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PubMed1999

[Evaluation of Japanese school lunch cooks' work by foreign researchers: an attempt to promote an effective discussion by presenting a video tape record].

The aim of this study was to collect and examine foreign researchers' evaluations of Japanese school lunch cooks' workload, risk of musculoskeletal disorders, and some related issues by means of video tape discussion method at international conferences. The author reported work-related musculoskeletal disorders of Japanese school lunch cooks' at three international conferences. Together with the presentation a video tape recorded at one school kitchen during working hours was shown and the participants at the conferences were asked to evaluate the workload and risks of the Japanese school lunch cooks in the form of a questionnaire. Out of 151 participants from 21 countries at three conferences, 86 participants from 18 countries answered the questionnaire. The median of the values for Japanese school cooks' workload, derived by the Visual Analogue Scale method ranging from 0 (easy) to 10 (severe), was 8.5. Concerning the possibility of occurrence of musculoskeletal problems, 83% of the respondents pointed out that the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders was certain, and 17% of them estimated that it was probable. Out of 18 countries from which participants came from, 12 countries were serving meals at school, and school lunch cooks in these 12 countries had similar occupational problems to those in Japan, such as musculoskeletal disorders, skin disorders and injuries, etc. The participants also pointed out that Japanese school lunch cooks were exposed to various problems, i.e., excessive workloads for women, and too few replacements of manual work by machinery. On the other hand, the cleanliness of the school kitchen, quality of meals, and conscientious cooking work were evaluated as very high. There were 36 researchers who asked for a copy of the video tape in order to use it in the education of industrial health personnel, medical students, and so on. These results showed the same tendency as Japanese researchers have found over the past 16 years. The video tape discussion method is proved to be useful in deepening mutual understanding at international conferences.

Bone Diseases↗
PubMed1997

Polarization pattern of freshwater habitats recorded by video polarimetry in red, green and blue spectral ranges and its relevance for water detection by aquatic insects

The reflection-polarization patterns of small freshwater habitats under clear skies can be recorded by video polarimetry in the red, green and blue ranges of the spectrum. In this paper, the simple technique of rotating-analyzer video polarimetry is described and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed. It is shown that the polarization patterns of small water bodies are very variable in the different spectral ranges depending on the illumination conditions. Under clear skies and in the visible range of the spectrum, flat water surfaces reflecting light from the sky are most strongly polarized in the blue range. Under an overcast sky radiating diffuse white light, small freshwater habitats are characterized by a high level of horizontal polarization at or near the Brewster angle in all spectral ranges except that in which the contribution of subsurface reflection is large. In a given spectral range and at a given angle of view, the direction of polarization is horizontal if the light mirrored from the surface dominates and vertical if the light returning from the subsurface regions dominates. The greater the degree of dominance, the higher the net degree of polarization, the theoretical maximum value being 100 % at the Brewster angle for the horizontal E-vector component and approximately 30 % at flat viewing angles for the vertical E-vector component. We have made video polarimetric measurements of differently coloured fruits and vegetables to demonstrate that polarized light in nature follows this general rule. The consequences of the reflection-polarization patterns of small bodies of water for water detection by polarization-sensitive aquatic insects are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Documentation of variations in sinonasal anatomy by intraoperative nasal endoscopy.

OBJECTIVES: Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) requires a thorough understanding of the variability in sinonasal anatomy. Previous reports have relied primarily on anatomic studies of cadaveric specimens or skulls, or on radiographic analysis. Relatively few comparative anatomic data have been accumulated with endoscopic examination of living patients. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of video recordings of 119 consecutive patients undergoing intraoperative nasal endoscopy at the time of sinonasal surgery. METHODS: At the beginning of each surgical procedure, endoscopic examination of the nasal cavities was performed with 0 degrees and 30 degrees telescopes and recorded with a three-chip video camera on 3/4-inch U-matic videotape. These video records were then reviewed with attention to variations in anatomical configuration of different sinonasal structures. RESULTS: Data demonstrating variations in the anatomical configuration of the following structures of the lateral nasal wall are presented. Middle turbinate: typical (63%), concha bullosa (15%), sagittal cleft (6%), laterally displaced (4%), "L" shaped (3%), medially bent (3%), laterally bent (3%), medially displaced (2%), and transverse cleft (0.5%). Uncinate process: typical (85%) and medially rotated (15%). Ethmoid bulla: typical or balloon (45%), sausage-shaped (34%), and flat (21%). Accessory ostium: round (50%), oval (46%), and kidney-shaped (4%). Sphenoid sinus ostium: oval (42%), slit (32%), and round (26%). The classification system for the anatomical categories is illustrated with digitized images. CONCLUSIONS: This study attempts to provide statistical data regarding variations in sinonasal anatomy in living subjects. Familiarity with such anatomy is important in differentiating normal variants from pathological conditions to optimize surgical treatment of sinus disease, while avoiding complications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Sampling for qualitative research using quantitative methods. 2. Characteristics of GPs who agree to video-taping of consultations.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Studies using video-recordings of GPs' consultations have been important in investigating GPs' clinical behaviour. Unfortunately, the characteristics of participating GPs are rarely described, making it difficult to assess how representative they are or how generalizable the studies' results can be. This paper documents the recruitment of 53 GPs to a research project which involved video-recording their consultations to determine how GPs approach the topic of smoking cessation with patients. METHODS: The Attitudes to Smoking Advice Questionnaire was used to select GPs with diverse attitudes towards discussing smoking with patients. RESULTS: Out of 123 GPs who were eligible to take part, 53 (43.1%) agreed. GPs who agreed to become research subjects were younger, more likely to work in teaching or training practices and more likely to be current members of the RCGP. CONCLUSIONS: When planning studies which utilize video-recordings of GPs' consultations, researchers should give consideration to how this apparent self-selection by participating GPs could influence research results.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2004

Estimation of pupil size by digital photography.

PURPOSE: To evaluate a digital photography method of pupil size estimation over a broad range of illumination conditions and to compare this method with common clinical techniques. SETTING: College of Optometry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. METHODS: Two examiners measured the pupil diameter in 45 right eyes at 3 illumination levels: <0.63 lux (dark), 5 lux (dim), and 1000 lux (bright). Estimation by infrared video recording, the reference standard, was compared with measurements by digital photography, ruler, semicircular templates, and the Colvard pupillometer. Masked graders measured pupil size from infrared video recordings and digital photographs. RESULTS: The repeatability of the measurement method determined by the mean intraclass correlation coefficients was highest for video recording across conditions (0.86-0.97), followed by digital photography (0.76-0.94), Colvard pupillometry (0.63-0.82), ruler (0.71-0.85), and templates (0.70-0.83). An analysis of variance showed a significant difference in pupil size by method (P<.001). All methods except digital photography estimated smaller pupil sizes under dark and dim illumination than infrared video measurements (all P<.01). Under bright illumination, the ruler measurements were significantly smaller (-0.15 mm) and the Colvard pupillometer measurements were greater (+0.30 mm) than the reference (P<.01). The 95% limits of agreement (LoA) between examiners were smallest for video measurements at all light levels. The remaining measures ranked from best to worst by 95% LoA were digital photography, Colvard pupillometry, ruler, and templates. CONCLUSIONS: Estimation of pupil size by digital photography was more repeatable and accurate than estimates by common clinical techniques over a wide range of illumination. Although not as quick as other methods, digital photography is relatively inexpensive, permits lasting documentation, and allows independent grading suitable for clinical research purposes.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Video-endoscopic recording of the pharynx before and following nasal continuous positive airway pressure therapy in patients with obstructive sleep apnea].

The action mechanism of nCPAP in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea is not adequately known. We took video endoscopic pictures (chip video camera manufactured by Videotronik) of the pharynx in five patients with SA in the awake state, during apnea during sleep, and under nCPAP treatment during sleep. The patients were all in the supine position. Simultaneously with video-endoscopy, polysomnography was performed. Qualitatively good pictures were obtained in 3 patients. In the awake state, a relatively narrow pharynx was observed which, however, was completely patent during the entire respiratory cycle. During apnea and hypopnoea, a concentric collapse of the oropharynx was observed, with involvement of the lateral and posterior walls of the pharynx and the tongue, together with the soft palate over a length of several centimetres to above the epiglottis. During the hyperventilation phase following apnea, the occlusion opened up again, the diameter of the pharynx then being appreciably greater than that seen in the awake state. Under increasing CPAP pressure, occlusion became progressively less complete; when the effective pressure had been attained, the diameter of the pharynx was roughly comparable to that seen in the hyperventilation phase, that is, appreciably wider than in the awake state. During inspiration, however, even under effective nCPAP pressure, a discrete decrease in pharyngeal diameter occurred. On the basis of the visual impression, we believe that the effect of CPAP is based on a passive "pneumatic splinting" of the pharyngeal musculature.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Video cystometric recording of dilating reflux in infancy.

PURPOSE: Bladder hypercontractility has previously been suggested to occur in male infants with gross bilateral reflux, and the causal relationship between hypercontractility and reflux has been questioned. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this video urodynamic study of dilating reflux the association between reflux and bladder pressure was evaluated in 16 infants. RESULTS: In our 11 male patients hypercontractility was noted often, usually with reflux that occurred simultaneously with an increase in detrusor pressure. In the 5 female patients no hypercontractility was noted and reflux occurred without an increase in detrusor pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Our results further confirm the association between bladder dysfunction and dilating reflux in infants but with different patterns in male and female infants.

Female↗
PubMed2001

Developmental kinetics of in vitro produced bovine embryos: the effect of sex, glucose and exposure to time-lapse environment.

In this study, a simple time-lapse video recording system was used to compare developmental kinetics of female and male bovine embryos produced in vitro. Following embryo sex determination, the timing of each cleavage up to the 4-cell stage was compared between the sexes from the videotapes after culture in the presence and absence of glucose. In the second experiment, the consequences of exposure to a time-lapse video recording (TL) environment were studied by culturing embryos further until day 7 in an incubator, followed by collection and sex determination of morulae and blastocysts. In the absence of glucose, female embryos cleaved earlier than male ones. In the presence of glucose, however, male embryos cleaved earlier than female ones. There was no difference in the number of morulae/blastocysts in the absence of glucose, but in the presence of glucose more male than female embryos reached the morula and blastocyst stage. Exposure to the TL environment itself also had a sex-related effect, being more detrimental to male than female embryos. The difference in the number of functional X chromosomes between the sexes during early preimplantation development could explain these findings. In females, an increased capacity for oxygen radical detoxification through the pentose phosphate pathway could result in a reduced cleavage rate. Furthermore, glucose may influence the expression of enzymes located on the X chromosome. According to these results, a simple time-lapse video recording system is suitable for investigating embryo developmental kinetics and perhaps for the selection of embryos with the greatest developmental potential.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1997

[Sector-related grey scale analysis of video ultrasound recorded tongue movements in swallowing].

Diseases of the oral cavity, floor of the mouth, and nervous system can be accompanied by disturbances in tongue movement during swallowing. These disturbances can be diagnosed by videosonography whereby the examiner has to evaluate extensive video documentation of lingual motion. It was the aim of this study to facilitate this evaluation by the application of a reproducible computer-assisted quantitative analysis procedure. Video sequences of 56 healthy adults and 19 patients with dysphagias of different etiologies were analysed. A numerical estimation of swallowing movements was carried out in abstraction from the structures imaged (bolus, air, muscles of the tongue, floor of the mouth, hyoid, etc.). Intensity changes of the pixels within previously defined radial image sectors were quantified in relationship to time and depicted as sector curves. The healthy adults demonstrated a characteristic pattern of two motion maxima that appeared within almost all sector curves. These maxima represented bolus transport movements and the reset movement of the tongue. Patients with diseases of the tongue or neuromuscular changes caused by disturbances of the central nervous system showed pathological deviations on videosonography. These appeared as local or general reductions in movement, slow speed motions, repetitive swallowing or unsorted additional movements of the tongue during swallowing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Automated detection of videotaped neonatal seizures based on motion segmentation methods.

OBJECTIVE: This study was aimed at the development of a seizure detection system by training neural networks using quantitative motion information extracted by motion segmentation methods from short video recordings of infants monitored for seizures. METHODS: The motion of the infants' body parts was quantified by temporal motion strength signals extracted from video recordings by motion segmentation methods based on optical flow computation. The area of each frame occupied by the infants' moving body parts was segmented by direct thresholding, by clustering of the pixel velocities, and by clustering the motion parameters obtained by fitting an affine model to the pixel velocities. The computational tools and procedures developed for automated seizure detection were tested and evaluated on 240 short video segments selected and labeled by physicians from a set of video recordings of 54 patients exhibiting myoclonic seizures (80 segments), focal clonic seizures (80 segments), and random infant movements (80 segments). RESULTS: The experimental study described in this paper provided the basis for selecting the most effective strategy for training neural networks to detect neonatal seizures as well as the decision scheme used for interpreting the responses of the trained neural networks. Depending on the decision scheme used for interpreting the responses of the trained neural networks, the best neural networks exhibited sensitivity above 90% or specificity above 90%. CONCLUSIONS: The best among the motion segmentation methods developed in this study produced quantitative features that constitute a reliable basis for detecting myoclonic and focal clonic neonatal seizures. The performance targets of this phase of the project may be achieved by combining the quantitative features described in this paper with those obtained by analyzing motion trajectory signals produced by motion tracking methods. SIGNIFICANCE: A video system based upon automated analysis potentially offers a number of advantages. Infants who are at risk for seizures could be monitored continuously using relatively inexpensive and non-invasive video techniques that supplement direct observation by nursery personnel. This would represent a major advance in seizure surveillance and offers the possibility for earlier identification of potential neurological problems and subsequent intervention.

Cluster Analysis↗
PubMed1990

Psychogenic seizures in children and adolescents: outcome after diagnosis by ictal video and electroencephalographic recording.

Psychogenic seizures in 21 nonepileptic children and adolescents, aged 8 to 18 (mean 14.5) years, were recorded by means of video recording and electroencephalography. The episodes included thrashing movements, limb jerking, or staring, with unresponsiveness. Ictal and interictal electroencephalograms showed no abnormalities after antiepileptic medication was discontinued. Fifteen patients had psychogenic seizures spontaneously during recording, and six had seizures in response to suggestion and intravenous saline injection. After the video-electroencephalographic evaluation, patients and families were told that the episodes were emotional in origin. All patients but 1 agreed to remain without antiepileptic medication, and 16 patients (76%) agreed to begin psychiatric treatment. At 6 to 66 (mean 30) months' follow-up, 14 of 18 (78%) were free of episodes. These data indicate that the majority of young patients with psychogenic seizures have a good outcome. A firm diagnosis is critical so that the episodes can be classified and emphasized as medically not worrisome, permitting a shift away from antiepileptic medication and toward psychiatric treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Psychogenic pseudoepileptic seizures: clinical and electroencephalogram (EEG) video-tape recordings.

This paper presents a clinical and electrophysiological analysis of type and duration of seizures recorded by means of long-term video electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring, a method which enables accurate diagnosis of psychogenic pseudoepileptic seizures occurring with or without epileptic seizures. Analysis is based on 1083 patients, hospitalized at our department between 1990 and 1997, with a preliminary diagnosis of epilepsy. Psychogenic pseudoepileptic seizures were diagnosed in 85 patients (7.8%). In 48 patients, pseudoepileptic seizures alone were diagnosed (group 1), whereas 37 patients had a mixed condition in which pseudoepileptic seizures were accompanied by epileptic seizures (group 2). For comparison of duration of pseudo- and epileptic seizures a control group (group 3), consisting of 55 patients randomly selected from the population of patients suffering from epileptic seizures alone, was parceled out. Long-term video EEG monitoring was performed in 70 patients. In 55 (79%) of these patients 230 seizures (221 pseudoepileptic and nine epileptic) were recorded. In 30 patients (32%), the diagnosis was based on clinical observation of the seizures and on the number of EEG recordings, including activating procedures such as sleep deprivation, photostimulation, hyperventilation and anti-epileptic drug withdrawal. We found that the duration of epileptic seizures was significantly shorter than the duration of psychogenic pseudoepileptic seizures. Our study has exposed the difficulties involved in the diagnosis of psychogenic pseudoepileptic seizures and the negligible value of neuroimaging techniques and interictal EEG recordings in the differential diagnosis of epileptic versus nonepileptic seizures. In this study, psychogenic seizures were significantly more frequent in women than in men; patient history analysis did not confirm the hypothesis that sexual abuse may cause psychogenic seizures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The primary-care nurse's dilemmas: a study of knowledge use and need during telephone consultations.

In Sweden (population 8 million) there are 20 million calls every year to receptionist nurses at health-care centres. The aim of this study was, first, to develop a general description of these telephone consultations in terms of the decision-making process and interpersonal communication. Second, the dilemmas that receptionist nurses encounter were to be recorded and analysed. A two-level video method was used. At the first level, a video recording of the consultation was used to draw a 'consultation map'. At the second level, the receptionist nurses reviewed and commented on the video-recording using a 'freeze frame' technique for stimulated recall and the comments were categorized. Analysis of the consultation maps showed that the receptionist nurses focused mainly on tasks related to medical diagnosis and management strategy, with less time spent on the patient's concerns, ideas and expectations. Analysis of the dilemmas showed that medical dilemmas were the most frequent, occurring in two consultations out of three. Dilemmas in the area of interpersonal communication frequently concerned distrust, either in what the patient presented, or in what the patient was said to have understood. The conclusions are that the receptionist nurses were oriented towards medical management, and that they employed an informing rather than counselling strategy. Measures must be considered to support the receptionist nurses in the medical decision-making process. Action research is suggested to apply these results in the development of the work-role of the receptionist nurse.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Studies in infant behavioural audiometry. I. Neonates.

The behaviour of 93 clinically normal neonates was video-recorded while they were presented with sequences of sound stimuli which varied in sound pressure level, bandwidth and rise time and which included two voice signals and a no-sound (control) trial. Video records were made both for the whole body aspect and for a 3 1/2 X "close-up" of the head. Later, the video records were shown to 6 observers who were allowed to see the babies for 10 sec at each trial. The first 5 sec was a pre-stimulus observation period, and the second 5 sec usually contained a sound stimulus. Between the trials, the observers were given 20 sec in which to record (1) pre-stimulus activity, (2) confidence in response, and (3) movement details (data for (3) not reported here). For the whole-body aspect, observers were allowed to see (1) the whole body, (2) the head, arms and trunk, (3) the arms, trunk and legs, (4) the head only, (5) the arms and trunk only, or (6) the legs only, during different viewing sessions. For the head aspect, they could see (7) the whole head, (8) the head above the upper lip, or (9) the head below the upper lip. This segmentation was achieved by masking parts of the television screen with shutters. The response confidence ratings were analysed using aspects of signal detection theory to show differences amongst various body segments (p less than 0.001), sound pressure levels (p less than 0.001), bandwidths (p less than 0.001), and rise times (p less than 0.01). There were significant interactions between sound pressure level X bandwidth (p less than 0.001), sound pressure level X rise time (p less than 0.01), and bandwidth X rise time (p less than 0.001). A 90-dB broad-spectrum noiseband was by far the most effective stimulus. The response to different sound stimuli was differentially affected by pre-stimulus activity state. The results are discussed in relation to recent work on clinical screening techniques.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Studies in infant behavioural audiometry. II. Six-week-old infants.

The behaviour of 90 clinically normal 6-week-old babies previously studied as neonates was video-recorded while they were presented with sequences of sound stimuli. The stimuli varied in sound pressure level, bandwidth and rise time, and included two voice signals and a no-sound (control) trial. Video records were made both for the whole body aspect and for a 3 1/2 X 'close-up' of the head. Later, the video records were shown to 6 observers who were allowed to see the babies for 10 s at each trial. The first 5 s was a prestimulus observation period, and the second 5 s usually contained a sound stimulus. Between the trials, the observers were given 20 s in which to record (i) prestimulus activity, (ii) confidence in response, and (iii) movement details (data for [iii] not reported here). Different segments of the baby's body were observed on different occasions as detailed in our neonatal report. The response confidence ratings were analysed, using aspects of signal detection theory, to show differences amongst various body segments (p less than 0.001), sound pressure levels (SPL) (p less than 0.001), band widths (BW) (p less than 0.001), and rise times (RT) (p less than 0.001). There were significant interactions between SPL and BW (p less than 0.05) and SPL X RT (p less than 0.001). The 3 factor interaction (SPL X BW X RT) was also significant (p less than 0.001). A 90-dB broad-spectrum noise band was by far the most effective stimulus. The response to different sound stimuli was affected by the baby's posture (lying or sitting) and by prestimulus activity state. The results are discussed in relation to our previous neonatal study.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1993

Imaging system for three-dimensional mapping of cerebrocortical capillary networks in vivo.

A personal computer-based image analysis system was developed for the three-dimensional mapping of cerebrocortical capillary networks from intravital video recordings. Capillary circulation in the parietal cortex of anesthetized rats was visualized to 70 microns depth using a closed cranial window preparation and epi-fluorescent, intensified video microscopy. The circulation was video recorded during slow (0.1 micron/frame) scanning of the focal plane (depth of field = 10 microns) through regions of interest. Capillary networks were traced from still video images of several microscope fields recorded at different X, Y, and Z stage coordinates. The length of vessel segments from five networks ranged between 10 and 178 microns and was best approximated by the Gamma distribution. Vessel diameter (2.5 to 8.7 microns) was best fitted by the lognormal distribution. A specific capillary network contained 51 segments and five anastomosing loops with circumferences between 575 and 1226 microns. Velocity of fluorescently labeled red blood cells ranged from 0.77 to 2.22 mm/sec within the capillary loops. The study demonstrates the feasibility of reconstructing capillary networks from intravital video recordings as deep as 70 microns within the cerebral cortex and finds an anastomosing pattern and heterogeneous red blood cell velocity in the capillary network.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed1999

Ictal video-EEG recording of three partial seizures in a patient with the benign infantile convulsions associated with mild gastroenteritis.

PURPOSE: In infants, benign convulsions can be triggered by febrile illness or mild diarrhea such as Rotavirus gastroenteritis. The triggering mechanism of these convulsions is still unknown. In spite of several reports concerning clinical features, the ictal EEG recordings were rarely analyzed by a video-EEG monitoring system. To reveal a clue for the triggering mechanism of these convulsions, we analyzed the correlation of clinical manifestations and the EEG discharges during the ictal events and compared with previous reports. METHODS: The ictal EEG of a cluster of three afebrile convulsions associated with mild gastroenteritis was recorded by an EEG closed-circuit TV (EEG-CCTV) monitoring system in a 6-month-old healthy female infant. RESULTS: All seizures began as complex partial seizures (CPSs), which exhibited a motionless stare with or without leftward deviation of both eyes, and evolved to secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures (SGTCSs) for approximately 90 s. Each of three ictal discharges began from the right occipital, right centroparietotemporal, and left occipital regions, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Although initiating sites of ictal discharges of benign infantile convulsions associated with mild gastroenteritis (BICE) were previously reported to be variable among patients, these results indicated that those differ among seizures even in a same infant.

Cerebral Cortex↗