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Results for “Repression-Sensitization”

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287 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Rhythmic sensitization of nematocyst discharge in response to vibrational stimuli.

Sea anemones capture prey by discharging nematocysts and other cnidae. Discharge of microbasic p-mastigophore (mpm) nematocysts is regulated in part by hair bundle mechanoreceptors on tentacles arising from multicellular complexes consisting of supporting cells and a sensory neuron. Anemone hair bundles detect movements of prey and then sensitize cnidocytes (cnida-containing cells) to discharge mpm nematocysts in response to contact between the prey and tentacle. Data from a simple bioassay based on counting nematocysts discharged into test probes, indicate that approximately twice as many nematocysts discharge into test probes touched to tentacles after sensitization than before sensitization. We here report that sub-second bursts of vibrational stimuli at key frequencies (51, 55, 65, or 74 Hz; Watson GM, Mire P, Hudson RR. 1998. J Exp Zool 281:582-593) sensitize discharge for at least 90 sec. Very few complete cycles of vibration are sufficient to sensitize discharge. However, as the number of cycles of vibration is increased, discharge is sensitized in rhythmic patterns. Computer analysis of the data by fast Fourier transforms indicates discharge to vibrations at 65 Hz is sensitized every 6.75 cycles. At 51 Hz discharge is sensitized every 2.00 cycles. At 74 Hz, discharge is sensitized in a polyrhythm occurring every 4.26, 3.76, 2.46, and 2. 10 cycles, respectively. At 55 Hz, discharge is sensitized in a polyrhythm occurring every 6.09, 3.20, 2.91, and 2.0 cycles, respectively. Apparently, cells in the neuronal pathway interconnecting anemone hair bundles with cnidocytes count cycles of vibration and then sensitize discharge or not according to the tally. J. Exp. Zool. 286:262-269, 2000.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Depression and sensitization to stressors among young women as a function of childhood adversity.

The authors tested a stress-sensitization version of a diathesis-stress approach to depression. In a 2-year longitudinal follow-up design, exposure to stressful life events was examined in young women in the transition to adulthood. The authors hypothesized that those who had experienced one or more significant childhood adversities would have a lower threshold for developing a depressive reaction to stressors. Results indicated that women with exposure to one or more childhood adversities--such as family violence, parent psychopathology or alcoholism, and others--were more likely to become depressed following less total stress than women without such adversity. The results could not be accounted for by chronic stress or prior depression. Both biological and psychological sensitization mechanisms may be speculated to play a role, but the actual mechanisms of stress sensitization remain to be explored.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1989

Education of patients undergoing coronary angioplasty: factors affecting learning during a structured educational program.

A structured educational program for patients undergoing coronary angioplasty was designed and administered to 97 patients undergoing their first procedure. Knowledge, coping style, social support, health locus of control, IQ, and demographic and medical factors were assessed before the procedure. Risk factor knowledge, anxiety, and medical status were assessed before discharge, and at 6 months and 2 years after angioplasty. Total knowledge mean score for all patients was higher at discharge (p less than 0.05). There was no significant difference between knowledge scores at baseline and at either 6 months or 2 years. Analyses revealed that patients with a repressive coping style learned less during hospitalization (p less than 0.05). No factors predicted retention of knowledge at 6 months or 2 years. These results indicate that a structured educational approach may have beneficial effects on immediate knowledge gain, although these results are not sustained. Coping assessment may provide information valuable for understanding differences in knowledge retention.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

A unified biosocial theory of personality and its role in the development of anxiety states.

A general theory of heritable personality traits and their neurobiological basis is described. Three independent dimensions of personality are defined and related to heritable variation in patterns of response to specific types of environmental stimuli: 'novelty seeking' is due to a heritable tendency toward frequent exploratory activity and intense excitement in response to novel stimuli; 'harm avoidance' is due to a heritable tendency to respond intensely to aversive stimuli and to learn to avoid punishment, novelty, and non-reward passively; and 'reward dependence' is due to a heritable tendency to respond intensely to reward and succorance and to learn to maintain rewarded behavior. Evidence suggests that variation in each dimension is strongly correlated with activity in a specific central monoaminergic pathway: novelty seeking with low basal dopaminergic activity, harm avoidance with high serotonergic activity, and reward dependence with low basal noradrenergic activity. These neurobiological dimensions interact to give rise to integrated patterns of differential responses to punishment, reward, and novelty. The combination of high novelty seeking, high reward dependence, and low harm avoidance (histrionic personality) or the combination of high harm avoidance, low reward dependence, and low novelty seeking (obsessional personality) are each associated with information-processing patterns that lead to unreliable discrimination of safe and dangerous situations and hence to chronic anxiety. In individuals with high novelty seeking, chronic anxiety is characterized by global uneasiness or alarm without specific premonitory cues, frequent bodily pains due to low pain and sensation thresholds, low sedation threshold, and slow fatigability. In contrast, in individuals with high harm avoidance, chronic anxiety is characterized by frequent anticipatory worries based on specific cues, high pain and sedation thresholds, and easy fatigability. In response to frustrative non-reward, individuals with high reward dependence are susceptible to compensatory noradrenergic hyperactivity and hence acute or recurrent states of agitated dysphoria associated with reward-seeking behaviors such as overeating and increased sexual activity. Specific predictions are made about normal personality development as well as the development and familial aggregation of anxiety, somatoform, depressive and personality disorders. These predictions are compared with available information, and recommendations are made for future research.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Influence of dispositional coping strategies on physical complaints and life satisfaction in the elderly].

Well-being and mental and physical health in old age are influenced in a significant way by the fact that it is possible to cope successfully with ongoing hazards, threats and problems. In recent years coping research has shown increasing interest in coping processes in the elderly. Most of the studies are focused on age-related differences in coping processes and on the issue of change or stability of coping in old age. However, the goal of our study was to examine the impact of dispositional coping strategies, conceptualized as consistent personality characteristics, on physical complaints and life satisfaction among the elderly. We recurred on the model of coping modes by Krohne, which postulates two statistically independent person-specific coping dimensions named "vigilance" and "cognitive avoidance". Based on this model it is possible to identify the "classical" coping styles of "sensitization" (high vigilance and low cognitive avoidance) and "repression" (low vigilance and high cognitive avoidance). In our study, including 766 subjects older than 60 years, we found a higher frequency of "repressors" than of "sensitizers". Results show that dispositional coping strategies are significant moderator variables of both physical complaints and life satisfaction: Older people who prefer a cognitive-avoidant coping strategy ("repressors") are more satisfied with their life and have less complaints than "sensitizers".

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Facilitation of sexual behavior and enhanced dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens of male rats after D-amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization.

Behavioral sensitization caused by repeated and intermittent administration of psychostimulants, such as cocaine and D-amphetamine, is accompanied by enhanced function in limbic-motor circuitry that is involved in the generation of motivated behavior. The present microdialysis study investigated the effect of D-amphetamine-induced sensitization on dopamine (DA) efflux in the nucleus accumbens (NAC) of male rats during sexual behavior. Male rats were given one injection of D-amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline every other day for a total of 10 injections. Three weeks after discontinuation of drug treatment, rats were tested for sexual behavior during a test in which microdialysis was performed. There was an augmented efflux of DA in the NAC of D-amphetamine-sensitized rats compared with nonsensitized control rats when a receptive female was present behind a screen (35 vs 17%). Sensitized rats exhibited facilitated sexual behavior when the screen was removed, as indicated by a significantly shorter latency to mount and an overall increase in the amount of copulatory behavior. Although there was a significant increase in NAC DA concentrations from baseline in both sensitized and nonsensitized rats during copulation, there was a greater increase in DA efflux in the NAC of sensitized rats during the first 10 min copulatory sample (60 vs 37%). These results demonstrate that behavioral sensitization caused by repeated psychostimulant administration can "cross-sensitize" to a natural behavior, such as sex, and that increased NAC DA release may contribute to the facilitation of appetitive and consummatory aspects of this behavior.

Animals↗