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PubMed2005

Use of the Internet among dental students in Turkey.

The extent to which dental students in Suleyman Demirel University (Turkey) use the Internet during their undergraduate dental training and their attitudes towards the Internet in general were assessed in this study. Ninety-three percent of the students use the Internet in various frequencies. Seven percent stated that they do not know how to use the Internet and, in this regard, the gender proportion was higher in the female students (p=0.026). In general, male students use the Internet more often than their female counterparts (p<0.001). Although a similar proportion of students (approximately 55 percent) use the Internet to retrieve information for general and dental topics, dental topics were searched in the Internet less frequently. To obtain information on dental topics, students generally referred to lecture handouts or textbooks (76 percent) while 32 percent accessed the Internet. Students who use the Internet to obtain information on dental topics most commonly preferred the university sites (71 percent), followed by search engines by performing key word searches (47 percent). The texts are the most commonly accessed materials (83 percent). Clinical photographs were accessed by 53 percent and histopathologic and radiographic materials by 14 percent of the students.

Chi-Square Distribution↗

PubMed2007

The pharmacological management of childhood anxiety disorders: a review.

RATIONALE: Pediatric anxiety is a prevalent psychiatric disorder that may have important implications for school, social, and academic function. Psychopharmacological approaches to the treatment of pediatric anxiety have expanded over the past 20 years and increasing empirical evidence helps guide current clinical practice. OBJECTIVE: To review studies which examine the pharmacological treatment of pediatric anxiety disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder and to summarize treatment implications. METHODS: All relevant studies were searched using MEDLINE and PsycINFO search engines, supplemented by a manual bibliographical search; studies published between 1985 and 2006 that met inclusion criteria were examined. RESULTS: This article provides a systematic review of the psychopharmacological treatment of pediatric anxiety disorders based on available empirical evidence, with a focus on randomized controlled trials. General treatment principles and pharmacological management of specific pediatric anxiety disorders are also reviewed. CONCLUSION: There is good evidence to support the efficacy of several pharmacological agents including the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors to treat pediatric anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder, although there are still many unanswered questions.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Prostate cancer on the Internet--information or misinformation?

PURPOSE: We assessed the quality of information available to patients on prostate cancer on the Internet. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The search engine Webcrawler was used with the search term "prostate cancer" to generate a list of 75 websites which were reviewed for currency, disclosure, attribution, interactivity and content. A rating tool was designed including 50 elements considered essential for a comprehensive review of prostate cancer, and each website was judged for degree of coverage and accuracy (each rated on a scale of 1 to 3) of information for each element. RESULTS: Of the 75 sites 39 contained information about prostate cancer. Only 9 sites indicated a date of last update within 6 months. References were rarely given (in 5) and a disclaimer was provided on less than half of the sites (18). The sites covered a mean of 24 elements (range 6 to 43) with a mean coverage rating of 1.0 to 2.6 (1.8 overall). Of 943 elements covered on 39 sites, 94% were completely correct, 5% were mostly correct and 1% was mostly incorrect. CONCLUSIONS: The information on the Internet is of sufficient quality to aid in patient decision making. However, there are numerous shortcomings especially related to currency, disclosure and attribution. Degree of coverage is highly variable and there is a deficiency in balance of evidence found on many sites. The urologist needs to be aware of such shortcomings when counseling patients on prostate cancer.

Humans↗

PubMed2002

Rapid typing of bacteria using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry and pattern recognition software.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) of intact microorganisms, also known as intact cell MALDI-TOF-MS (ICM-MS), has been shown to produce characteristic mass spectral fingerprints of moieties desorbed from the cell surface. ICM-MS spectra can be obtained in minutes after removal of a colony from a culture plate. The similarity of ICM-MS spectra of replicate samples and of two different batches of the same bacterial strain demonstrates, in this study, the reproducibility of the technique. We have developed the Manchester Metropolitan University Search Engine (MUSE) to rapidly build and search databases of ICM-MS spectra. A database of 35 strains, representing 20 species and 12 genera, was built with MUSE and used to identify 212 isolates. The database was created in 26 s and loaded in 10 s, ready for searching, which took less than 1 s per isolate. Correct matches were made in 79%, 84% and 89% of the 212 samples at strain, species and genus levels, respectively. At least 50% of the replicates of 42 of the 45 isolates matched the correct strain, and the most commonly identified species for 43 of the 45 isolates was the correct one. The close match of the Escherichia coli strains containing the O157 antigen and the E. coli strains containing the K1 antigen suggests that these antigens may have a dominating influence on the ICM-MS fingerprints of these strains. We now have the ability to acquire ICM-MS fingerprints of bacteria and to search a database of these fingerprints within minutes, so that the rapid identification of bacteria to the strain level can be realised.

Bacteria↗

PubMed2000

Access to databases in complementary medicine.

Access to medical databases is a keystone for obtaining up-to-date and complete information for physicians. In the last few years, the rapid growth of the World Wide Web has given rise to an information revolution, enabling health care providers to gain access (often free) to an expanding volume of information that was previously inaccessible. Search engines and online databases assist the search for health information. In this article we examine the biomedical databases of primary interest in the field of alternative and complementary medicine, dividing them into Web accessible and nonaccessible databases and emphasizing the freely available ones. A further classification is major biomedical bibliographic databases specific to complementary medicine, and dedicated therapy or modality-specific databases.

Complementary Therapies↗

PubMed1998

Mapper: an intelligent restriction mapping tool.

MOTIVATION: To determine the most powerful artificial intelligence techniques for automated restriction mapping, and use them to create a powerful multiple-enzyme restriction mapping tool. RESULTS: The most effective search engine utilized model-driven exhaustive search and a form of binary logic pruning based on Pratt's separation theory. Additional experimentation led to the development of an input preprocessing module which significantly speeds up searches, and an output post-processing module which enables users to analyze large solution sets and reduce their apparent complexity. AVAILABILITY: An executable version of the resultant tool, Mapper, can be downloaded from our Web site (http://www.ai.eecs.uic.edu) by selecting the 'Software' option. CONTACT: nelson@eecs.uic.edu (http://www.ai.eecs.uic.edu/ñelson).

Algorithms↗

PubMed2004

HOMSTRAD: recent developments of the Homologous Protein Structure Alignment Database.

HOMSTRAD (http://www-cryst.bioc.cam.ac.uk/ homstrad/) is a collection of protein families, clustered on the basis of sequence and structural similarity. The database is unique in that the protein family sequence alignments have been specially annotated using the program, JOY, to highlight a wide range of structural features. Such data are useful for identifying key structurally conserved residues within the families. Superpositions of the structures within each family are also available and a sensitive structure-aided search engine, FUGUE, can be used to search the database for matches to a query protein sequence. Historically, HOMSTRAD families were generated using several key pieces of software, including COMPARER and MNYFIT, and held in a number of flat files and indexes. A new relational database version of HOMSTRAD, HOMSTRAD BETA (http://www-cryst.bioc.cam. ac.uk/homstradbeta/) is being developed using MySQL. This relational data structure provides more flexibility for future developments, reduces update times and makes data more easily accessible. Consequently it has been possible to add a number of new web features including a custom alignment facility. Altogether, this makes HOMSTRAD and its new BETA version, an excellent resource both for comparative modelling and for identifying distant sequence/structure similarities between proteins.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2005

ChickVD: a sequence variation database for the chicken genome.

Working in parallel with the efforts to sequence the chicken (Gallus gallus) genome, the Beijing Genomics Institute led an international team of scientists from China, USA, UK, Sweden, The Netherlands and Germany to map extensive DNA sequence variation throughout the chicken genome by sampling DNA from domestic breeds. Using the Red Jungle Fowl genome sequence as a reference, we identified 3.1 million non-redundant DNA sequence variants. To facilitate the application of our data to avian genetics and to provide a foundation for functional and evolutionary studies, we created the 'Chicken Variation Database' (ChickVD). A graphical MapView shows variants mapped onto the chicken genome in the context of gene annotations and other features, including genetic markers, trait loci, cDNAs, chicken orthologs of human disease genes and raw sequence traces. ChickVD also stores information on quantitative trait loci using data from collaborating institutions and public resources. Our data can be queried by search engine and homology-based BLAST searches. ChickVD is publicly accessible at http://chicken.genomics.org.cn.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Optimizing the collegiate preparticipation physical evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Today's collegiate student athlete is a highly diverse individual and as such is at higher risk for many health problems both on and off the field. OBJECTIVE: To determine if a preparticipation evaluation (PPE) can be optimized to help the collegiate team physician and athletic trainer assess both current and past health issues of student athletes. DATA SOURCES: Utilizing MEDLINE and other medical literature database search engines, the authors conducted detailed literature searches on this subject. Key words used in these searches included preparticipation physical evaluation, collegiate, athlete, cardiovascular, preventive healthcare, high risk, alcohol, tobacco, sexually transmitted disease, motor vehicle accident, adolescent, and female. METHODS: Approximately 35 articles were selected for review for this report. Authors reviewed articles within their particular area of content responsibility. Personal communications with several sports medicine experts were also conducted. RESULTS: Twenty-three articles were selected for inclusion, in addition to information obtained from the American College of Sports Medicine and National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Web sites. Utilizing these sources, as well as guidance and suggestions from other sports medicine physicians, the authors determined that the NCAA-mandated PPE should deliver an overview of the athlete's entire health status. CONCLUSIONS: As detailed in this report, it is recommended that the NCAA PPE serve as a tool in tracking and assessing both current and past health issues of student athletes. These health issues would include (1) on-field health concerns such as cardiac and musculoskeletal conditions, (2) off-field health concerns (that may adversely impact on-field performance) such as sexual activity and substance abuse, and (3) health issues unique to the female student athlete, such as eating habits, nutritional record, and menstrual history. Primary care physicians should be involved in all PPEs as they have the necessary expertise to recognize potential problems in these areas.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Search strategies for retrieving complementary and alternative medicine clinical trials in oncology.

PURPOSE: Several Medline search strategies exist to retrieve complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) literature related to oncology. The objective of this study was to compare different search methods to ascertain the most optimal strategy. METHODS: All clinical trials with CAM interventions in patients with cancer, published from 1965 to 2004, were abstracted using 4 different approaches. In the CAM filter search, the PubMed complementary medicine filter was used. The Ovid search was performed using a complex search strategy with the Ovid search engine. CAM keyword and not phytogenic searches involved the CAM filter search with the addition of the search terms "AND (complementary OR alternative)" and "NOT (antineoplastic agents, phytogenic), respectively. Articles were evaluated by 3 reviewers to ascertain whether they were clinical trials, the study intervention was related to CAM, and the condition prevented/treated was cancer related (inclusion criteria). RESULTS: The CAM filter search retrieved 10 718 citations, Ovid retrieved 1190, CAM keyword retrieved 2895, and not phytogenic retrieved 1806. Compared to the CAM filter search, all other methods had significantly lower sensitivity (Ovid 48.3% +/- 3.2%, CAM keyword 5.8% +/- 1.5%, and not phytogenic 77.9% +/- 2.7%, P < .001). The specificity of Ovid (38.4% +/- 2.8%) and not phytogenic (40.8% +/- 2.3%) searches was significantly higher (P < .001) compared to CAM filter (8.8% +/- 0.5%) and CAM keyword searches (1.9% +/- 0.5%). CONCLUSION: The search strategy using PubMed's complementary medicine filter, although comprehensive, lacks specificity; other methods, although more specific, lack sensitivity. Future indexing of all CAM clinical trials with a common medical subject heading term complementary medicine would enhance efficient retrieval of relevant citations.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗

PubMed2003

[The Cologne internet-manual of pain therapy--33 months online, experiences and evaluation].

OBJECTIVE: The improvement of ambulant treatment for patients with chronic headache or cancer pain. METHODS: Distribution of accepted guidelines and standards by means of the internet in order to make this knowledge known among general practitioners and to give patients better access to this information. RESULTS: We have built an internet manual about the treatment of chronic headache and cancer pain. About 9100 readers accessed the manual during a period of 33 months. The manual has been completely downloaded 279 times. Physicians and patients very often used search engines to access the manual in their search for information about headache. The terms "migraine" and "tension type headache" were looked up the most. CONCLUSIONS: It is worthwhile editing medical information for use on the internet and thus making it available to the public.

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗

PubMedDate not supplied

VEMS 3.0: algorithms and computational tools for tandem mass spectrometry based identification of post-translational modifications in proteins.

Protein and peptide mass analysis and amino acid sequencing by mass spectrometry is widely used for identification and annotation of post-translational modifications (PTMs) in proteins. Modification-specific mass increments, neutral losses or diagnostic fragment ions in peptide mass spectra provide direct evidence for the presence of post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation or glycosylation. However, the commonly used database search engines are not always practical for exhaustive searches for multiple modifications and concomitant missed proteolytic cleavage sites in large-scale proteomic datasets, since the search space is dramatically expanded. We present a formal definition of the problem of searching databases with tandem mass spectra of peptides that are partially (sub-stoichiometrically) modified. In addition, an improved search algorithm and peptide scoring scheme that includes modification specific ion information from MS/MS spectra was implemented and tested using the Virtual Expert Mass Spectrometrist (VEMS) software. A set of 2825 peptide MS/MS spectra were searched with 16 variable modifications and 6 missed cleavages. The scoring scheme returned a large set of post-translationally modified peptides including precise information on modification type and position. The scoring scheme was able to extract and distinguish the near-isobaric modifications of trimethylation and acetylation of lysine residues based on the presence and absence of diagnostic neutral losses and immonium ions. In addition, the VEMS software contains a range of new features for analysis of mass spectrometry data obtained in large-scale proteomic experiments. Windows binaries are available at http://www.yass.sdu.dk/.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2005

Proteomic profiling of hepatic endoplasmic reticulum-associated proteins in an animal model of insulin resistance and metabolic dyslipidemia.

Hepatic insulin resistance and lipoprotein overproduction are common features of the metabolic syndrome and insulin-resistant states. A fructose-fed, insulin-resistant hamster model was recently developed to investigate mechanisms linking the development of hepatic insulin resistance and overproduction of atherogenic lipoproteins. Here we report a systematic analysis of protein expression profiles in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) fractions isolated from livers of fructose-fed hamsters with the intention of identifying new candidate proteins involved in hepatic complications of insulin resistance and lipoprotein dysregulation. We have profiled hepatic ER-associated proteins from chow-fed (control) and fructose-fed (insulin-resistant) hamsters using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. A total of 26 large scale two-dimensional gels of hepatic ER were used to identify 34 differentially expressed hepatic ER protein spots observed to be at least 2-fold differentially expressed with fructose feeding and the onset of insulin resistance. Differentially expressed proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-quadrupole time of flight (MALDI-Q-TOF), MALDI-TOF-postsource decay, and database mining using ProteinProspector MS-fit and MS-tag or the PROWL ProFound search engine using a focused rodent or mammalian search. Hepatic ER proteins ER60, ERp46, ERp29, glutamate dehydrogenase, and TAP1 were shown to be more than 2-fold down-regulated, whereas alpha-glucosidase, P-glycoprotein, fibrinogen, protein disulfide isomerase, GRP94, and apolipoprotein E were all found to be up-regulated in the hepatic ER of the fructose-fed hamster. Seven isoforms of ER60 in the hepatic ER were all shown to be down-regulated at least 2-fold in hepatocytes from fructosefed/insulin-resistant hamsters. Implications of the differential expression of positively identified protein factors in the development of hepatic insulin resistance and lipoprotein abnormalities are discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2006

Adolescents and the internet: health and sexuality information.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Adolescents are known to be frequent users of the Internet, but less is known about the frequency and nature of their searches for information about health and sexuality. In theory, the Internet offers adolescents unprecedented access to such information in a convenient and confidential way. In turn, this information may help them to seek medical care or advice. This article reviews new research relating to adolescents' uses of the Internet for health and sexuality information, including contextual adult population studies. RECENT FINDINGS: Adolescents are using the Internet in order to find health information on a range of subjects. Search engines are the primary strategy for such searches. The quality of the online experience is often limited by health/online literacy skills. The only reference to adolescents' quests for online information about sexuality was that they frequently sought this information from a Web site created primarily to provide information about sexually transmitted diseases. SUMMARY: Empirical research with adolescents on this subject is scarce. More research is needed regarding issues such as the impact of software filters on ability to access health information and the medium's potential to help and harm adolescents.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Increased risk of intestinal cancer in Crohn's disease: a meta-analysis of population-based cohort studies.

OBJECTIVES: The risk of intestinal malignancy in Crohn's disease (CD) remains uncertain since risk estimates vary worldwide. The global CD population is growing and there is a demand for better knowledge of prognosis of this disease. Hence, the aim of the present study was to conduct a meta-analysis of population-based data on intestinal cancer risk in CD. METHODS: The MEDLINE search engine and abstracts from international conferences were searched for the relevant literature by use of explicit search criteria. All papers fulfilling the strict inclusion criteria were scrutinized for data on population size, time of follow-up, and observed to expected cancer rates. STATA meta-analysis software was used to perform overall pooled risk estimates (standardized incidence ratio (SIR), observed/expected) and meta-regression analyses of the influence of specific variables on SIR. RESULTS: Six papers fulfilled the inclusion criteria and reported SIRs of colorectal cancer (CRC) in CD varying from 0.9 to 2.2. The pooled SIR for CRC was significantly increased (SIR, 1.9; 95% CI 1.4-2.5), as was the risk for colon cancer separately (SIR, 2.5; 95% CI 1.7-3.5). Regarding small bowel cancer, five studies reported SIRs ranging from 3.4 to 66.7, and the overall pooled estimate was 27.1 (95% CI 14.9-49.2). CONCLUSIONS: The present meta-analysis of intestinal cancer risk in CD, based on population-based studies only, revealed an overall increased risk of both CRC and small bowel cancer among patients with CD. However, some of the available data were several decades old, and future studies taking new treatment strategies into account are required.

Cohort Studies↗

PubMed2007

Overall and cause-specific mortality in ulcerative colitis: meta-analysis of population-based inception cohort studies.

OBJECTIVES: It remains debated whether patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) are at greater risk of dying and whether a possible alteration in mortality can be attributed to specific causes of death. We aimed to clarify this issue by conducting a meta-analysis of population-based inception cohort studies on overall and cause-specific mortality in patients with UC. METHODS: The MEDLINE search engine and abstracts from international conferences were searched for relevant literature by use of explicit search criteria. STATA meta-analysis software was used to calculate pooled risk estimates (SMR, standardized mortality ratio, observed/expected deaths) of overall mortality and specific causes of death and to conduct metaregression analyses of the influence of specific variables on SMR. RESULTS: Ten papers fulfilled the inclusion criteria, reporting SMRs varying from 0.7 to 1.4. The overall pooled estimate was 1.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.9-1.2, P= 0.42). However, greater risk of dying was observed during the first years of follow-up, in patients with extensive colitis, and in patients from Scandinavia. Metaregression analysis showed an increase in SMR by increasing cohort size. UC-related mortality accounted for 17% of all deaths. Mortality from gastrointestinal diseases, nonalcoholic liver diseases, pulmonary embolisms, and respiratory diseases was increased whereas mortality from pulmonary cancer was reduced. CONCLUSIONS: The overall risk of dying in patients with UC did not differ from that of the background population, although subgroups of patients were at greater risk of dying. The cause-of-death distribution seemed to differ from that of the background population.

Cause of Death↗

PubMed2005

Cyclic nucleotide signaling in cavernous smooth muscle.

INTRODUCTION: Penile erection depends on cavernous smooth muscle relaxation that is principally regulated by cyclic nucleotide signaling. It is hoped that a comprehensive review of publications relevant to this subject will be helpful to both scientists and clinicians who are interested in the sciences of erectile function/dysfunction. AIMS. To review the roles of extracellular signaling molecules, their receptors, intracellular effectors, and phosphodiesterases in cyclic nucleotide signaling that leads to cavernous smooth muscle relaxation. The involvement of these molecules in the development of erectile dysfunction and the possibility of using them as therapeutic agents or targets are also discussed. METHODS: Entrez, the search engine for life sciences, was used to search for publications relevant to the topics of this review. Keywords used in the searches included vascular, cavernous, penis, smooth muscle, signaling molecules (adenosine, nitric oxide, etc.), and key elements in the cyclic nucleotide signaling pathways (cAMP, cGMP, cyclases, PKG, PKA, etc.). Articles that are dedicated to the study of erectile function/dysfunction were prioritized for citation. RESULTS: More than 1,000 articles were identified, many of which are studies of the vascular system and are therefore reviewed but not cited. Studies on erectile function have identified both cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling pathways in cavernous smooth muscle. Many signaling molecules of these two pathways have been shown capable of inducing erection when administered intracavernously. However, for sexually induced erection, nitric oxide (NO) is the responsible signaling molecule and it passes on the signal through soluble guanyl cyclase (sGC), cGMP, and protein kinase G (PKG). CONCLUSIONS: The NO/sGC/cGMP/PKG pathway is principally responsible for sexually stimulated erection. Detumescence is mainly carried out by the degradation of cGMP by phosphodiesterase 5. Both cAMP and cGMP signaling pathways are susceptible to genetic and biochemical alterations in association with erectile dysfunction. Several key elements along these pathways are potential therapeutic targets.

Cyclic AMP↗

PubMed2000

Parents on the web: risks for quality management of cough in children.

BACKGROUND: Health information on the Internet, with respect to common, self-limited childhood illnesses, has been found to be unreliable. Therefore, parents navigating on the Internet risk finding advice that is incomplete or, more importantly, not evidence-based. The importance that a resource such as the Internet as a source of quality health information for consumers should, however, be taken into consideration. For this reason, studies need to be performed regarding the quality of material provided. Various strategies have been proposed that would allow parents to distinguish trustworthy web documents from unreliable ones. One of these strategies is the use of a checklist for the appraisal of web pages based on their technical aspects. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of information present on the Internet regarding the home management of cough in children and to examine the applicability of a checklist strategy that would allow consumers to select more trustworthy web pages. METHODS: The Internet was searched for web pages regarding the home treatment of cough in children with the use of different search engines. Medline and the Cochrane database were searched for available evidence concerning the management of cough in children. Three checklists were created to assess different aspects of the web documents. The first checklist was designed to allow for a technical appraisal of the web pages and was based on components such as the name of the author and references used. The second was constructed to examine the completeness of the health information contained in the documents, such as causes and mechanism of cough, and pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment. The third checklist assessed the quality of the information by measuring it against a gold standard document. This document was created by combining the policy statement issued by the American Academy of Pediatrics regarding the pharmacological treatment of cough in children with the guide of the World Health Organization on drugs for children. For each checklist, the web page contents were analyzed and quantitative measurements were assigned. RESULTS: Of the 19 web pages identified, 9 explained the purpose and/or mechanism of cough and 14 the causes. The most frequently mentioned pharmacological treatments were single-ingredient suppressant preparations, followed by single-ingredient expectorants. Dextromethorphan was the most commonly referred to suppressant and guaifenesin the most common expectorant. No documents discouraged the use of suppressants, although 4 of the 10 web documents that addressed expectorants discouraged their use. Sixteen web pages addressed nonpharmacological treatment, 14 of which suggested exposure to a humid environment and/or extra fluid. In most cases, the criteria in the technical appraisal checklist were not present in the web documents; moreover, 2 web pages did not provide any of the items. Regarding content completeness, 3 web pages satisfied all the requirements considered in the checklist and 2 documents did not meet any of the criteria. Of the 3 web pages that scored highest in technical aspect, 2 also supplied complete information. No relationship was found, however, between the technical aspect and the content completeness. Concerning the quality of the health information supplied, 10 pages received a negative score because they contained more incorrect than correct information, and 1 web page received a high score. This document was 1 of the 2 that also scored high in technical aspect and content completeness. No relationship was found, however, among quality of information, technical aspect, and content completeness. CONCLUSIONS: As the results of this study show, a parent navigating the Internet for information on the home management of cough in children will no doubt find incorrect advice among the search results. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)

Antitussive Agents↗