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PubMed1994

A study of forces originating from orthodontic appliances for splinting of teeth.

Management of dental trauma in children sometimes requires the use of a dental splint. This can be constructed with composite materials, kevlar, fiberglass, wire and composite or orthodontic wires and brackets. However, there have been no studies of the control of dental movement when orthodontic materials are used for a dental splint. The purpose of this study was to determine the forces exerted by an orthodontic appliance used as a dental splint. To measure such forces, a transducer with a detection of 0.01 N (+/- 5%) was inserted into a maxillary dental arch model. The results showed that the orthodontic wire was rarely passive and the forces developed ranged from 0 to 27 x 10(-2) N. The force developed was independent of the length of the dental splint (p < 0.05) and wire size (p < 0.05). The mean force developed by nickel-titanium wires (14.27 x 10(-2) N) was significantly greater (p < 0.05) than the mean force developed by stainless steel and cobalt-chromium wires. Moreover, the mean force developed by rectangular wires (12.07 x 10(-2) N) was significantly greater (p < 0.05) than the mean force developed by square and round wires. The results suggested that stainless steel or cobalt-chromium, square or round wires should be used for construction of a dental splint.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1995

Splints made of wire and composite: an investigation of lateral tooth mobility in vivo.

In 103 posttraumatic splints, later tooth mobility was measured with Periotest immediately before and after the routine splint removal. The splints were made of composite resin and an 0.017 X 0.025" orthodontic steel wire. 481 teeth were measured. A statistic evaluation revealed that the immobilisation effect did not exceed normal tooth firmness. Fixation to one neighbouring tooth had less effect than fixation to two. Adjacent tooth gaps reduced the effect. Splint extensions had no influence. With the use of the Periotest device, more than 50% of all teeth with a true mobility of 20 Periotest-units or more were detectable as mobile in spite of the fixed splint.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

The Thomas splint--a necessary tool in the management of battlefield injuries.

The Thomas splint was developed for the stabilisation of femoral fractures at the end of the nineteenth century, and since the First World War has been extensively used by the British Army. It has been shown to improve the outcome after ballistic fractures of the femur, but recently there have been moves to abandon this device in favour of more modern splints such as the Sager splint. This is predominately due to the ease of use and smaller size of newer devices, which makes them more suitable for the pre-hospital environment. However, we present our experience of managing both ballistic and closed femoral injuries using Thomas splints during the recent Gulf Conflict. It is our belief that the Thomas splint is an essential tool in the management of military femoral injuries at role three facilities and must be retained.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Splinting flexor tendon injuries.

Frequently used zone 2 flexor tendon repair splints are reviewed and classified according to the American Society of Hand Therapists' Splint Classification System. These splints both restrict and mobilise digital motion and fall into two main groups: (1) splints that incorporate the wrist and digital joints as primary joints to allow predetermined increments of early passive or active motion at both the wrist and digital joints; and (2) splints that include the wrist as a secondary joint and the digital joints as primary joints, allowing early passive or active motion at digital joints but not at the wrist.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMed1984

Effect of splint placement on black-pigmented Bacteroides and spirochetes in the dental plaque of beagle dogs.

The gingival microbiota in beagle dogs was investigated during a period of 42 days after the placement of continuous wire and arch bar splints. The splints were found to induce an increase in helicoidal-shaped micro-organisms and black-pigmented Bacteroides. Two different asaccharolytic Bacteroides types were isolated and tentatively identified as B. gingivalis and B. asaccharolyticus. In addition, B. intermedius-like organisms were isolated. The last two species were observed only after splint placement. The local accumulation of helicoidal-shaped micro-organisms in the epithelial tissue rather than in the micro-ulcerations was regarded as an indication of an active role for these spirochetes in the disease process. The observed shift toward tissue-invading and potentially pathogenic micro-organisms after splinting stresses the need for antimicrobial measures during splint placement in order to minimize periodontal destruction.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Splinting of traumatized teeth in children.

Different types of splints have been used to stabilize traumatized teeth in children. Some of these splints have compromised healing of the teeth and associated dental tissues. This article considers the ideal properties for a splint and describes a method of splinting traumatized teeth in children that meets most of the requirements of an ideal splint.

Child↗

PubMed1992

The Sheffield splint for controlled early mobilisation after rupture of the calcaneal tendon. A prospective, randomised comparison with plaster treatment.

Forty patients with acute complete rupture of the calcaneal tendon were managed conservatively and randomly allocated to treatment groups using either cast immobilisation for eight weeks, or cast immobilisation for three weeks, followed by controlled early mobilisation in a Sheffield splint. The splint is an ankle-foot orthosis which holds the ankle in 15 degrees of plantar flexion, but allows some movement at the metatarsophalangeal joints. It is removed to allow controlled movement during physiotherapy. Patients treated with the splint regained mobility significantly more quickly (p less than 0.001) and preferred the splint to the plaster cast. The range of dorsiflexion at the ankle improved more rapidly after treatment in the splint (p less than 0.001), and patients were able to return to normal activities sooner. Recovery of the power of plantar flexion was similar in the two treatment groups, and no patient had excessive lengthening of the tendon. One re-rupture occurred in each group.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

The effectiveness of turnbuckle splinting for elbow contractures.

We have treated 22 patients with an elbow contracture using a static progressive turnbuckle splint for a mean of 4.5 +/- 1.8 months. All had failed to improve with supervised physiotherapy and splinting. The mean range of flexion before splintage was from 32 +/- 10 degrees to 108 +/- 19 degrees and afterwards from 26 + 10 (p = 0.02) to 127 +/- 12 degrees (p = 0.0001). A total of 11 patients gained a 'functional arc of movement,' defined as at least 30 degrees to 130 degrees. In eight patients movement improved with turnbuckle splinting, but the functional arc was not achieved. Six of these were satisfied and did not wish to proceed with surgical treatment and two had release of the elbow contracture. In three patients movement did not improve with the use of the turnbuckle splint and one subsequently had surgical treatment. Our findings have shown that turnbuckle splinting is a safe and effective treatment which should be considered in patients whose established elbow contractures have failed to respond to conventional physiotherapy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Evaluation of occlusal splint therapy and relaxation procedures in patients with temporomandibular disorders.

Twenty-four patients were selected to participate in this study. Twelve patients were randomly selected to receive occlusal splint therapy and the other 12 to receive a simplified relaxation therapy technique. Observable pain scores, maximum comfortable interincisal distance, and maximum interincisal distances were recorded for each group before and after treatment. The occlusal splint group showed a significant decrease in total mean observable pain scores (decrease score of 10.5, t = 3.124; P less than 0.1). The relaxation group showed no significant decrease in total mean observable pain scores (decrease score of 1.8, t = 0.888; P = ns). The occlusal splint group showed a significant increase in the mean maximum comfortable opening (an increase of 12.4 mm, t = 5.085; P less than .01). The relaxation group showed no significant increase in the mean maximum comfortable opening (an increase of 2.3 mm, t = 0.734; P = ns). The occlusal splint group showed a significant increase in the mean maximum opening (an increase of 6.0 mm, t = 2.471; P less than .05). The relaxation group showed no increase in the mean maximum opening (decrease of 0.7 mm, t = 0.343; P = ns). This study suggests that occlusal splint therapy is a more effective treatment for the pain, tenderness, and limited mandibular opening associated with temporomandibular disorders than relaxation therapy. In this study, the relaxation technique used had no significant effect on the patients' pain, tenderness, or limited opening.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

The effects of hard and soft occlusal splints on nocturnal bruxism.

Occlusal splints are commonly used for the treatment of nocturnal bruxism. This study investigated the effects of hard and soft occlusal splints on nighttime muscle activity. The nocturnal muscle activity of ten participants was recorded while wearing a hard and then a soft occlusal splint. The hard occlusal splint significantly reduced muscle activity in eight of the ten participants. The soft occlusal splint significantly reduced muscle activity in only one participant while causing a statistically significant increase in muscle activity in five of the ten participants.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Does temporary splinting before non-surgical therapy eliminate scaling and root planing-induced trauma to the mobile teeth?

The objective of this study was to determine whether temporary splinting of periodontitis-affected mobile teeth, prior to non-surgical mechanical therapy, affects treatment outcome by eliminating scaling and root planing-induced trauma to the teeth. Mandibular anterior teeth of 29 patients (15 females; 14 males; age range 30 to 48 years) with adult periodontitis were evaluated. Clinical measurements were performed at 4 sites per tooth including mesial, distal, buccal and lingual aspects at baseline, 3 and 6 months after treatment. The following clinical parameters were analyzed: plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), pocket depth (PD), probing attachment level (PAL), gingival margin level (GML) and tooth mobility (TM). Patients were randomly divided into 3 groups: i) group 1 (n = 8) received scaling and root planing (SRP) only, ii) group 2 (n = 10) received scaling and root planing before splinting and iii) group 3 (n = 11) received scaling and root planing after splinting. Statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant differences among the groups for either bleeding on probing or probing attachment level values at any of the time intervals. At the end of the study, the greatest decrease in pocket depth was noted in group 2 (1.24+/-0.10 mm) which was thought to be the result of gingival recession (0.73+/-0.07 mm). Group 1 was the only group that showed reduction in tooth mobility at 3 months compared to baseline (1.67+/-0.55 PTV units). Group 3 displayed the least reduction in tooth mobility during the entire study period (0.26+/-0.44 PTV units). In conclusion, splinting of mobile teeth before SRP, and thereby elimination of potential SRP-induced trauma to the mobile teeth, did not show any adjunctive effect on healing when compared to splinting after SRP. Thorough debridement of root surfaces, even performed in the presence of increased mobility, resulted in improvements in clinical parameters, i.e. mechanical manipulation of mobile teeth during periodontal treatment did not affect clinical outcome negatively.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

A comparison of Vitrathene moulded with Tweeklon ready-made wrist work splints in juvenile chronic arthritis.

A comparatiave study of purpose-made Vitrathene with a ready-made Tweeklon splint has been undertaken in 20 children with juvenile chronic arthritis who had such severe wrist and carpal involvement that a work splint was considered desirable. In half the dominant hand was splinted with Vitrathene and the other half Tweeklon. Assessments included the presence of soft-tissue swelling, extensor tenosynovitis and pain, together with the position and range of movement of the wrist, grip strength and functional tests. Tests included: maintenance of functional position, grip strength, dexterity, wear-resistance, and weight. Although the Vitrathene splint appeared better in the study, it was made by an experienced occupational therapist. The Tweeklon was applied by a physiotherapist reading the instructions which accompanied it; this took about a quarter of the time required to make the Vitrathene splints.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1981

Use of resting splints by patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

A follow-up evaluation of 50 patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were fitted with full bilateral wrist and hand resting splints revealed that 62 percent wore them most or all of the prescribed time. Patients deviated from the prescribed splint program when their symptoms remitted or diminished, and adhered more closely to the program when they experienced persistent inflammation. Patients splinted during a hospital stay were somewhat more compliant than those splinted as outpatients. Patients judged to be noncompliant discontinued splint usage because of a decrease of joint pain or stiffness, or both. Their decision did not appear detrimental, since, during the course of the study, there was no significant difference between compliant and noncompliant patients in range of motion of hand or wrist joints at followup evaluation and, when range of motion at the time of initial evaluation was compared with that at the follow-up examination, a higher proportion of noncompliant (37%) than compliant patients (16%) showed improvement.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

A comparison of dorsal and volar resting hand splints in the reduction of hypertonus.

Ten adults with hypertonic wrist flexors volunteered as subjects in an experiment comparing the effectiveness of dorsal and volar resting hand splints in the reduction of abnormal muscle tone. Subjects were randomly assigned to two groups of five each. Individuals in one group were fitted with dorsal splints, and individuals in a second group with volar splints. Measurements by spring-weighted scales were taken to assess the efficiency of each splint design in the reduction of hypertonus. Results demonstrated no significant differences between the volar and dorsal splints in reducing hypertonus. However, the age of the subjects was found to be an intervening variable: The older subjects of both groups demonstrated a gradual but not significant decline in hypertonus, whereas the younger adults demonstrated a significant decline in hypertonus over a 6-week period.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

A room temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber sport splint.

Athletic hand and wrist injuries may be treated by immobilizing the affected extremity in a rigid splint to protect the injury site for an extended time period. For athletes, this means a reduction in playing time, perhaps being out for an entire playing season. The use of a room temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber compound allows for a playing splint that complies with athletic regulations. Proper application of the room temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber provides an excellent, reliable protective playing splint allowing for safe, functional athletic performance for the injured player during the game. This article describes the fabrication process of a silicone rubber protective playing splint for athletic hand and wrist injuries. The effectiveness of the silicone rubber protective playing splint is illustrated via case studies.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Patient preference between visible light-cured and heat-cured acrylic splints.

PURPOSE: To compare the advantages/disadvantages concerning patient subjective preferences of splints made with heat-cured acrylic (Splint Resin Polymer) or visible light-cured material. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A questionnaire was developed assessing: comfort, stability, fit, taste, occlusal contacts, lip seal, smoothness, hygiene, color stability, stain resistance, salivation level, gingival irritation, bulkiness and odor. 10 patients already treatment planned to receive splints, were chosen at random from the dental school. Splints made from the two types of materials were delivered to each patient to be used for 3 wks. The material to initially be used was chosen at random and the questionnaire was answered after each 3-wk period. RESULTS: The MacNemar's Chi-square test revealed that there was no statistical difference in patient preference between the two splint materials.

Acrylic Resins↗

PubMed1998

[Biomechanical analysis of occlusal splint therapy].

OBJECTIVE: The changes of the location and force of the condyle influenced by occlusal splint were investigated in order to know the biomechanical mechanism of occlusal splint therapy. METHODS: Auto-CAD technology, CT scanning, computer imaging analysis measurement and finite element method were separately used to comparatively analyze condylar position and its stress distribution in patients with temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) treated with or without occlusal splint. RESULTS: Occlusal splint could lessen anterior space, in crease posterior and upper space in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), so the condylar position move anterioinferiorly; the stress on condylar surface was lowered, mainly in anterior oblique surface or lateral side of condylar loading position; and the stress symmetry was bilaterally improved. OCCLUSION: The study suggests that regulating condylar position and improving the stress distribution is considered one of biomechanical mechanism of occlusal splint treatment.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

[Effects of the occlusal splint on stress distribution of the mandible with temporomandibular joint disorders].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the biomechanical mechanism of occlusal splint therapy of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD). METHODS: The changes of stress distribution on the mandible with TMD before and after occlusal splint therapy were simulated and analyzed by three-dimensional finite element method. RESULTS: Occlusal splint influenced the character of stress distribution on the mandible. It might distinctly decrease maximum and minimum principal stresses on each region of the mandible with TMD, among which the stress on condylar surface of ill side was reduced more significantly, and the stress distribution of bilateral condyles was close to equality and balance. Meanwhile, the stress symmetry on every position of the mandible was improved slightly. CONCLUSIONS: Occlusal splint can alleviate even eliminate the injury to the temporomandibular joint, and make unbalance of joint inner environment adjusted and restored by improving the stress distribution. This is primarily thought to be one of the main biomechanical mechanism of occlusal splint treatment.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗