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PubMed2004

Abortion in Islamic countries--legal and religious aspects.

The debate over abortion is still controversial as ever. As one of every four people in the world is of the Muslim religion, it is important to learn more about the Islamic point of view toward this dilemma in medical ethics. The first part of this paper gives a general view of the sources of Islamic law and discusses modern developments in Islamic medical ethics regarding abortion. The second part focuses on the legal aspects of abortion in different Islamic states, dealing with the need to supply solutions to women who for different reasons wish to abort and at the same time enact laws that would not contradict Islamic principles. A study of three Muslim states (Egypt, Kuwait and Tunisia) demonstrates three different approaches toward legalizing abortion--a conservative approach, a more lenient approach, and a liberal one--all within Islamic oriented states. This leads to a conclusion that a more liberal attitude regarding abortion is possible in Islamic states, as long as traditional principles are taken into account.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2005

A review of spiritual and religious measures in nursing research journals: 1995-1999.

BACKGROUND: A series of systematic reviews has revealed relatively high levels of interest in religion and spirituality in different nursing specialties, but not in general nursing research journals. PURPOSE: To identify the extent to which spirituality and religiousness were measured in all quantitative and qualitative research articles published in Research in Nursing and Health, Nursing Research, Advances in Nursing Science (ANS), and Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship from 1995 to 1999. METHODS: A full-text search was conducted of ANS and Image using the Ovid search system. Nursing Research and Research in Nursing and Health were hand searched for spiritual/religious measures. Characteristics of selected studies, the measures taken, and their uses were coded for data analysis. RESULTS: A total of 564 research studies were identified, of which 67 (11.9%) included at least one measure of spirituality or religiousness. A significant difference was found between the percentage of qualitative and quantitative studies that contained measures of these concepts. Of the 119 qualitative studies, 23 (19.3%) contained a measure of religion or spirituality, compared to 44 of the 445 (9.9%) quantitative studies. Nominal indicators of religious affiliation were the most commonly used measures in the quantitative studies and measures of religion and spirituality were rarely used in the analyses. Although only a few quantitative or qualitative studies intended to focus on religion or spirituality, these themes often emerged spontaneously in the qualitative research. CONCLUSIONS: Research in Nursing and Health, Advances in Nursing Science, Nursing Research, and Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship all published research measuring spirituality and religiousness during the time-period studies. The rate at which spirituality and religion appeared in these nursing research articles is substantially higher than that found in most fields outside of nursing. Even more frequent inclusion of spiritual and religious variables and richer measures of spirituality and religiousness would help to increase the available scientific information on the role of spirituality and religion in nursing care.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Commentary on Skene and Parker: the role of a church (or other ideologically based interest group) in developing the law--a plea for ethereal intervention.

This paper discusses the provocative views of Skene and Parker as to the role of religious or other ideologically based interest groups in law and policy making. We draw distinctions between doctrine and prejudice and between argument and ideology which we trust take the debate further. Finally we recommend an ethereal, democratic, and populist partial solution.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1985

Ethical and legal issues in the treatment of incompetent religious.

Medical technology has created dilemmas for those who make decisions regarding whether to prolong life in the face of severe, irreversible illness. Two questions usually arise: who should decide, and what standards should the decision makers use? These questions can be particularly difficult for members of religious institutes. The basic legal standard for such decisions is the patient's autonomy or self-determination; the patient's wishes are paramount. If the patient has been determined incompetent, a person who has the patient's best interests at heart should make the treatment decisions. Sometimes it may be necessary for the court to appoint a conservator. In California a recent law enables a person to create a Durable Power of Attorney--that is, to designate someone to make all health care decisions if the designator becomes incompetent. The surrogate can base decisions on either of two basic legal standards: substituted judgment or best interests. The substituted-judgment standard holds that the decision should be the one that the patient would have made if competent. The decision should be based on any available information about the patient's values and preferences. If these are not sufficiently known, the decision maker may have to resort to the best-interest standard, evaluating all options to determine what is "best" for the patient. In the case of a religious who becomes incompetent and has no family members, the physician probably will accept a member of the institute as a surrogate. If the incompetent religious has family, they and the institute should discuss who should be responsible for communicating with medical personnel. In California, a competent member of an institute should designate a surrogate in advance to avoid any confusion or conflict later.

Catholicism↗
PubMed2004

Libertarian bioethics and religion: the case of H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr.

This paper is a critique of certain moral perspectives that are found in the second edition of Engelhardt's Foundation of Bioethics. These views are spelled out in explicit detail in his second edition, and follow on the heels of a profound religious conversion. Engelhardt is an eminent bioethicist with strong religious convictions that overlay much of his writing. The author wishes to question some of the conclusions that Engelhardt reaches as they touch upon moral frameworks, pluralism, and a 'secular' bioethics.

Bioethics↗
PubMed2004

Physicians' religiosity and end-of-life care attitudes and behaviors.

BACKGROUND: Physicians play the central role in decisions to initiate, withhold and withdraw life-sustaining medical care. Prior studies show that physicians= religiosity is related to end-of-life care attitudes and practices, which if not in concert with the patient or family may be a source of conflict. We surveyed physicians of one religion to describe the relationship between religiosity and end-of-life care. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey of 443 Jewish physicians at four Israeli hospitals, which characterized religiosity and asked about attitudes and communication with patients about end-of-life issues and care practices. RESULTS: Very religious physicians, compared to moderately religious and secular physicians, were much less likely to believe that life-sustaining treatment should be withdrawn (11% vs. 36% v. 51%, p<0.001), to approve of prescribing needed pain medication if it will hasten death (69% vs. 80% vs. 85%, p<0.01), or to agree with euthanasia (5% vs. 42% vs. 70%, p<0.001). Religiosity was not related to withholding most life-sustaining treatments, but even after adjustment for physician and practice characteristics, very religious physicians were much less likely to "ever stop life-sustaining treatment provided to a suffering terminally ill patient" (p<0.0003). Religiosity was unrelated to physician-patient communication or to desire for support concerning end-of-life care. Desire for support was universally high. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians' religiosity can have a major effect on the way their patients die, including whether patients receive adequate analgesia near death. Patients may need to query physicians' religious perspectives to ensure that they are consistent with patients' end-of-life care preferences. Evaluation of religiosity-related clinical behavior in other cultures is needed.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer--legal and religious aspects in Israel, patient selection, and a modified technique for oocyte collection.

In vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer (ET) have recently become an accepted treatment modality for patients with mechanically caused infertility. The first series admitted to our program comprised 42 patients with confirmed mechanical infertility. The method of patient selection and the techniques of laparoscopy, follicular aspiration and oocyte recovery are described. From 26 laparoscopies, a total of 39 oocytes was recovered. Normal cleavage of 10 oocytes was obtained; they were transferred into the uterus at the 4- to 16-cell stage. One pregnancy was obtained. An IVF and ET program involves certain ethical, legal and religious questions, which have special implications in Israel: foster mothers and the use of donor sperm are forbidden. Only married couples may enter the program. Indications, methods, success rates and method failure are discussed.

Embryo Transfer↗