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PubMed2007

[Close relationships in childhood and adulthood from the viewpoint of structural analysis of social behavior (SASB) and attachment theory].

Two theoretical approaches to interpersonal experiences and behavior are empirically related to each other: Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) and attachment theory. The focus is on the most important relationships during life-span: relationships with mother and father in childhood, which were measured retrospectively, and romantic relationships in adulthood. 93 outpatients of a psychosomatic clinic took part in the study. Self-report measures were used to assess SASB-dimensions affiliation and autonomy and attachment variables (Intrex short form, Short measure of attachment to parents, Bochum Adult Attachment Questionnaire). Affiliation was strongly related to attachment to mother, father and romantic partner. Subjects classified as secure with respect to attachment to parents reported higher levels of affiliation than subjects classified as anxious or avoidant. Correspondingly, affiliation was negatively correlated with avoidance and anxiety in adult attachment to the romantic partner. On the other hand, autonomy was shown to be unrelated to attachment variables. Results indicate that the SASB-dimension affiliation and attachment security are closely associated.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Acute ethanol withdrawal (hangover) and social behavior in adolescent and adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats.

BACKGROUND: The extensive use of alcohol during adolescence may be facilitated by an age-specific attenuation in sensitivity to adverse effects of ethanol. Adolescent rats are less sensitive than adults to some delayed effects of acute ethanol, including hangover-related anxiety on an elevated plus maze. The purpose of this study was to determine whether adolescent rats are also less sensitive than adults to hangover-related anxiogenesis when indexed in terms of social inhibition. METHODS: Anxiety during ethanol hangover was indexed in adolescent and adult Sprague-Dawley rats of both genders by assessing the suppression in social behavior during a social interaction test. Animals were tested 18 hr after intraperitoneal administration of 0 g/kg (saline) or 4 g/kg ethanol (experiment 1) or at test intervals chosen on the basis of assessments of ethanol clearance time (experiment 2) to equate clearance-to-test intervals across age and gender (experiments 3-5). RESULTS: Adults showed more hangover-related social suppression and slower postclearance recovery than adolescents. Sex differences were more pronounced in adults than adolescents, with males being more affected than females. Ethanol clearance time was considerably longer in adult males than in adolescent animals and adult females. In contrast to the modest decreases in social activity observed in adolescent animals shortly after ethanol clearance, adolescents showed a surprising increase in play fighting later in the recovery period- a hangover-related social facilitation that was not evident in adults. CONCLUSIONS: The attenuated anxiety and increase in social interactions seen in adolescents during hangover are less likely to serve as deterrents for further drinking than the aversive increase in anxiety seen in adults. A facilitation of social interactions not only during a drinking episode, but also during the postalcohol recovery period, could help to establish a persisting cycle of drinking in at-risk adolescents, leading to dependency and a lifelong history of alcohol-related problems.

Aging↗

PubMed1989

Isolation-induced social behavioral deficit test: effect of tranquilizing drugs.

Mice were reared in isolation for one week. Then, one isolated and one group-reared mouse were observed together under an inverted beaker for two minutes. The number of escape attempts of the isolated mouse were half of those of the grouped mouse. This is considered as a social behavioral deficit. The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of neuroleptics and various anxiolytic agents on this behavioral deficit. Neither acute administration of chlorpromazine, levomepromazine, sulpiride, flupentixol, pipotiazine, pimozide and haloperidol nor the subchronic (5 days) administration of flupentixol, pipotiazine and pimozide impaired the behavioral deficit. Diazepam and triazolam increased, chlordiazepoxide, hydroxyzine and buspirone did not modify the behavioral deficit. It is concluded that neuroleptics and anxiolytic agents did not impair the isolation-induced social behavioral deficit either because of inadequate doses or duration of administration or because this behavioral state is unresponsive to neuroleptics and anxiolytic agents.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Ontogeny of amicable social behavior in the mouse: gender differences and ongoing isolation outcomes.

The behavioral repertoire of male and female outbred CD-1 mice was characterized during development (postnatal Days 23-47). To assess the effects of the rearing condition, half of the subjects were individually housed (IC) at weaning (Day 21), while the remaining mice were housed in pairs (PC) of same-sex siblings. The occurrence of 22 behavioral items was scored during nine social encounters, 3 days apart, between pairs of unfamiliar same-sex and same-condition animals. Individually housed mice were much more involved than paired subjects in solitary play and social interactions (affiliative, investigative, and soliciting behaviors), while less interested in nonsocial behaviors (exploration, and escape-oriented or maintenance activities). An over-days increment for elements of social behavior was evident, with a peak of affiliative behavior at 23-32 days of age. For gender differences, in contrast with rat data, a marked female primacy in both social and playful behaviors was found. Overall, these findings clearly indicate that the behavioral repertoire of developing mice during paired encounters is strongly affected by both the sex of the subjects and the housing condition they are experiencing.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Dietary effects on rhesus social behavior: altered amino acid diets.

Twenty-one monkeys continuously fed one of five diets high in tyrosine, histidine, alanine, glycine, or tryptophan between the ages of 1 and 12 months were compared with 20 controls. Social behavior either (a) while on the diet and tested in familiar groups of four or (b) while on a normal diet and paired with unfamiliar monkeys showed no effects of the high amino acid diets, confirming a previous analysis of learning ability.

Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Aging, dominance history, and social behavior in Java-monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the dominance history of socially housed Java-monkeys on the aging process. In monkeys, social subordinance is generally associated with elevated levels of cortisol, which, in turn, have been suggested to influence cognitive decline. As cognitive skills are necessary for successful social life, we investigated the effect of old age in relation to the dominance history of the animals on their social behavior by comparing old females with their younger daughters. Old age, especially in combination with a history of low rank, led to a withdrawal from social interactions with unfamiliar animals and to a decrease in amounts of aggression received. Still, however, old animals showed an increase in behaviors associated with arousal. A reduced ability to deal with complex social interactions, caused by a decline in information processing abilities, is suggested as an explanation for these results.

Aggression↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Stability and social-behavioral consequences of toddlers' inhibited temperament and parenting behaviors.

A prospective longitudinal design was employed to ascertain whether different types of behavioral inhibition (i.e., traditional, peer-social) were stable from toddler to preschool age, and whether inhibited temperament and/or parenting style would predict children's subsequent social and behavioral problems. At Time 1, 108 toddlers (54 males, 54 females) and their mothers were observed in the Traditional Inhibition Paradigm and in a toddler-peer session; then at age 4 years, 88 children were observed with unfamiliar peers, and maternal ratings of psychological functioning were obtained. How mothers and their toddlers interacted was also observed. Results revealed meaningful connections between toddler inhibition, maternal intrusive control and derision, and nonsocial behaviors at age 4. Both forms of toddler inhibition predicted socially reticent behavior during free play at 4 years. If mothers demonstrated relatively high frequencies of intrusive control and/or derisive comments, then the association between their toddlers' peer inhibition and 4-year social reticence was significant and positive; whereas if mothers were neither intrusive nor derisive, then toddlers' peer inhibition and 4-year reticence were not significantly associated. Thus, maternal behaviors moderated the relation between toddlers' peer inhibition and preschoolers' social reticence.

Child Behavior Disorders↗

PubMed1979

Use of teacher prompts to increase social behavior: generalization effects with severely and profoundly retarded adolescents.

In a single-subject design with replication across subjects, teacher prompts were used in an attempt to increase the rate of social behavior of three severely and profoundly retarded adolescents who were legally blind. Training took place in the classroom on successive school days with the teacher prompting each subject to engage in positive social interaction with each peer. Observations for generalization effects immediately followed each training session. The remaining class members were brought into the room, and social interactions were observed in a free-play setting while the teacher was absent. During both phases, observers recorded the behavior of the three subjects for 5 minutes and recorded all units of social exchange that each subject initiated or responded to. Increased rates of social behavior were obtained for all three subjects during both training and generalization. Major factors that contributed to the generalization effects were discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Clozapine, but not haloperidol, reverses social behavior deficit in mice during withdrawal from chronic phencyclidine treatment.

Phencyclidine (PCP) reduced social behavior (SB) in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. However, no such SB deficit was observed on repeated treatment with methamphetamine for 14 days. The SB deficit produced by treatment with PCP (10 mg/kg/day) for 14 days, which persisted for 28 days after withdrawal, was attenuated by clozapine (10 mg/kg/day) given for 7 days, whereas haloperidol for 7 days had no effect. Clozapine, but not haloperidol, alone at the same treatment dose increased SB in saline-treated mice. These results suggest that the proposed PCP model in mice will provide a tool to test beneficial effects of atypical antipsychotics on social dysfunction in schizophrenia, and contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms by which clozapine improves SB deficit.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Oxytocin and complex social behavior: species comparisons.

The neurohypophyseal peptide hormone oxytocin functions as a neuropeptide in several brain areas in addition to its role as a posterior pituitary hormone. Several studies have determined significant differences in patterns of oxytocin receptor binding in the brains of two closely related species of vole. One of the defining features of these two species is remarkably different reproductive behavior strategies. The prairie vole forms long-term monogamous relationships; the montane vole is polygamous. One potential measure of the formation of a pair bond in prairie voles is the development of intense aggressive behavior directed at male conspecifics following a mating bout. Oxytocin had little effect on aggressive behavior when administered before mating but had profound effects on the aggression of male prairie voles when administered after mating. Oxytocin had relatively modest effects on the behavior of montane voles, and neither the behavior nor the peptide effects were affected by mating experience. The data indicate that differences in peptide binding in these two species of vole may be functionally related to difference in social behavior.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

The Riverside Behavioral Q-sort: a tool for the description of social behavior.

The Riverside Behavioral Q-sort (RBQ) is a flexible technique for gathering a wide-ranging description of the behavior of individuals in dyadic social interaction. Ratings of RBQ items can attain adequate reliability to reflect behavioral effects of experimental manipulations and to manifest meaningful correlations with a variety of personality characteristics. The RBQ's flexibility, validity, and relative ease of use may facilitate the more frequent inclusion of behavioral data in personality and social psychology.

Female↗

PubMed1997

Sex differences and the development of social behavior in a marsupial, the gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica).

The effects of sex and age on social behavior were examined in gray short-tailed opossums (Monodelphis domestica), small didelphid marsupials. Each animal received five behavior test batteries spanning prepubertal to postpubertal ages. Each test battery consisted of two tests with animals of the same age, one with a male and one with a female. Precopulatory behavior toward females, intermale fighting requiring test interruptions as well as scent marking behavior were seen at higher levels in males than in females and were seen more frequently around and after puberty than before puberty. Females showed more threat behavior than males in mixed-sex and in same-sex interactions. This sex difference was apparent after puberty in tests with male partners and prior to as well as around puberty in tests with female partners. Because climbing over and boxing with another animal were seen more frequently prior to than after puberty, these behaviors may be elements of play fighting (i.e. attack and defense without submission and threat). These findings are discussed with respect to the role of gonadal hormones in the organization and activation of behavior and with reference to their comparative significance in mammals.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2006

Differential effects of lipopolysaccharide in the social behavior of dominant and submissive mice.

Acutely infected animals show a set of non-specific behavioral changes known as sickness behavior. Recent studies have shown that occurrence of sickness behavior is regulated according to a motivational perspective. Thus, the display of sickness behavior may compete with display of other behaviors. In this work, we sought to determine the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration (15 microg/mouse i.p.) in the social behavior of dominant and submissive mice. Results showed that social hierarchy influences the expression of sickness behavior. While dominant mice treated with LPS showed an expected reduction in total frequency of behaviors displayed, such decrease did not happen following the same treatment to submissive mice. Similar results occurred regarding social and aggressive behavior. The use of a motivational perspective provides the assumption that, due to their high social ranking, dominant mice were able to prioritize recuperative behavior. Submissive mice, on the other hand, even though treated with LPS, seemed to essentially focus on social defensive behaviors since they remained in the presence of the dominant individuals. Effects of sickness on the hierarchical organization of mice remain to be further investigated.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on social behavior in humans and other species.

Alcohol exposure during development causes central nervous system alterations in both humans and animals. Although the most common behavioral manifestation of these alterations is a reduction in cognitive abilities, it is becoming increasingly apparent that deficits in social behavior may be very prevalent sequelae of developmental alcohol exposure. In infancy and early childhood, deficits in attachment behavior and state regulation are seen in both alcohol-exposed people and animals, suggesting that these changes are largely the result of the alcohol exposure rather than maternal behavior. In the periadolescent period, people exposed to alcohol during development show a variety of difficulties in the social domain as measured by checklists filled out by either a parent or teacher. Rats exposed to alcohol during development show changes in play and parenting behaviors. In adulthood, prenatal alcohol exposure is related to high rates of trouble with the law, inappropriate sexual behavior, depression, suicide, and failure to care for children. These high rates all suggest that there may be fundamental problems in the social domain. In other animals, perinatal alcohol exposure alters aggression, active social interactions, social communication and recognition, maternal behavior, and sexual behavior in adults. In conclusion, research suggests that people exposed to alcohol during development may exhibit striking changes in social behavior; the animal research suggests that these changes may be largely the result of the alcohol insult and not the environment.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Plasticity of social behavior in Drosophila.

This article presents results obtained from studies of the plasticity of changes in social behavior in Drosophila (interactions between individuals in groups) in conditions of homo- and heterogeneous environments. This is the first report of data illustrating self-starting acquisition by female Drosophila of a classical conditioned reflex to contextual factors signaling possible threats from other individuals and blocking the initiation of activity. A previously described operant conditioned reflex also helped flies avoid aggression from other individuals and make more efficient use of food resources by decreasing the initially high level of activity. Classical conditioning had the effect that the fly did not need to repeat acquisition of the conditioned reflex each time: when placed into an analogous situation, the fly's activity automatically decreased as a result of exposure to the conditioned stimulus, i.e., contextual factors.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1977

Development of social behavior in an adult total isolate rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).

A 12-year-old female total isolate rhesus monkey was pretested with age mates and subsequently housed for 20 weeks with an infant "therapist" monkey. Daily observations during that period revealed a 24-fold increase in the probability of social behavior. Self-directed behaviors also increased significantly. Disturbance behaviors (self-slapping, self-biting, bizarre limb movements, etc.) remained unchanged. Although problems obviously exist in cross-species generalization, and are here considered, these results emphasize the importance of early therapeutic intervention as well as the need for a more comprehensive approach to both social and disturbance behaviors if the treatment of adults is to be as successful as the treatment of immature isolate subjects.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1975

Monkey motor stimulation and altered social behavior during chronic methadone administration.

To assess the effects of chronic methadone administration on locomotor, social, and eating behavior od drug-native individuals under circumstances approximating those of methadone "maintenance" clinics, we gave single, daily oral doses of methadone to 5 Macaca radiata monkeys living in a social group. We obtained motor activity counts automatically during 6 weeks of baseline, 10 weeks of drug administration, and 3 weeks of post-drug abstinence. Social behaviors of association, dominance, submission, and sexuality were counted 5 days per week, and animal weights, food eaten and food-reinforced work were recorded. Plasma methadone levels were near those achieved in mechadone clincs. Methadone produced mixed stimulation and sedation in the daytime, with stimulation predominating for 4 hrs following administration. At night the subjects moved less while taking the drug. Associative behaviors were reduced by methadone, but dominance, submission, and sexual behaviors were not altered. The monkeys ate less while taking the drug, losing weight and working less for food. In these primates methadone had significant stimulant properties, impaired important social behaviors, and reduced the potency of food as a reinforcer of work. The results are compared with methadone's effects upon humans.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Features of integrated educational ecologies that predict social behavior among severely mentally retarded and nonretarded students.

Educational contexts for integrating 245 severely retarded students, ages 3 to 22 years, were conceptualized in terms of an ecological model. Measures were developed for school resources and staff support, educational planning, characteristics of integrated severely retarded students, the social environment, the physical environment, and the specific interactive environment. The degree of integration of each severely retarded student was measured by the rate per minute of social bids that students directed toward nonretarded students in the environment. Eight 10-minute observation sessions were scheduled across a school year. Stepwise-regression analyses were used to select measures representative of each aspect of the educational ecology. Approximately 32% of the variance in degree of integration was uniquely associated with the social behavior that other students directed toward the retarded students, p less than .001. Results suggest that nonretarded students are the key to successful integration efforts.

Activities of Daily Living↗