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Spinal nematodosis in a four-year-old donkey is described. The animal showed progressive hindlimb paresis of sudden onset. Necropsy revealed extensive degeneration and inflammation in the lumbosacral part of the spinal cord, caused by a nematode larva of the suborder Strongylina, probably L4 or L5 of Strongylus vulgaris.
The trichostrongylid and strongylid egg output in a group of ewes lambing in March, the middle of the usual lambing time in the Netherlands, was compared with counts in groups of older ewes and yearling ewes lambing in May-June and with counts in a group of barren ewes. The groups lambing in March showed only a rise related to parturition date as normally seen in the Netherlands. A few of the late lambing ewes showed a slight rise in spring, but all of them showed a peri-parturient rise related to parturition date. In the late lambing ewes and in the barren ewes egg counts due to reinfection were seen in summer. It is concluded that under the present circumstances a true spring rise, the calendar phenomenon, occurs very irregularly, while a peri-parturient rise related to the parturition date is a common phenomenon. The occurence of high egg counts in summer, excluding consideration on the barren ewes, in the late lambing ewes only, suggests that changing the traditional husbandry system may influence the epidemiological pattern of the trichostrongylid infections.
A survey to determine the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance of horse strongyles was carried out with 616 horses on 22 farms. The tested drugs were cambendazole, pyrantel pamaote and ivermectin. Based on egg count reduction tests the efficacy of cambendazole varied from 0% to 93% and of pyrantel from 93% to 100%. Ivermectin treatments were 100% effective on all farms. Larval cultures after cambendazole treatments revealed exclusively cyathostome larvae. After pyrantel treatments besides cyathostome larvae other types of larvae were also found. After ivermectin treatments only a few cyathostome larvae were observed. It can be concluded that benzimidazoleresistance of cyathostomes is very common and widespread in the Netherlands. This means that benzimidazoles and pro-benzimidazoles should be excluded for strategic use in horses.
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Two horses were presented with complaints of chronic weight loss and subcutaneous oedema, one of them presenting diarrhoea. Both animals were grazed with other unaffected horses, all of them being regularly dewormed. Blood chemistry revealed hypoalbuminaemia and a low albumin-globulin ratio. Faecal egg counts were negative and no cyathostome larvae could be found in the faeces. Neither of these horses could be saved, despite intensive treatment. Postmortem examination revealed severe typhlitis and colitis due to numerous inhibited cyathostome larvae.
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A case of bronchial infection with Syngamus laryngeus (Gapeworm) in a 42-year-old woman is described. Following presentation with chronic cough, haemoptysis and weight loss, a pair of worms was removed at bronchoscopy, with resolution of symptoms.
Lambs from ewes grazed without cattle at 4.9, 7.4 and 9.9 ewes and lambs per hectare and from ewes run with steers at an equivalent median stocking rate at four ratios in which sheep comprised 30%, 40%, 50% and 70% of the animal equivalents were killed and examined for worms. When sheep grazed alone, there was no significant increase in the number of worm species normally found in sheep, namely Ostertagia circumcincta and Nematodirus spathiger, with an increase in stocking rate. When sheep grazed with cattle, there was a decrease in the number of worm species normally found in sheep but an increase in the number of those normally found in cattle, namely Cooperia oncophora and Trichostrongylus axei, as the proportion of cattle in the ratio increased. The total worm burdens were low due to the management of the flock and parasites were not shown to have affected productivity. The results are discussed and the practical aspects of the findings are presented.
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Eleven immature adult Angiostrongylus cantonensis were recovered from beneath the meninges of a captive Bennett's wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus) which died after displaying posterior paresis followed by paralysis and intermittent opisthotonic spasms of increasing frequency for 7 days. Congestion and focal malacia with haemorrhage were seen in the brainstem and cerebellum. Sections of worms with scanty inflammatory response were seen beneath the congested haemorrhagic leptomeninges of cerebrum and in a cerebellar folium. Infection was thought to have originated from feed or water contaminated with larvae released from a molluscan intermediate host.
Surveys were made of the worm burdens of feral goats, possums and Kangaroo Island Wallabies from places where macropods and ungulates graze together. Sheep and rabbits were experimentally infected with Labiostrongylus eugenii, a strongyle of the Kangaroo Island Wallaby. Neither of these investigations gave any evidence to suggest that cross-transmission of strongyles between macropods and domestic stock could occur.
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The seasonal changes in longevity on herbage of the infective larvae of strongylid nematodes of the horse were studied. During the summer months, 1% of the larvae survived on herbage for 2-3 weeks, with 0.2% still viable for a further 2-3 weeks. Equivalent survival periods in winter were 7-11 weeks and over 11 weeks respectively. During spring and autumn, larvae survived for periods varying from 3-8 weeks. On Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) growing vigorously in the summer of 1976, the majority of larvae remained in the lowest layers of the pasture, within 10 cm of the soil surface. Very few reached the highest fraction of grass sampled, above 40 cm from the soil. More larvae were recovered higher on the pasture in a period when less torrential rain had occurred. It was concluded that the parasitological benefits to be gained from short-term mixed grazing with horses and cattle may be minimal, in view of the tendency of cattle to eat only the upper layers of the pasture initially, with a consequent increase in the number of infective larvae per unit weight of herbage remaining.
The anterior mesenteric arteries of 138 horses slaughtered in southern Queensland were examined for the presence of S. vulgaris larvae. Seasonal differences were noted in the size of arterial populations of this parasite, with higher mean monthly numbers of worms per horse occurring in winter. There was an equally high incidence of severe verminous arteritis during the winter months of June, July and August, compared to arteries examined during the warmer months, when there were smaller numbers of larvae. It was concluded that more infective larvae were available on pasture during the warmer months, with subsequently large arterial populations some 3 to 4 months later. The parasite was encountered in 121 arteries (88%). The prevalence of adult helminths in the caeca of the same group of horses was S. vulgaris 88%; S. equinus 70%; S. edentatus 18%; Triodontophorus spp. 23%; A. perfoliata 62%. The overall prevalence of S. vulgaris was 93%, when the results of arterial and caecal observations were combined.