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PubMed1985

Beta hemolytic streptococcal infection in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes L.) in France: the natural disease and experimental studies.

Beta hemolytic streptococcal infections, usually of group G and C, were identified in red foxes in France. In a study of 31 animals, septicemia and jaundice were found to be the main signs of the disease. Gross and microscopic lesions consisted of generalized inflammation of viscera and joints, jaundice, cellulitis and abscesses of spleen, liver, lungs and kidneys. The disease was reproduced in foxes by intramuscular inoculation of less than the minimal quantity of bacteria lethal to mice. When challenged, recovered animals were resistant to infection that proved to be lethal to control animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[An explosive outbreak of respiratory streptococcal infection with a droplet transmission mechanism].

The data obtained in the study of an explosive outbreak of acute respiratory diseases, tonsillitis and scarlet fever in one of schools in Moscow have made it possible to exclude the alimentary mechanism of its development and to demonstrate the role of the droplet mechanism of transmission in the appearance of its outbreak. The epidemiological analysis of the outbreak has permitted the formulation of the hypothesis on the conditions of the formation and spread of the epidemic variant of the infective agent; this hypothesis corresponds to the available data in literature on the qualitative changes of the infective agent in the course of the epidemic process. The study has shown that the prophylaxis of the explosive outbreaks of respiratory streptococcal infections must be ensured by the system of epidemiological surveillance with timely intervention into the epidemiological process at its early stages.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

The immune cellular response tested by lymphocyte transformation in the streptococcal infections.

Thirty-five children between 6 and 17 years treated in the clinic for scarlet fever, rheumatic fever and other non-streptococcal infections as controls, were tested by lymphocyte transformation to four streptococcal antigens. In all cases of scarlet fever and especially of rheumatic fever the lymphocytes were better stimulated by streptococcal products than in the control group. The SO and the MAP fraction showed a good stimulating activity. The response in the rheumatic fever patients was not influenced by the steroid treatment, nor by the stage of the illness. A parallelism with high humoral and cellular responses to SO at the beginning of the acute rheumatic fever was observed, followed by a dissociation of both responses during the evolution with the maintenance of the cellular one and the decrease of the ASO titre.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Intrapartum chemoprophylaxis of perinatal group B streptococcal infections: a critical review of randomized controlled trials.

The purpose of this overview was to critically appraise all published randomized, controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of intrapartum chemoprophylaxis in reducing perinatal group B streptococcal infections. The Oxford Database of Perinatal Trials, Medline, Excerpta Medica, and personal files were used for the literature search. By means of present inclusion criteria to select relevant articles, two independent researchers identified nine randomized, controlled trials. Three trials were excluded because of duplicate publication, one because the randomization process was violated, and one because the outcome data were collected retrospectively. The quality of the methods of the four accepted trials was poor, and because of basic flaws meta-analyses of trial results were not performed. Results of three studies showed a statistically significant reduction in neonatal group B streptococcal colonization rates with intrapartum chemoprophylaxis. Although a trend toward a reduction in proved neonatal infection was reported in three studies, each lacked the power to reach statistical significance. Intrapartum chemoprophylaxis to reduce perinatal group B streptococcal infections is not supported by conclusive evidence from well designed and conducted randomized, controlled trials.

Bacteremia↗
PubMed1993

[Fulminant streptococcal infection and sudden death in a pregnant woman: a case report].

A case of fulminant streptococcal infection occurring in a 28-year-old pregnant female is reported. She initially developed pharyngitis and high fever during the 33rd week of gestation. This was treated with oral piperacillin for two days with temporary amelioration. Recurrence of high fever, however, was noted shortly thereafter, which was followed by stillbirth of twin babies, and subsequent development of refractory hypotension and demise of the mother. Autopsy revealed presence of numerous cocci and fibrin thrombi in systemic circulation, and this was thought to be the immediate cause of her death. The causative organism was identified as Streptococcus pyogenes, M3, T3, and was found to be producing streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A in vitro. The underlying mechanism for this serious infection remains unknown.

Adult↗
PubMed1964

HOST-PARASITE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI. II. INFLUENCE OF SEX ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF INBRED MICE TOWARD STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION.

Willoughby, Donald S. (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis), and Dennis W. Watson. Host-parasite relationships among group A streptococci. II. Influence of sex on the susceptibility of inbred mice toward streptococcal infection. J. Bacteriol. 87:1457-1461. 1964-BALB/Sy mice showed marked sex differences in susceptibility to a strain of Streptococcus pyogenes type 18. Castration of the highly susceptible normal adult male increased their resistance 1,000-fold, which approximated that of normal female mice. Treatment of male mice with estrogen and stilbestrol did not affect their resistance significantly. Young, sexually immature male mice, 4 weeks old, were more resistant than mature males. Susceptibility of the resistant females was not affected by age or bilateral ovariectomy, but testosterone injections caused an increase in susceptibility. Treatment of male mice with estrogen and stilbestrol did not modify their resistance. Smears of peritoneal exudates from normal male mice after intraperitoneal injection of streptococci revealed rapid multiplication of the organisms. There was no evidence of multiplication in the resistant normal female and castrated male mice.

Allergy and Immunology↗
PubMed1994

[Fulmonant group A streptococcal infection accompanied by massive pulmonary hemorrhage and subsequent asphyxia: a case report].

A case of fulminant group A streptococcal infection occurring in a 6-year-old Japanese child is reported. She was accompanied by massive pulmonary hemorrhage and subsequent asphyxia. She initially had pharyngalgia with fever. The cephalosporin antibiotic was given orally for 3 days. Three days after that recurrence of fever and pharyngalgia was noted. Twelve hours later tachypnea and a sudden onset of hemoptysis was noted. She manifested DOA (dead on arrival) and died in the emergency room. Autopsy revealed the presence of numerous cocci in the vessels and massive pulmonary hemorrhage. Streptococcus pyogenes was isolated from the blood. The serotype of this group A streptococcal organism was typed as M4, T4, which produces exotoxin type B and C, which was sensitive to the penicillins.

Asphyxia↗
PubMed2005

Antimicrobial susceptibility survey of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated in Japan from patients with severe invasive group A streptococcal infections.

We assessed antimicrobial susceptibility against 211 Streptococcus pyogenes strains isolated from patients with severe invasive group A streptococcal infections. Overall, 3.8, 1.4, 1.4, and 0.5% of the isolates were resistant to erythromycin, clindamycin, telithromycin, and ciprofloxacin, respectively, and 10.4% had intermediate resistance to ciprofloxacin. All isolates were susceptible to ampicillin and cefotaxime.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2004

Anti-brain antibodies in PANDAS versus uncomplicated streptococcal infection.

The objective of this study was to assess brain involvement through the presence of antineuronal antibodies in Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcus (PANDAS) and in uncomplicated active Group A streptococcal infection. We compared serum antibrain antibody to human basal ganglia sections assessed by indirect tissue immunofluorescence in two groups: a PANDAS group, comprised of 22 patients (mean age 10.1 years; 20 male, 2 female) who met strict National Institutes of Mental Health diagnostic criteria for PANDAS and had clinically active tics or obsessive-compulsive disorder, or both; and a GABHS control group consisting of 22 patients (mean age 9.1 years; 15 mol/L, 7 female) with clinical evidence of active Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) infection confirmed by throat culture and elevated antistreptolysin O titers but without history or clinical evidence of tics or obsessive-compulsive disorder. We observed positive anti-basal ganglia staining (defined as detectable staining at 1:10 serum dilution) in 14/22 patients in the PANDAS group (64%) but only 2/22 (9%) in the GABHS control group (P < 0.001, Fisher's exact test). These results suggest that antibrain antibodies are present in children with PANDAS that cannot be explained merely by a history of GABHS infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Increased expression of the ska gene in emm49-genotyped Streptococcus pyogenes strains isolated from patients with severe invasive streptococcal infections.

Since 2000, emm49-genotyped Streptococcus pyogenes strains have been isolated from patients with severe invasive group A streptococcal infections in Japan, although they had not been isolated before 1999. We compare the characteristics of these strains with those of strains isolated from patients with non-invasive infections. SmaI-digested pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles of the isolates were almost indistinguishable between these groups, however, we found that ska (streptokinase gene) transcriptional levels in the strains isolated from patients with severe invasive infections were significantly higher than those in non-invasive infections.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1998

Another toxic shock syndrome. Streptococcal infection is even more dangerous than the staphylococcal form.

In the battery of diseases caused by group A streptococci, streptococcal toxic shock syndrome is among the most severe. Its nonspecific presentation and rapid progression require that the treating physician be both knowledgeable and vigilant. Certain signs and symptoms suggest that caution is in order: Pain out of proportion to physical findings may herald deep tissue involvement in a patient who at first glance appears to have cellulitis. Streptococcal infection accompanied by hypotension, confusion, or unexplained acute renal insufficiency is a clue to streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Treatment consists of antibiotic and supportive care, with aggressive surgical debridement of soft-tissue foci of infection when necessary. Anecdotal evidence suggests that intravenous immunoglobulin may have a place in neutralizing the secreted streptococcal toxins that are thought to mediate features of the disease. At present, even with aggressive therapy, the mortality rate of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome can exceed 50%. Understanding of its pathogenesis is progressing. However, until effective interventions are developed, early detection appears to be the best weapon.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

Prevention of neonatal group B streptococcal infections: advances in maternal vaccine development.

OBJECTIVE: We describe the current state of prevention of neonatal group B streptococcal infections and present recent advances toward the development of a maternal vaccine for prevention of this disease. DATA SOURCES: We used a MEDLINE search of the Index Medicus from 1976-1992 for articles regarding group B streptococcus classification and immunology. Group B streptococcus was also cross-referenced with bacterial antigens, antibodies, and vaccines. Relevant textbooks were reviewed. METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION: Fifty-seven articles were selected as providing important background and new findings pertinent to this topic. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: The literature supports prophylactic use of intrapartum antibiotics in mothers who are known carriers of group B streptococcus but highlights the need for more sensitive rapid screening techniques to identify this high-risk population. The promise of intravenous immunoglobulin for neonatal prophylaxis has not been borne out, although hyperimmune and monoclonal preparations offer renewed hope for prophylaxis and adjuvant therapy. Native bacterial polysaccharides, conjugated oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, and C proteins have been investigated as antigens for candidate vaccines. Antibodies elicited in human and animal studies provide protection against bacterial strains possessing these determinants. The theoretical existence of a "universal antigen" is significant because polysaccharide and C protein formulations are required to be polyvalent. CONCLUSIONS: The development of a vaccine for prevention of neonatal group B streptococcal sepsis is an attainable goal. Further study of the immunogenic properties of bacterial-cell-wall polysaccharides and their conjugates, C proteins, and the potential universal antigen is required.

Bacterial Vaccines↗
PubMed1986

[The significance of antipolysaccharide C antibodies from Streptococcus group A. Their importance in the diagnosis of streptococcal infections].

Here is underlined the role of quantitative determination of streptococcus A polysaccharide C antibody for the diagnosis of streptococcal infection. The Authors suggest to associate this determination with antistreptolysin titer and/or bacterial esoenzyme antibody titer, in order to achieve a wider spectrum of streptococcus induced antibodies for therapeutic and prophylactic applications.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1997

A clinical and bacteriologic investigation of invasive streptococcal infections in Japan on the basis of serotypes, toxin production, and genomic DNA fingerprints.

In a survey of invasive streptococcal infections in Japan, we analyzed isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes collected between 1992 and 1994. Genomic DNA fingerprints produced by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were compared by computer-assisted analysis. Conventional serologic M types were subdivided into PFGE types showing close genetic similarity. Among the 42 isolates from patients with invasive diseases, 16 PFGE types were identified and genetic diversity was clearly demonstrated. Identical fingerprints were observed in both invasive and noninvasive isolates. Only 43% of invasive isolates produced streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SPE A), and 31% did not contain the speA gene. These findings suggest that the dissemination of a specific clone is not sufficient to explain all cases of these diseases in Japan and pose a question as to the role of SPE A as a major virulent factor. Bacterial factors other than SPE A and host factors should be considered in evaluation of the pathogenesis of the diseases.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗