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Scientific Committee 75 (SC 75) of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) was assembled for the purpose of providing guidance to NASA concerning radiation protection in low-Earth orbit. The report of SC 75 was published in December 2000 as NCRP Report No. 132. In this presentation an overview of the findings and recommendations of the committee report will be presented.
This paper focuses on radiation protection at proton and light ion accelerators for radiotherapy. The National Centre of Hadrontherapy, which is planned to he built in Italy in the next five years, is considered as a reference facility for applying the various methodologies presented. The shielding design is firstly discussed, together with that of the access maze to the treatment rooms. Subsequently, the main aspects for the estimate of the air activation in the environment hosting the accelerator system are described. The estimate of the dose equivalent due to the activated air transferred to the neighbourhood population is also treated. Outlines are given of the radioactivity induced by the primary beam in the materials constituting the magnets and the patient's personal collimator.
In general, the doses appearing during the dental examinations are relatively small, but as dental radiodiagnostics represents almost 25% of the entire radiological examinations in the European Union, some particular attention is to be paid to this kind of examination in terms of radiation protection. Article 2 of the "patients directive" stipulates that dentists are to show some skills in the field of radiation protection. In addition they need to have enjoyed a proper training, aimed at the application of techniques in the field of dental radiodiagnostics. In order to make it easier for the Member States to execute this article, the commission has decided to draw up this text, containing some clear and understandable information on the proper use of radiological equipment and film development techniques, as well as on measures for radiation protection during dental radiodiagnostics, which will be to the benefit of both the patient and the personnel. The text is drawn up on the basis of the most recent technological concepts in this field.
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In order to comply with the requirements established by healthcare organization accrediting agencies, radiation protective equipment (e.g., lead aprons, gloves, and collars) utilized by x-ray workers must be periodically evaluated for damage. The objective of such evaluations is to identify and remove from service equipment bearing large holes, tears, etc., that could compromise the safety of individuals using this equipment. Many facilities are cited each year for failing to ensure the availability and integrity of such equipment. Unfortunately, written guidance on the proper implementation of inspection programs is not readily available. This paper was developed to assist healthcare organization safety personnel in establishing a radiation protective equipment inspection program at their facilities.
The consistency of the classification of prophylactic antiradiation drugs have been given consideration as history of their discovery, theory of the radioprotection mechanisms and their use in applied medicine. To prophylactic antiradiation drugs can be related to the drugs of having capable of decreasing radiation injuries burden while administrated before or immediately after radiation. The ones consists of radioprotectors with short-term of long-term action, drugs stimulating radioresistance, the ones suppressing symptoms of primary radiation reaction, the ones of early detoxication, the ones for absorbtion and elimination of radionuclides from an organism.
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Nuclear power plant safety performance indicators are developed "by nuclear operating organisations to monitor their own performance and progress, to set their own challenging goals for improvement, and to gain additional perspective on performance relative to that of other plants". In addition, performance indicators are widely used by regulatory authorities although the use is not harmonised. Two basic performance indicators related to good radiation protection practice are collective radiation exposure and volume of low-level radioactive waste. In 2000, Nuclear Power Plant Krsko, a Westinghouse pressurised water reactor with electrical output 700 MW, finished an extensive modernisation including the replacement of both steam generators. While the annual volume of low-level radioactive waste does not show a specific trend related to modernisation, the annual collective dose reached maximum, i.e. 2.60 man Sv, and dropped to 1.13 man Sv in 2001. During the replacement of the steam generators in 2000, the dose associated with this activity was 1.48 man Sv. The annual doses in 2002 and 2003 were 0.53 and 0.80 man Sv, respectively, nearing thus the goal set by the US Institute of Nuclear Power Operators, which is 0.65 man Sv. Therefore, inasmuch as collective dose as the radiation protection performance indicator are concerned, the modernisation of the Krsko nuclear power plant was a success.
The applications of information technology in health care are now widespread and continue to grow. Medical imaging is at the forefront of this revolution and the introduction of digital detection methods to replace film is now addressing the diagnostic X-ray market, the most routinely employed imaging modality. The introduction of picture archiving and communication systems, hospital and radiology information systems is well underway, and the integration of radiation protection initiatives into these developments is desirable. In north-west UK, a project aimed at developing and implementing IT-driven radiation protection strategies has been underway for the past 10 y. Such strategies are geared towards the support of European Commission patient dose directive 97/43 EURATOM, in particular the need to implement clinical audit, patient dose audit and to establish dose reference levels. This paper demonstrates the national and local requirements for establishing a central dose data management system for use in radiation protection strategies. In particular, such a system can help develop and support the role of a medical physics expert in optimisation. The scientific requirements for such an approach are presented in this paper, and a prototype system is described. Preliminary results obtained with the central data management facility are also presented and the implication for analysing multiple site dose data in optimisation strategies for digital radiographic technology is highlighted.
A comparison is made between taking radiographs versus fluoroscopy in veterinary medicine. In this evaluation three main features are of importance: financial restrictions, diagnostic quality of x-ray image, radiation protection or radiation hazards. All three aspects show unequivocally that radiography has to be preferred. Fluoroscopy should be the exception and should be used only for special examinations.
Perspective chemical classes of prophylactic radioprotecting compounds were found from analysis of proper experimental data. Preparations effective in a wide range of radiation doses of various intensity were synthesized. Their activity are due to combination of antiradiation and many other pharmacological properties. During acute radiation these preparations protect stem cells pul of critical tissues but under prolonged radiation they normalize the hematological, immune and lipid peroxide oxidation systems. There is no strong correlation between radioprotection and increasing of functional reserve of organism.
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The general features of occupational radiation protection dosimetry in Nigeria within the period 1990-1999 have been summarised. About 640 personnel, representing about 25% of the estimated number of radiation workers in Nigeria, were monitored by the TL dosimetry technique during the period, with the majority being the personnel of the teaching hospitals across the country. Most private establishments, especially the X ray diagnostic centres, operate without dosimetry coverage or supervision by a regulatory authority. The weighted mean of the annual effective dose ranged between 0 and 28.97 mSv with the upper limit of collective effective dose being 18.47 man.Sv per year. The individual risk estimate due to this is about 1.5 x 10(-3) per year and this was among the medical personnel. The value could be more if all radiation workers in the country were monitored.