It is found that a work load of 6000 kgm/5 min increased ribonuclease activity measured at pH 8.5 and decreased the activity of the same enzyme measured at pH 7.0 in the presence of Zn SO4. The observed changes were more pronounced in untrained than in trained persons.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Human information processing during physical exercise.

This study was designed to investigate how conditions of physical exercise affect human information processing. Sixteen subjects performed two information processing tasks (perception and decision) during two exercise conditions (endurance vs interval protocols) and during two control conditions (rest vs minimal load protocols). The control conditions required subjects either to perform the information processing tasks under resting conditions or while pedalling a bicycle ergometer at a minimal workload. Workload during the exercise protocols consisted of a fixed percentage of the subject's maximal workload. Each 40 min protocol consisted of five consecutive stages: practice, baseline, warming-up, exercise, and cooling-down, during which heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion were determined. In the perception task subjects had to identify a briefly presented row of three letters. In the decision task subjects had to indicate which of the outer numbers in a row of three digits was the larger. Results indicated that the two control protocols did not influence cognitive task performance; however, in the exercise protocols, increments in physical workload improved performance on the decision task and reduced performance on the perception task, while decrements in physical workload reduced performance on the decision task and improved performance on the perception task. Changes in mental task performance were not evident within protocol stages; only after stage transitions did changes in mental performance occur. We discussed possible theoretical approaches to explain these results and concluded that models advanced in the context of dual-task methodology seem most promising.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

[Effect of sodium hydroxybutyrate on the ultrastructure of cross-striated muscle tissue myocytes during physical exercise].

The ultrastructure of myocytes of the rat myocardium and skeletal muscles was studied in the control during physical exercise and under conditions of two-week sodium hydroxybutyrate pretreatment. It was shown that single maximum physical exercise caused significant changes in the fine structure of cardiomyocytes and somewhat less changes in a pronounced intermyofibrillar edema, the swelling of mitochondria and an acute fall of the glycogen level. A two-week sodium hydroxybutyrate pretreatment prevented the changes in the myocytes. The observed structure normalization induced by the drug is likely to be due to the specific nature of its metabolic transformation and to the effect on the energy exchange.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Physical exercise conditioning in the absence of weight loss reduces fasting and postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoprotein levels.

The effect of physical exercise conditioning on fasting and postprandial lipoprotein levels was studied in six normolipidemic subjects. The study consisted of two phases: a baseline stabilization phase in which subjects maintained their regular physical activity and an exercise conditioning phase in which subjects had 29 exercise sessions during a 7-week period. Each of these sessions consisted of jogging on a treadmill for 30 minutes. The subjects averaged 15.2 miles/wk. To control for possible confounding factors, such as changes in diet composition and weight loss, we placed the subjects on a metabolic diet and increased their daily caloric intake during the exercise phase. At the end of each phase of the study, a vitamin A-fat loading test was done to specifically label and follow postprandial lipoprotein levels, and a maximum oxygen consumption test was done to evaluate the subjects' physical fitness. The exercise conditioning phase significantly increased the subjects' aerobic capacity and postheparin lipoprotein lipase activity, and the phase decreased fasting triglyceride levels. Physical exercise also significantly decreased chylomicron (Sf greater than 1,000) levels by 37%. In summary, this study suggests that physical exercise conditioning reduces fasting and postprandial lipoprotein levels by increasing the catabolism of triglyceride-rich particles. Because these particles may have a role in atherogenesis, this could be a major mechanism by which exercise prevents coronary heart disease.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Physical exercise for cytotoxic drug-induced fatigue.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is frequently reported by cancer patients receiving cytotoxic drugs. The specific mechanism of CRF in cancer patients is not completely known. In recent years, convincing evidence supports the management of fatigue with physical exercise. This study investigated a recommendation that physical activity, eg, a 30-minute daily walk, would decrease fatigue in cancer patients receiving cytotoxic drugs at an outpatient ward. METHOD: In total, 89 patients were interviewed about their fatigue and were asked to complete a questionnaire, the Fatigue Symptom Inventory (FSI), once a week over several treatment cycles of cytotoxic drugs. On inclusion, all patients received similar information about fatigue. After randomization, information about the positive effects of exercise was given to half of the patients after one cycle of cytotoxic drugs, and to the remaining patients after two cycles of cytotoxic drugs. RESULTS: A total of 74 patients completed the study and returned useable questionnaires. The fatigue prevalence was 89% after one cytotoxic drug cycle. According to the FSI ratings, the group who received information about physical exercise after one cycle scored significantly lower ratings than the other group throughout the study (P = 0.034). The patient interviews confirmed that physical activity helped them to better battle fatigue. Intensity of other symptoms and side effects from cytotoxic drugs closely paralleled the fatigue ratings. CONCLUSION: Fatigue was commonly found in the study population. Though small improvements followed physical exercise, results pointed towards the fact that information and exercise may support patients to combat fatigue. Early and frequent information would probably support patients to better combat fatigue by physical exercise.

Adult↗